IEC TR 61292-4:2014
(Main)Optical amplifiers - Part 4: Maximum permissible optical power for the damage-free and safe use of optical amplifiers, including Raman amplifiers
Optical amplifiers - Part 4: Maximum permissible optical power for the damage-free and safe use of optical amplifiers, including Raman amplifiers
IEC/TR 61292-4:2014(E) which is a technical report, applies to all commercially available optical amplifiers (OAs), including optical fibre amplifiers (OFAs) using active fibres, as well as Raman amplifiers. Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) using semiconductor gain media are also included. This technical report provides a simple informative guideline on the threshold of high optical power that causes high-temperature damage of fibre. Also discussed is optical safety for manufacturers and users of optical amplifiers by reiterating substantial parts of existing standards and agreements on eye and skin safety. It is important to point out that the reader should always refer to the latest international standards and agreements because the technologies concerned are rapidly evolving. The present technical report will be frequently reviewed and will be updated by incorporating the results of various studies related to OAs and OA-supported optical systems in a timely manner. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition, published in 2010, and constitutes a technical revision with updates reflecting new research in the subject area. Keywords: guideline on the threshold of high optical power, maximum permissible optical power, optical amplifiers, Raman amplifiers, semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs)
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
IEC TR 61292-4 ®
Edition 3.0 2014-10
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Optical amplifiers –
Part 4: Maximum permissible optical power for the damage-free and safe use of
optical amplifiers, including Raman amplifiers
61292-4
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
your local IEC member National Committee for further information.
IEC Central Office Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11
3, rue de Varembé Fax: +41 22 919 03 00
CH-1211 Geneva 20 info@iec.ch
Switzerland www.iec.ch
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published.
IEC Catalogue - webstore.iec.ch/catalogue Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
The stand-alone application for consulting the entire The world's leading online dictionary of electronic and
bibliographical information on IEC International Standards, electrical terms containing more than 30 000 terms and
Technical Specifications, Technical Reports and other definitions in English and French, with equivalent terms in 14
documents. Available for PC, Mac OS, Android Tablets and additional languages. Also known as the International
iPad. Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) online.
IEC publications search - www.iec.ch/searchpub IEC Glossary - std.iec.ch/glossary
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a More than 55 000 electrotechnical terminology entries in
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical English and French extracted from the Terms and Definitions
committee,…). It also gives information on projects, replaced clause of IEC publications issued since 2002. Some entries
and withdrawn publications. have been collected from earlier publications of IEC TC 37,
77, 86 and CISPR.
IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished
Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc
details all new publications released. Available online and If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or
also once a month by email. need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
Centre: csc@iec.ch.
IEC TR 61292-4 ®
Edition 3.0 2014-10
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Optical amplifiers –
Part 4: Maximum permissible optical power for the damage-free and safe use of
optical amplifiers, including Raman amplifiers
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
PRICE CODE
V
ICS 33.160.10 33.180.30 ISBN 978-2-8322-1907-2
– 2 – IEC TR 61292-4:2014 © IEC 2014
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 6
1 Scope and object . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Abbreviated terms . 8
4 Maximum transmissible optical power to keep fibres damage-free . 8
4.1 General . 8
4.2 Fibre fuse and its propagation . 9
4.3 Loss-induced heating at connectors or splices . 10
4.4 Connector end-face damage induced by dust/contamination . 11
4.5 Fibre-coat burn/melt induced by tight fibre bending . 13
4.6 Summary of the fibre damage . 14
5 Maximum transmissible optical power to keep eyes and skin safe . 15
5.1 Maximum transmissible exposure (MPE) on the surface of eye and skin . 15
5.2 Maximum permissible optical power in the fibre for the safety of eye and skin. 15
5.2.1 General . 15
5.2.2 Need for APR . 17
5.2.3 Wavelengths . 17
5.2.4 Locations . 17
5.2.5 Nominal ocular hazard distance (NOHD). 17
5.2.6 Power reduction times . 17
5.2.7 Medical aspects of the safety of eyes and skin in existing standards . 18
6 Maximum optical power permissible for optical amplifiers from the viewpoint of
fibre damage as well as eye and skin safety . 19
7 Conclusion . 19
Annex A (informative) General information for optical fibre fuse . 20
A.1 Introduction . 20
A.2 Generating mechanism . 20
A.3 Figure A.3 – Calculated fibre fuse propagation behaviour simulated with the
SiO absorption modelVoid formation mechanism . 23
A.4 Propagation characteristic of a fibre fuse . 24
A.5 Prevention and termination . 26
A.5.1 General . 26
A.5.2 Prevention methods . 26
A.5.3 Termination methods . 26
A.6 Conclusion . 29
Bibliography . 30
Figure 1 – Experimental set-up for fibre fuse propagation . 9
Figure 2 – Connection loss versus temperature increase . 11
Figure 3 – Test set-up . 11
Figure 4 – Surface condition contaminated with metal filings, before the test . 12
Figure 5 – Variation of the power attenuation during the test at several power input
values for plugs contaminated with metal filings . 13
Figure 6 – Polishing surface condition contaminated with metal filing, after the test . 13
Figure 7 – Thermo-viewer image of tightly-bent SMF with optical power of 3 W at
1 480 nm . 14
Figure 8 – Temperature of the coating surface of SMFs against bending with optical
power of 3 W at 1 480 nm . 14
Figure 9 – Maximum permissible power in the fibre against APR power reduction time . 18
Figure A.1 – Front part of the fibre fuse damage generated in the optical fibre . 20
Figure A.2 – SiO absorption model . 22
Figure A.3 – Calculated fibre fuse propagation behaviour simulated with the SiO
absorption modelVoid formation mechanism . 23
Figure A.4 – Series of optical micrographs showing damage generated by 9,0 W
1 480 nm laser light suggesting a mechanism of periodic void formation . 24
Figure A.5 – Images of fibre fuse ignition taken with an ultra-high speed camera and
an optical micrograph of the damaged fibre. 25
Figure A.6 – Power density dependence of the fibre-fuse propagation velocity . 25
Figure A.7 – Optical micrographs showing front part of the fibre fuse damage
generated in SMF-28 fibres with various laser intensities (1 480 nm) . 26
Figure A.8 – Principle of the optical fibre fuse passive termination method and
photograph of the fibre fuse terminator which adopted TEC structure . 27
Figure A.9 – Photograph of hole-assistant fibre and fibre fuse termination using a hole-
assistant fibre . 28
Figure A.10 – Example of fibre fuse active termination scheme . 29
Figure A.11 – Transformation of electric signal by optical fibre fuse . 29
Table 1 – Threshold power of fibre fuse propagation for various fibres . 9
Table 2 – Measurement conditions. 10
Table 3 – Examples of power limits for optical fibre communication systems having
automatic power reduction to reduce emissions to a lower hazard level . 16
Table 4 – Location types within an optical fibre communication system and their
typical installations . 17
– 4 – IEC TR 61292-4:2014 © IEC 2014
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS –
Part 4: Maximum permissible optical power for the damage-free and safe
use of optical amplifiers, including Raman amplifiers
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of th
...
IEC TR 61292-4 ®
Edition 3.0 2014-10
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Optical amplifiers –
Part 4: Maximum permissible optical power for the damage-free and safe use of
optical amplifiers, including Raman amplifiers
61292-4
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
your local IEC member National Committee for further information.
IEC Central Office Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11
3, rue de Varembé Fax: +41 22 919 03 00
CH-1211 Geneva 20 info@iec.ch
Switzerland www.iec.ch
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published.
IEC Catalogue - webstore.iec.ch/catalogue Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
The stand-alone application for consulting the entire The world's leading online dictionary of electronic and
bibliographical information on IEC International Standards, electrical terms containing more than 30 000 terms and
Technical Specifications, Technical Reports and other definitions in English and French, with equivalent terms in 14
documents. Available for PC, Mac OS, Android Tablets and additional languages. Also known as the International
iPad. Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) online.
IEC publications search - www.iec.ch/searchpub IEC Glossary - std.iec.ch/glossary
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a More than 55 000 electrotechnical terminology entries in
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical English and French extracted from the Terms and Definitions
committee,…). It also gives information on projects, replaced clause of IEC publications issued since 2002. Some entries
and withdrawn publications. have been collected from earlier publications of IEC TC 37,
77, 86 and CISPR.
IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished
Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc
details all new publications released. Available online and If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or
also once a month by email. need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
Centre: csc@iec.ch.
IEC TR 61292-4 ®
Edition 3.0 2014-10
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Optical amplifiers –
Part 4: Maximum permissible optical power for the damage-free and safe use of
optical amplifiers, including Raman amplifiers
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
PRICE CODE
V
ICS 33.160.10 33.180.30 ISBN 978-2-8322-1907-2
– 2 – IEC TR 61292-4:2014 © IEC 2014
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 6
1 Scope and object . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Abbreviated terms . 8
4 Maximum transmissible optical power to keep fibres damage-free . 8
4.1 General . 8
4.2 Fibre fuse and its propagation . 9
4.3 Loss-induced heating at connectors or splices . 10
4.4 Connector end-face damage induced by dust/contamination . 11
4.5 Fibre-coat burn/melt induced by tight fibre bending . 13
4.6 Summary of the fibre damage . 14
5 Maximum transmissible optical power to keep eyes and skin safe . 15
5.1 Maximum transmissible exposure (MPE) on the surface of eye and skin . 15
5.2 Maximum permissible optical power in the fibre for the safety of eye and skin. 15
5.2.1 General . 15
5.2.2 Need for APR . 17
5.2.3 Wavelengths . 17
5.2.4 Locations . 17
5.2.5 Nominal ocular hazard distance (NOHD). 17
5.2.6 Power reduction times . 17
5.2.7 Medical aspects of the safety of eyes and skin in existing standards . 18
6 Maximum optical power permissible for optical amplifiers from the viewpoint of
fibre damage as well as eye and skin safety . 19
7 Conclusion . 19
Annex A (informative) General information for optical fibre fuse . 20
A.1 Introduction . 20
A.2 Generating mechanism . 20
A.3 Figure A.3 – Calculated fibre fuse propagation behaviour simulated with the
SiO absorption modelVoid formation mechanism . 23
A.4 Propagation characteristic of a fibre fuse . 24
A.5 Prevention and termination . 26
A.5.1 General . 26
A.5.2 Prevention methods . 26
A.5.3 Termination methods . 26
A.6 Conclusion . 29
Bibliography . 30
Figure 1 – Experimental set-up for fibre fuse propagation . 9
Figure 2 – Connection loss versus temperature increase . 11
Figure 3 – Test set-up . 11
Figure 4 – Surface condition contaminated with metal filings, before the test . 12
Figure 5 – Variation of the power attenuation during the test at several power input
values for plugs contaminated with metal filings . 13
Figure 6 – Polishing surface condition contaminated with metal filing, after the test . 13
Figure 7 – Thermo-viewer image of tightly-bent SMF with optical power of 3 W at
1 480 nm . 14
Figure 8 – Temperature of the coating surface of SMFs against bending with optical
power of 3 W at 1 480 nm . 14
Figure 9 – Maximum permissible power in the fibre against APR power reduction time . 18
Figure A.1 – Front part of the fibre fuse damage generated in the optical fibre . 20
Figure A.2 – SiO absorption model . 22
Figure A.3 – Calculated fibre fuse propagation behaviour simulated with the SiO
absorption modelVoid formation mechanism . 23
Figure A.4 – Series of optical micrographs showing damage generated by 9,0 W
1 480 nm laser light suggesting a mechanism of periodic void formation . 24
Figure A.5 – Images of fibre fuse ignition taken with an ultra-high speed camera and
an optical micrograph of the damaged fibre. 25
Figure A.6 – Power density dependence of the fibre-fuse propagation velocity . 25
Figure A.7 – Optical micrographs showing front part of the fibre fuse damage
generated in SMF-28 fibres with various laser intensities (1 480 nm) . 26
Figure A.8 – Principle of the optical fibre fuse passive termination method and
photograph of the fibre fuse terminator which adopted TEC structure . 27
Figure A.9 – Photograph of hole-assistant fibre and fibre fuse termination using a hole-
assistant fibre . 28
Figure A.10 – Example of fibre fuse active termination scheme . 29
Figure A.11 – Transformation of electric signal by optical fibre fuse . 29
Table 1 – Threshold power of fibre fuse propagation for various fibres . 9
Table 2 – Measurement conditions. 10
Table 3 – Examples of power limits for optical fibre communication systems having
automatic power reduction to reduce emissions to a lower hazard level . 16
Table 4 – Location types within an optical fibre communication system and their
typical installations . 17
– 4 – IEC TR 61292-4:2014 © IEC 2014
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS –
Part 4: Maximum permissible optical power for the damage-free and safe
use of optical amplifiers, including Raman amplifiers
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, prop
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.