IEC 62282-3-201:2013

Fuel cell technologies - Part 3-201: Stationary fuel cell power systems - Performance test methods for small fuel cell power systems

IEC 62282-3-201:2013 provides test methods for the electric/thermal and environmental performance of small stationary fuel cell power systems that meet the following criteria:
- output: nominal electric power output of less than 10 kW;
- output mode: grid-connected/independent operation or stand-alone operation with single-phase AC output or 3-phase AC output not exceeding 1 000 V, or DC output not exceeding 1 500 V;
- operating pressure: maximum allowable working pressure of less than 0,1 MPa (gauge) for the fuel and oxidant passages;
- fuel: gaseous fuel or liquid fuel;
- oxidant: air.

Technologies des piles à combustible - Partie 3-201: Systèmes à piles à combustible stationnaires - Méthodes d'essai des performances pour petits systèmes à piles à combustible

La CEI 62282-3-201:2013 décrit des méthodes d'essai concernant les performances électriques/thermiques et environnementales des petits systèmes à piles à combustible stationnaires qui satisfont aux critères suivants:
- sortie: la puissance électrique nominale de sortie est inférieure à 10 kW;
- mode de sortie: fonctionnement raccordé au réseau/indépendant ou fonctionnement autonome avec une sortie CA monophasée ou une sortie CA triphasée ne dépassant pas 1 000 V ou une sortie CC ne dépassant pas 1 500 V;
- pression de fonctionnement: pression de fonctionnement admissible maximale inférieure à 0,1 MPa (G) pour les passages du combustible et de l'agent oxydant;
- combustible: combustible gazeux ou combustible liquide;
- agent oxydant: air.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 10-Jul-2013
• ICS: 27.070 - Fuel cells
• ICS: 29.060.20 - Cables
• Technical Committee: TC 105 - Fuel cell technologies
• Drafting Committee: MT 202 - TC 105/MT 202
• Current Stage: DELPUB - Deleted Publication
• Start Date: 10-Aug-2017
• Completion Date: 26-Oct-2025

Relations

• Revised: IEC 62282-3-201:2017 - Fuel cell technologies - Part 3-201: Stationary fuel cell power systems - Performance test methods for small fuel cell power systems
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023

Overview

IEC 62282-3-201:2013 is an international standard developed by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) that specifies performance test methods for small stationary fuel cell power systems. This standard targets systems with a nominal electric output of less than 10 kW and applicable to various output modes including grid-connected, independent operation, stand-alone single-phase or three-phase AC outputs (up to 1,000 V), or DC outputs (up to 1,500 V). It covers systems operating on gaseous or liquid fuels with a maximum allowable working pressure below 0.1 MPa gauge, using air as the oxidant.

This standard provides detailed methodologies for assessing electric, thermal, and environmental performance, ensuring consistent and reliable testing protocols for designers, manufacturers, and regulators within the fuel cell industry. It supports the development and commercialization of efficient and environmentally sound small fuel cell power systems.

Key Topics

• System Configuration and Test Boundaries
  Defines the structure and limits of small stationary fuel cell power systems, including integration with power sources such as batteries and grid connections.

• Test Preparation and Set-up
  Guidance on laboratory conditions, instrumentation, measurement points, and data acquisition plans to ensure accurate and repeatable testing.

• Electric and Thermal Performance Testing
  Includes fuel consumption measurement for gaseous and liquid fuels, electric power output evaluation, heat recovery tests, start-up and shutdown procedures, and dynamic response assessments.

• Environmental Performance Testing
  Covers noise emissions measurement, exhaust gas component analysis, and discharge water testing to evaluate system environmental impacts.

• Efficiency Calculations
  Offers standardized formulas for calculating electric efficiency, heat recovery efficiency, and overall system energy efficiency.

• Reporting Requirements
  Specifies content and structure for test reports to promote transparency and comparability across test results.

Applications

IEC 62282-3-201:2013 is instrumental for entities involved in the design, testing, certification, and deployment of small stationary fuel cell power systems. Applications include:

• Manufacturers seeking to validate product performance and comply with international testing standards.
• Certification bodies aiming to set benchmarks for product safety, efficiency, and environmental compliance.
• Research organizations conducting comparative studies on fuel cell technologies and performance innovations.
• Grid operators and integrators assessing compatibility and operational performance of fuel cell systems within electrical networks.
• End-users and facility managers evaluating system reliability, efficiency, and environmental footprint for stationary power applications such as backup power, remote installations, and combined heat and power (CHP) systems.

Related Standards

For comprehensive coverage of fuel cell technologies and their applications, IEC 62282-3-201:2013 aligns with and complements other IEC standards, including:

• IEC 62282 series – General standards for fuel cell technologies spanning terms, safety, performance, and system integration.
• IEC 62282-2 – Systems and performance testing methods for larger stationary fuel cells with higher power output.
• IEC 60068 series – Environmental testing standards that may supplement environmental conditions testing for fuel cell systems.
• ISO 14687 – Quality requirements for hydrogen fuel used in fuel cell systems, relevant to fuel input considerations.
• IEC 60364 series – Electrical installations standards offering guidance on safe and reliable connection of fuel cell power systems to grids or loads.

---

IEC 62282-3-201:2013 empowers stakeholders in the emerging small stationary fuel cell sector to utilize rigorous, internationally recognized test methods that support product development, market acceptance, and sustainable energy solutions. By following these guidelines, manufacturers and users can confidently evaluate key performance metrics while ensuring environmental responsibility and safety compliance.

Standards Content (Sample)

IEC 62282-3-201 ®
Edition 1.0 2013-07
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Fuel cell technologies –
Part 3-201: Stationary fuel cell power systems – Performance test methods for
small fuel cell power systems
Technologies des piles à combustible –
Partie 3-201: Systèmes à piles à combustible stationnaires – Méthodes d’essai
des performances pour petits systèmes à piles à combustible

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IEC 62282-3-201 ®
Edition 1.0 2013-07
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Fuel cell technologies –
Part 3-201: Stationary fuel cell power systems – Performance test methods for

small fuel cell power systems
Technologies des piles à combustible –

Partie 3-201: Systèmes à piles à combustible stationnaires – Méthodes d’essai

des performances pour petits systèmes à piles à combustible

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
CODE PRIX XB
ICS 27.070 ISBN 978-2-8322-0886-1

– 2 – 62282-3-201 © IEC:2013
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
INTRODUCTION . 7
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 Symbols . 13
5 Configuration of small stationary fuel cell power system and test boundary . 16
6 Reference conditions . 16
7 Heating value base . 17
8 Test preparation . 17
8.1 General . 17
8.2 Uncertainty analysis . 17
8.3 Data acquisition plan . 17
9 Test set-up . 18
10 Instruments and measurement methods . 19
10.1 General . 19
10.2 Measurement instruments . 19
10.3 Measurement points . 20
10.4 Minimum required measurement systematic uncertainty . 22
11 Test conditions . 22
11.1 Laboratory conditions . 22
11.2 Installation and operating conditions of the system . 22
11.3 Power source conditions . 23
11.4 Test fuel . 23
12 Operating process . 23
13 Test plan . 25
14 Type tests on electric/thermal performance . 25
14.1 General . 25
14.2 Fuel consumption test . 26
14.2.1 Gaseous fuel consumption test . 26
14.2.2 Liquid fuel consumption test . 28
14.3 Electric power output test . 29
14.3.1 General . 29
14.3.2 Test method . 29
14.3.3 Calculation of average net electric power output . 30
14.4 Heat recovery test . 30
14.4.1 General . 30
14.4.2 Test method . 30
14.4.3 Calculation of average recovered thermal power . 30
14.5 Start-up test . 32
14.5.1 General . 32
14.5.2 Determination of state of charge of battery . 32
14.5.3 Test method . 32
14.5.4 Calculation of results . 34
14.6 Storage state test . 36

62282-3-201 © IEC:2013 – 3 –
14.6.1 General . 36
14.6.2 Test method . 37
14.6.3 Calculation of average electric power input in storage state . 37
14.7 Electric power output change test . 37
14.7.1 General . 37
14.7.2 Test method . 37
14.7.3 Calculation of electric power output change rate . 39
14.8 Shutdown test . 39
14.8.1 General . 39
14.8.2 Test method . 40
14.8.3 Calculation of results . 40
14.9 Computation of efficiency . 41
14.9.1 General . 41
14.9.2 Electric efficiency . 41
14.9.3 Heat recovery efficiency . 42
14.9.4 Overall energy efficiency . 42
15 Type tests on environmental performance . 42
15.1 General . 42
15.2 Noise test . 42
15.2.1 General . 42
15.2.2 Test conditions . 43
15.2.3 Test method . 44
15.2.4 Processing of data . 44
15.3 Exhaust gas test . 44
15.3.1 General . 44
15.3.2 Components to be measured . 44
15.3.3 Test method . 45
15.3.4 Processing of data . 45
15.4 Discharge water test . 50
15.4.1 General . 50
15.4.2 Test method . 50
16 Test reports . 51
16.1 General . 51
16.2 Title page . 51
16.3 Table of contents . 51
16.4 Summary report . 51
Annex A (informative) Heating values for components of natural gases . 52
Annex B (informative) Examples of composition for natural gases . 54
Annex C (informative) Exemplary test operation schedule . 56
Annex D (informative) Typical exhaust gas components . 57
Annex E (informative) Guidelines for the contents of detailed and full reports . 58
Bibliography . 59

Figure 1 – Symbol diagram . 15
Figure 2 – General configuration of small stationary fuel cell power system . 16
Figure 3 – Small stationary fuel cell power system fed with gaseous fuel . 18
Figure 4 – Small stationary fuel cell system fed with gaseous fuel, air cooled and no
valorization of the by-product heat . 19

– 4 – 62282-3-201 © IEC:2013
Figure 5 – Operating states of stationary fuel cell power system without battery . 24
Figure 6 – Operating states of stationary fuel cell power system with battery . 25
Figure 7 – Example of electric power chart at start-up for system without battery . 33
Figure 8 – Example of electric power chart at start-up for system with battery. 34
Figure 9 – Examples of liquid fuel supply systems . 35
Figure 10 – Electric power output change pattern for system without battery . 38
Figure 11 – Electric power output change pattern for system with battery . 38
Figure 12 – Example for electric power change stabilization criteria . 39
Figure 13 – Electric power chart at shutdown . 40
Figure 14 – Noise measurement points for small stationary fuel cell power systems . 43

Table 1 – Symbols and their meanings for electric/thermal performance . 13
Table 2 – Symbols and their meanings for environmental performance . 15
Table 3 – Compensation of readings against the effect of background noise . 43
Table A.1 – Heating values for components of natural gases at various combustion
reference conditions for ideal gas . 52
Table B.1 – Example of composition for natural gas (%) . 54
Table B.2 – Example of composition for propane gas (%) . 55
Table C.1 – Exemplary test operation schedule . 56
Table D.1 – Typical exhaust gas components to be expected for typical fuels . 57

62282-3-201 © IEC:2013 – 5 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES –
Part 3-201: Stationary fuel cell power systems –
Performance test methods for small fuel cell power systems

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
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indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62282-3-201 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 105:
Fuel cell technologies.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
105/444/FDIS 105/454/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts of the IEC 62282 series, under the general title Fuel cell technologies, can be
found on the IEC website.
– 6 – 62282-3-201 © IEC:2013
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.

62282-3-201 © IEC:2013 – 7 –
INTRODUCTION
This part of IEC 62282 provides consistent and repeatable test methods for the electric/thermal
and environmental performance of small stationary fuel cell power systems.
This international standard limits its scope to small (below 10 kW electric power output)
stationary fuel cell power systems and provides test methods specifically designed for them in
detail. It is based on IEC 62282-3-200, that generally describes performance test methods that
are common to all types of fuel cells.
This standard describes type tests and their test methods only. No routine tests are required or
identified, and no performance targets are set in this standard.
This standard is to be used by manufacturers of small stationary fuel cell power systems and/or
those who evaluate the performance of their systems for certification purposes.
Users of this standard may selectively execute test items that are suitable for their purposes
from those described in this standard. This standard is not intended to exclude any other
methods.
– 8 – 62282-3-201 © IEC:2013
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES –
Part 3-201: Stationary fuel cell power systems –
Performance test methods for small fuel cell power systems

1 Scope
This part of IEC 62282 provides test methods for the electric/thermal and environmental
performance of small stationary fuel cell power systems that meet the following criteria:
• output: nominal electric power output of less than 10 kW;
• output mode: grid-connected/independent operation or stand-alone operation with
single-phase AC output or 3-phase AC output not exceeding 1 000 V, or DC output not
exceeding 1 500 V;
NOTE The limit to 1 000 V comes from the definition for "low voltage" given in IEV 601-01-26.
• operating pressure: maximum allowable working pressure of less than 0,1 MPa (gauge) for
the fuel and oxidant passages;
• fuel: gaseous fuel (natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, propane, butane, hydrogen, etc.) or
liquid fuel (kerosene, methanol, etc.);
• oxidant: air.
This standard covers fuel cell power systems whose primary purpose is the production of electric
power and whose secondary purpose may be the utilization of by-product heat. Accordingly, fuel
cell power systems for which the use of heat is primary and the use of by-product electric power
is secondary are outside the scope of this standard.
All systems with integrated batteries are covered by this standard. This includes systems where
batteries are recharged internally or recharged from an external source.
This standard does not cover additional auxiliary heat generators that produce thermal energy.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
IEC 61672-1, Electroacoustics – Sound level meters – Part 1: Specifications
IEC 62282-3-200, Fuel cell technologies – Part 3-200: Stationary fuel cell power systems –
Performance test methods
ISO 5815 (all parts), Water quality – Determination of biochemical oxygen demand after n days
(BODn)
ISO 6060, Water quality – Determination of the chemical oxygen demand
ISO 6798, Reciprocating internal combustion engines – Measurement of emitted airborne noise
– Engineering method and survey method

62282-3-201 © IEC:2013 – 9 –
ISO 9000, Quality management systems – Fundamentals and vocabulary
ISO 10523, Water quality – Determination of pH
ASTM F2602, Standard Test Method for Determining the Molar Mass of Chitosan and Chitosan
Salts by Size Exclusion Chromatography with Multi-angle Light Scattering Detection (SEC
MALS)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
noise level
sound pressure level produced by the fuel cell power system measured at a specified distance
in all operation modes
Note 1 to entry: Expressed as decibels (dB) and measured as described in 15.2.
3.2
background noise level
sound pressure level of ambient noise at the measurement point
Note 1 to entry: This measurement is taken as described in 15.2 with the fuel cell power system in the cold state.
3.3
battery
electrochemical energy storage device that provides energy input to support parasitic loads
and/or provides electric energy output
Note 1 to entry: Back-up batteries for control software memory and similar applications are not included.
3.4
cold state
condition of a fuel cell power system at ambient temperature with no power input or output, ready
for start-up
[SOURCE: IEC/TS 62282-1:2010, definition 3.110.1, modified – addition of "ready for start-up"]
3.5
discharge rate
mass of discharged exhaust gas component per unit of time
3.6
discharge water
water that is discharged from the fuel cell power system
Note 1 to entry: Discharge water does not constitute part of a thermal recovery system.
3.7
electric efficiency
ratio of the average net electric power output of a fuel cell power system at a given duration to
the average fuel power fed to the same fuel cell power system at the same duration
[SOURCE: IEC/TS 62282-1:2010, definition 3.30.1 modified – original definition has been
modified and the NOTE dropped]

– 10 – 62282-3-201 © IEC:2013
3.8
electric energy input
integrated value of electric power input at the electric input terminal
3.9
electric energy output
integrated value of electric power output at the electric output terminal
3.10
electric power input
electric power input at the electric input terminal of the fuel cell power system
3.11
electric power output
electric power output at the electric output terminal of the fuel cell power system
3.12
fuel cell power system
generator system that uses a fuel cell module(s) to generate electric power and heat
3.13
fuel input
amount of natural gas, hydrogen, methanol, liquid petroleum gas, propane, butane, or other
material containing chemical energy consumed by the fuel cell power system while it is working
at the specified operating conditions
3.14
fuel power input
fuel energy input per unit of time
3.15
heat recovery efficiency
ratio of the average thermal power recovered at a given duration from a fuel cell power system
to the average fuel power fed to the same fuel cell power system at the same duration
[SOURCE: IEC/TS 62282-1:2010, definition 3.30.3, modified – original definition has been
revised and the NOTE dropped]
3.16
heat recovery fluid
fluid circulating between the fuel cell power system and a heat sink for recovering the thermal
energy output
3.17
inert purge gas
inert gas or dilution gas, not containing chemical energy, supplied to the fuel cell power system
during specific conditions to make it ready for operation or shutdown
Note 1 to entry: Dilution gas containing chemical energy shall be considered as fuel.
3.18
integrated fuel input
volume or mass of fuel consumed by the fuel cell power system under specified operating
conditions
62282-3-201 © IEC:2013 – 11 –
3.19
interface point
measurement point at the boundary of a fuel cell power system at which material and/or energy
either enters or leaves
Note 1 to entry: This boundary is intentionally selected to accurately measure the performance of the system. If
necessary, the boundary or the interface points of the fuel cell power system (Figure 2) to be assessed should be
determined by agreement of the parties.
[SOURCE: IEC/TS 62282-1:2010, definition 3.65]
3.20
mass concentration
concentration of mass of exhaust gas component per unit of volume
3.21
minimum electric power output
minimum net power output, at which a fuel cell power system is able to operate continuously at
a steady state
3.22
net electric power
value calculated by subtracting the electric power input from the electric power output
3.23
nominal electric power
electric power output at the electric output terminal of the fuel cell power system under normal
operating conditions, stated by the manufacture
[SOURCE: IEC/TS 62282-1:2010, definition 3.85.4, modified – original term and definition has
been revised and the NOTE dropped]
3.24
overall energy efficiency
sum of the electric efficiency and heat recovery efficiency
3.25
parasitic load
power consumed by auxiliary machines and equipment such as balance of plant (BOP)
necessary to operate a fuel cell power system
3.26
recovered heat (of a fuel cell power system)
thermal energy recovered from the fuel cell power system
Note 1 to entry: The recovered heat is measured by determining the temperatures and flow rates of heat recovery
fluid (water, steam, air or oil, etc.), entering and leaving the thermal energy recovery subsystem at the interface point
of the fuel cell power system.
3.27
recovered thermal power
recovered thermal energy per unit of time
3.28
shutdown energy
sum of electric and/or chemical (fuel) energy required during the shutdown time

– 12 – 62282-3-201 © IEC:2013
3.29
shutdown time
duration between the moment when a shutdown action is initiated at nominal electric power
output to the moment when the cold state or storage state, as specified by the manufacturer, is
attained
[SOURCE: IEC/TS 62282-1:2010, definition 3.115.4, modified – original definition has been
revised]
3.30
pre-generation state
state of a fuel cell power system being at sufficient operating temperature and in such an
operational mode, with zero electric output power that the fuel cell power system is capable of
being promptly switched to an operational state with substantial electric active output power
[SOURCE: IEC/TS 62282-1:2010, definition 3.110.4, modified]
3.31
start-up energy
a) for fuel cell power systems without battery, electric and/or chemical (fuel) energy required for
transitioning from cold state or storage state to net electric power output; and
b) for fuel cell power systems with battery, electric and/or chemical (fuel) energy required for
recharging the battery, which is discharged to supply nominal electric power output at
start-up, to a known nominal state of charge
3.32
start-up time
a) for fuel cell power systems that do not require external energy to maintain storage state,
duration required for transitioning from cold state to positive net electric power output; and
b) for fuel cell power systems that require external energy to maintain storage state, duration
required for transitioning from storage state to positive net electric power output
[SOURCE: IEC/TS 62282-1:2010, definition 3.115.5, modified – original definition has been
revised]
3.33
stationary fuel cell power system
fuel cell power system that is connected and fixed in place
[SOURCE: IEC/TS 62282-1:2010, definition 3.49.3]
3.34
storage state
condition of a fuel cell power system that is non-operational and possibly requiring, under
conditions specified by the manufacturer, the input of thermal or electric energy in order to
prevent deterioration of the components and/or energize the control systems and other
components, and is ready for start-up
[SOURCE: IEC/TS 62282-1:2010, definition 3.110.6, modified – original definition has been
revised]
3.35
test run
time interval in which data points required for the computation of test results are recorded
Note 1 to entry: Recorded results are computed based on these data points.

62282-3-201 © IEC:2013 – 13 –
3.36
thermal storage unit
unit that stores heat recovered from the fuel cell power system in the thermal storage medium
and supplies the heat with heat carrier externally as needed
Note 1 to entry: It is composed of a thermal storage tank, a heat exchanger and a heat carrier supply system.
Note 2 to entry: A typical thermal storage medium is water.
3.37
waste heat
thermal energy released and not recovered
3.38
water consumption
water supplied (outside the test boundary) to the power system other than initial fill
4 Symbols
The symbols and their meanings used in this part of IEC 62282 are given in Table 1 for
electric/thermal performance and Table 2 for environmental performance, with the appropriate
units.
Table 1 – Symbols and their meanings for electric/thermal performance
Symbol Definition Unit
q Average volumetric flow rate of fuel under the test conditions m /s
vf
q Average volumetric flow rate of fuel under reference conditions m /s
vf0
q Integrated volumetric flow over the test duration m
iv
q Average volumetric flow rate of heat recovery fluid m /s
vr
q Integrated flow volume of heat recovery fluid m
ivHR
q Average volumetric flow rate of heat recovery fluid at outlet over the test period m /s
vHR
–2 3
M m /mol
Reference molar volume of ideal gas (2,364 5 × 10 m /mol)
(at the reference temperature for this standard, t = 288,15 K)
q Average mass flow rate of fuel under the test conditions kg/s
mf
q Average mass flow rate of heat recovery fluid at outlet over the test period kg/s
mHR
q Integrated mass flow of fuel over the test duration kg
imf
q Integrated mass flow of heat recovery fluid kg
imHR
M Molar mass of fuel g/mol
mf
M Corrected water mass kg
P Average net electric power output kW
n
P Nominal electric power output kW
nom
P Average electric power input in storage state kW
instore
P Minimum electric power output kW
min
PV Decrease rate of electric power output W/s
d
PV Increase rate of electric power output W/s
u
P Electric power output change range between P and P W
d nom min
p Reference pressure (101,325 kPa(abs)) kPa(abs)
p Average fuel pressure during test duration kPa(abs)
f
t Reference temperature (288,15 K) K
t Average fuel temperature during test duration K
f
– 14 – 62282-3-201 © IEC:2013
Symbol Definition Unit
t Average temperature of heat recovery fluid at outlet over the test period K
HR1
t Average temperature of heat recovery fluid at inlet over the test period K
HR2
ρ Density of heat recovery fluid at t kg/m

HR HR1
Q Heating value of fuel on a molar basis under reference conditions kJ/mol
fo
Q Heating value of fuel at liquid phase kJ/kg
fl
Qf Heating value of component j at reference temperature t kJ/mol
0j 0
–1 –1
S Specific heat of heat recovery fluid at the temperature intermediate between t and kJ K kg
HR HR1
t
HR2
Q Average recovered thermal power over the test period kJ/s
HR
E Input energy of fuel per unit volume kJ/m
fv
E Input energy of fuel per unit mass kJ/kg
fm
Q Average fuel power input kJ/s
inf
E Total fuel input energy kJ
in
E Fuel input energy required for start-up for system with battery kJ
instartupbat
W Electric energy output during test period kWh
out
W Electric energy input during test period kWh
in
W Electric energy input at shutdown kWh
inshutdown
W Electric energy input at start-up kWh
instartup
W Electric energy required over the duration from the start-up initiation time, TS to the kWh
instartupbat 1
battery recharge completion time, TS for system
3bat
W Electric energy input over the duration from the start-up initiation time, TS to the kWh
inbat 1
battery recharge completion time, TS
3bat
W Electric power output over the duration from the start-up initiation time, TS to the kWh
outbat 1
battery recharge completion time, TS
3bat
W Electric energy input from the initiation to the end of test kWh
instore
η Electric efficiency %
e
η Heat recovery efficiency %
th
η Overall energy efficiency %
total
ΔT Test duration s
ΔTE Shutdown time s
TE shutdown initiation time
TE shutdown completion time
ΔT Duration of the decrease in electric power output from T to T s
lcdwn lc1 lc2
ΔT Duration of the increase in electric power output from T toT s
lcup lc3 lc4
T Start time of electric power output decreasing action
lc1
T Time when the electric power output reaches the minimum electric power output ±2 %
lc2
T Start time of electric power output increasing action
lc3
T Time when the electric power output reaches the nominal electric power output ± 2 %
lc4
ΔTS Start-up time s
TS Start-up initiation time;
TS Start-up completion time.
TS Battery recharge completion time s
3bat
ΔTS Duration from the start-up initiation to battery recharge completion s
bat
NOTE The main symbols in the fuel cell power system correspond to Figure 1.

62282-3-201 © IEC:2013 – 15 –
Boundary
W
in
P , W
n out
Fuel cell
power system
E
in
q  q  t
mf vf f
Q
HR
IEC  1492/13
Figure 1 – Symbol diagram
Table 2 – Symbols and their meanings for environmental performance
Symbol Definition Unit
X vol %, ml/m
c
Corrected concentration of the component
(ppm)
X vol %, ml/m
m
Measured concentration of the component
(ppm)
O Measured value of O concentration in atmosphere at air inlet in dry state (in the case
2 vol %
2t
of fresh air, O = 21 %)
2t
O Measured value of O concentration in the dry exhaust gas vol %
2a 2
v Volumetric flow rate of fuel at reference conditions m /s
f0
V Volumetric flow rate of fuel at test conditions m /s
f
t Reference temperature (288,15 K) K
T Fuel temperature at test conditions K
f
p Reference pressure (101,325 kPa(abs)) kPa(abs)
p Fuel pressure (absolute pressure) at test conditions kPa(abs)
f
q Mass flow rate of fuel g/h
f
–2 3
M m /mol
Reference molar volume of ideal gas (2,3645 × 10 m /mol) (at the reference
temperature for this standard, t = 288,15 K)
M Molar mass of fuel g/mol
mf
CH Compositional formula weight of fuel
αf
αf Hydrogen to carbon atom ratio of fuel
CO CO concentration in volume in dry exhaust gas vol %
2dr 2
CO 44,01 (molecular weight of CO )

2M 2
CO CO discharge rate in mass per time g/h

2mass 2
CO CO concentration in volume in dry exhaust gas ml/m (ppm)
dr
CO 28,01 (molecular weight of CO)
M
CO CO discharge rate in mass per time g/h
mass
CO CO mass concentration in volume in dry exhaust gas g/m
conc
THC THC concentration in volume in dry exhaust gas (carbon equivalent) ml/m (ppm)
dr
THC Compositional formula weight of THC
M
α Hydrogen to carbon atom ratio of THC in exhaust gas
e
THC THC discharge rate in mass per time g/h
mass
THC THC mass concentration in volume in dry exhaust gas g/m
conc
– 16 – 62282-3-201 © IEC:2013
Symbol Definition Unit
NO NO concentration in volume in dry exhaust gas ml/m (ppm)
xdr x
NO
46,61 (molecular weight of NO when the entire amount of NO is assumed to be NO )
x x
xM
NO g/h
NO discharge rate in mass per time
xmass x
NO NO mass concentration in volume in dry exhaust gas g/m
xconc x
SO SO concentration in volume in dry exhaust gas ml/m (ppm)

2dr 2
SO 64,06 (molecular weight of SO )

2M 2
SO SO discharge rate in mass per time g/h

2mass 2
SO SO mass concentration in volume in dry exhaust gas g/m
2conc 2
5 Configuration of small stationary fuel cell power system and test boundary
Figure 2 illustrates the general configuration of small stationary fuel cell power systems subject
to this standard and shows the test boundary and physical quantities entering and leaving the
fuel cell system.
Test boundary
Outgoing
Electric power
heat
input Thermal
Returning
management
heat
system
Fuel
Fuel
processing
Inert gas
system
Fuel Electric power
cell output
Power
module
conditioning
system
Oxidant
Oxidant
processing
Water
system
treatment
Internal power
Discharge water
system
needs
Water
Exhaust gases
Automatic
Secondary
Ventilation ventilation
control
Ventilation
battery
system
system
Noise
Fuel cell power system
IEC  1493/13
Figure 2 – General configuration of small stationary fuel cell power system
6 Reference conditions
The reference conditions are specified as follows:
°
– reference temperature: t = 288,15 K (15 C);
– reference pressure: p = 101,325 kPa (abs).
62282-3-201 © IEC:2013 – 17 –
7 Heating value base
The heating value of fuel is based on the lower heating value (LHV) in principle.
In cases where LHV is applied
...