CISPR TR 16-4-4:2007
(Main)Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 4-4: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling - Statistics of complaints and a model for the calculation of limits for the protection of radio services
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 4-4: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling - Statistics of complaints and a model for the calculation of limits for the protection of radio services
This Technical Report contains a recommendation on how to deal with statistics of radio interference complaints. Furthermore it describes the calculation of limits for disturbance field strength and voltage for the measurement on a test site based on models for the distribution of disturbances by radiated and conducted coupling. This second edition of CISPR 16-4-4 contains two thoroughly updated Clauses 4 and 5, compared with its first edition. It also contains, in its new Annex A, values of the classical CISPR mains decoupling factor which were determined by measurements in real low-voltage AC mains grids in the 1960s.respectively.
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TECHNICAL CISPR
REPORT 16-4-4
Second edition
2007-07
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity
measuring apparatus and methods –
Part 4-4:
Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling –
Statistics of complaints and a model for the
calculation of limits for the protection of
radio services
Reference number
CISPR 16-4-4/TR:2007(E)
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
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TECHNICAL CISPR
REPORT 16-4-4
Second edition
2007-07
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity
measuring apparatus and methods –
Part 4-4:
Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling –
Statistics of complaints and a model for the
calculation of limits for the protection of
radio services
PRICE CODE
XB
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
International Electrotechnical Commission
МеждународнаяЭлектротехническаяКомиссия
For price, see current catalogue
– 2 –
TR CISPR 16-4-4 © IEC:2007(E)
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.4
1 Scope.6
2 Normative references .6
3 Terms and definitions .6
4 Statistics of complaints and sources of interference .7
4.1 Introduction and history.7
4.2 Relationship between radio frequency interference and complaints .7
4.2.1 Radio frequency interference to a fixed radio receiver .7
4.2.2 Radio frequency interference to a mobile radio receiver .7
4.2.3 Consequences of the move from analogue to digital radio systems.7
4.3 Towards the loss of a precious indicator: interference complaints.8
4.4 CISPR recommendations for collation of statistical data on interference
complaints and classification of interference sources .8
4.5 Forms for statistics of interference complaints.9
5 A model for the calculation of limits .14
5.1 Introduction .14
5.1.1 Generation of EM disturbances.14
5.1.2 Immunity from EM disturbances.14
5.1.3 Planning a radio service .14
5.2 Probability of interference.15
5.2.1 Derivation of probability of interference .15
5.3 Circumstances of interferences .16
5.3.1 Close coupling and remote coupling .17
5.3.2 Measuring methods .18
5.3.3 Disturbance signal waveforms and associated spectra .20
5.3.4 Characteristics of interfered radio services .21
5.3.5 Operational aspects.22
5.3.6 Criteria for the determination of limits .23
5.4 A mathematical basis for the calculation of CISPR limits .27
5.4.1 Generation of EM disturbances (source of disturbance) .27
5.4.2 Immunity from EM disturbances (victim receiver) .28
5.5 Application of the mathematical basis.29
5.5.1 Radiation coupling.29
5.5.2 Wire-line coupling.30
5.6 Another suitable method for equipment in the frequency range 150 kHz to
1 GHz.
5.6.1 Introduction .38
5.6.2 Derivation of limits.38
5.6.3 Application of limits .43
5.6.4 Overview of proposals for determination of disturbance limits for a
given type of equipment.43
5.7 Rational for determination of CISPR limits in the frequency range above
1 GHz.44
5.7.1 Introduction .44
5.7.2 Consideration and estimated values of μ to μ .45
P1 P7
5.7.3 Equivalent EMC environment below and above 1 GHz.51
– 3 –
TR CISPR 16-4-4 © IEC:2007(E)
5.7.4 Overview on parameters of radio communication services operating
in the frequency range above 1 GHz and up to 16 GHz with effect to
electromagnetic compatibility.52
Annex A Excerpt from CISPR Report No. 31 Values of mains decoupling factor in the
range 0,1 MHz to 200 MHz .55
Bibliography.60
Figure 1a – Standard form for statistics on interference complaints recommended for
radio services with analogue modulation and fixed or stationary radio reception .9
Figure 1b – Standard form for statistics on interference complaints recommended for
radio services with analogue modulation and mobile or portable radio reception.10
Figure 1c – Standard form for statistics on interference complaints recommended for
radio services with digital modulation and fixed or stationary radio reception .11
Figure 1d – Standard form for statistics on interference complaints recommended for
radio services with digital modulation and mobile or portable radio reception.12
Figure 2 – Model for remote coupling situation derived disturbance field strength e at
ir
receiving distance r.24
Figure 3 – Model for close coupling situations.26
Figure 4 – Example of conversion factors – field strength / common-mode voltage (in
dB) – at feed point, found in practice .35
Figure 5 – Example of conversion factors – field strength generated by differential-
mode voltage – at feed point, found in practice .36
Figure 6 – Example of conversion factors – field strength generated by differential-
mode voltage – outside buildings and electrical substations, found in practice .37
Figure 7 – Example of conversion factors – field strength generated by differential-
mode voltage – inside buildings, found in practice .38
Figure A.1 – Mains decoupling coefficient as measured by various authors .57
Figure A.2 – Median and minimum values of mains decoupling factor for the range
0,1 MHz to 200 MHz .58
Figure A.3 – Typical distributions of deviations from median value of decoupling factor
as indicated in Figure A.2 .58
Figure A.4 – Measurement of the mains decoupling factor .59
Table 1 – Classification of sources of radio frequency interference and other causes of
complaint .13
Table 2 – Guidance survey of RFI measuring methods .20
Table 3 – Tabulation of the method of determining limits for equipment in the frequency
range 0,150 MHz to 960 MHz.40
Table 4 – Calculation of permissible limits for disturbances at about 1 800 MHz from
existing CISPR limits in the frequency range of 900 MHz .52
Table 5 – List of radio services, typical parameters, and influence factors .53
– 4 –
TR CISPR 16-4-4 © IEC:2007(E)
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
____________
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY
MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –
Part 4-4: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling –
Statistics of complaints and a model for the calculation of limits
for the protection of radio services
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
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consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
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equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.
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...
CISPR TR 16-4-4 ®
Edition 2.1 2017-06
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 4-4: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling – Statistics of complaints
and a model for the calculation of limits for the protection of radio services
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
your local IEC member National Committee for further information.
IEC Central Office Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11
3, rue de Varembé info@iec.ch
CH-1211 Geneva 20 www.iec.ch
Switzerland
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigendum or an amendment might have been published.
IEC publications search - webstore.iec.ch/advsearchform Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a The world's leading online dictionary on electrotechnology,
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical containing more than 22 000 terminological entries in English
committee,…). It also gives information on projects, replaced and French, with equivalent terms in 16 additional languages.
and withdrawn publications. Also known as the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary
(IEV) online.
IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished
Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published IEC Glossary - std.iec.ch/glossary
details all new publications released. Available online and 67 000 electrotechnical terminology entries in English and
once a month by email. French extracted from the Terms and definitions clause of
IEC publications issued between 2002 and 2015. Some
IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc entries have been collected from earlier publications of IEC
If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or TC 37, 77, 86 and CISPR.
need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
Centre: sales@iec.ch.
CISPR TR 16-4-4 ®
Edition 2.1 2017-06
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 4-4: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling – Statistics of complaints
and a model for the calculation of limits for the protection of radio services
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 33.100.10; 33.100.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-4552-1
CISPR TR 16-4-4 ®
Edition 2.1 2017-06
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
REDLINE VERSION
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 4-4: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling – Statistics of complaints
and a model for the calculation of limits for the protection of radio services
– 2 – CISPR TR 16-4-4:2007+AMD1:2017 CSV
IEC 2017
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Statistics of complaints and sources of interference . 8
4.1 Introduction and history . 8
4.2 Relationship between radio frequency interference and complaints . 8
4.2.1 Radio frequency interference to a fixed radio receiver . 8
4.2.2 Radio frequency interference to a mobile radio receiver . 8
4.2.3 Consequences of the move from analogue to digital radio systems . 8
4.3 Towards the loss of a precious indicator: interference complaints . 9
4.4 CISPR recommendations for collation of statistical data on interference
complaints and classification of interference sources . 9
4.5 Forms for statistics of interference complaints . 10
5 A model for the calculation of limits . 15
5.1 Introduction . 15
5.1.1 Generation of EM disturbances . 15
5.1.2 Immunity from EM disturbances . 15
5.1.3 Planning a radio service . 15
5.2 Probability of interference. 16
5.2.1 Derivation of probability of interference . 16
5.3 Circumstances of interferences . 17
5.3.1 Close coupling and remote coupling . 18
5.3.2 Measuring methods . 19
5.3.3 Disturbance signal waveforms and associated spectra . 21
5.3.4 Characteristics of interfered radio services . 22
5.3.5 Operational aspects . 23
5.3.6 Criteria for the determination of limits . 24
5.4 A mathematical basis for the calculation of CISPR limits . 28
5.4.1 Generation of EM disturbances (source of disturbance) . 28
5.4.2 Immunity from EM disturbances (victim receiver) . 29
5.5 Application of the mathematical basis . 29
5.5.1 Radiation coupling . 29
5.5.2 Wire-line coupling . 31
5.6 Another suitable method for equipment in the frequency range 150 kHz to
1 GHz . 39
5.6.1 Introduction . 39
5.6.2 Derivation of limits . 39
5.6.3 Application of limits . 44
5.6.4 Overview of proposals for determination of disturbance limits for a
given type of equipment. 44
5.6.5 Rationale for determination of CISPR limits in the frequency range
below 30 MHz . 45
5.6.6 Model for limits for the magnetic component of the disturbance field
strength for the protection of radio reception in the range below 30
MHz . 51
IEC 2017
5.7 Rational for determination of CISPR limits in the frequency range above
1 GHz . 54
5.7.1 Introduction . 54
5.7.2 Consideration and estimated values of µ to µ . 55
P1 P7
5.7.3 Equivalent EMC environment below and above 1 GHz . 61
5.7.4 Overview on parameters of radio communication services operating
in the frequency range above 1 GHz and up to 16 GHz with effect to
electromagnetic compatibility . 62
Annex A Excerpt from CISPR Report No. 31 Values of mains decoupling factor in the
range 0,1 MHz to 200 MHz . 65
Annex B (informative) Conversion of H-field limits below 30 MHz for measurement
distances . 70
Bibliography . 82
Figure 1a – Standard form for statistics on interference complaints recommended for
radio services with analogue modulation and fixed or stationary radio reception . 10
Figure 1b – Standard form for statistics on interference complaints recommended for
radio services with analogue modulation and mobile or portable radio reception . 11
Figure 1c – Standard form for statistics on interference complaints recommended for
radio services with digital modulation and fixed or stationary radio reception . 12
Figure 1d – Standard form for statistics on interference complaints recommended for
radio services with digital modulation and mobile or portable radio reception . 13
Figure 1 – Standard forms for statistics on interference complaints . 13
Figure 2 – Model for remote coupling situation derived disturbance field strength e at
ir
receiving distance r . 25
Figure 3 – Model for close coupling situations . 27
Figure 4 – Example of conversion factors – field strength / common-mode voltage (in
dB) – at feed point, found in practice . 36
Figure 5 – Example of conversion factors – field strength generated by differential-
mode voltage – at feed point, found in practice . 37
Figure 6 – Example of conversion factors – field strength generated by differential-
mode voltage – outside buildings and electrical substations, found in practice . 38
Figure 7 – Example of conversion factors – field strength generated by differential-
mode voltage – inside buildings, found in practice . 39
Figure 8 – horizontal plane radiation pattern on a small purely magnetic antenna . 47
Figure 9 – typical source of magnetic field disturbance . 49
Figure 10 – Model for magnetic field limit at measuring equipment . 52
Figure A.1 – Mains decoupling coefficient as measured by various authors . 67
Figure A.2 – Median and minimum values of mains decoupling factor for the range
0,1 MHz to 200 MHz . 68
Figure A.3 – Typical distributions of deviations from median value of decoupling factor
as indicated in Figure A.2 . 68
Figure A.4 – Measurement of the mains decoupling factor . 69
Figure B.1 – Commercial tool model for H-field conversion . 70
Figure B.2 – Commercial tool model for the application of image theory. 71
Figure B.3 – Photos of OATS measurement setup . 72
Figure B.4 – Comparative simulation result with ground plane and with image theory . 72
– 4 – CISPR TR 16-4-4:2007+AMD1:2017 CSV
IEC 2017
Figure B.5 – Comparison between the simulated conversion factors and the
measurement results . 73
Figure B.6 – Conversion factor C . 74
3_min
Figure B.7 – Conversion factor C . 75
10_min
Figure B.8 – Conversion factor C . 77
10-3_min
Figure B.9 – Recommended
...
CISPR TR 16-4-4 ®
Edition 2.2 2020-04
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 4-4: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling – Statistics of complaints
and a model for the calculation of limits for the protection of radio services
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
your local IEC member National Committee for further information.
IEC Central Office Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11
3, rue de Varembé info@iec.ch
CH-1211 Geneva 20 www.iec.ch
Switzerland
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigendum or an amendment might have been published.
IEC publications search - webstore.iec.ch/advsearchform Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a The world's leading online dictionary on electrotechnology,
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical containing more than 22 000 terminological entries in English
committee,…). It also gives information on projects, replaced and French, with equivalent terms in 16 additional languages.
and withdrawn publications. Also known as the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary
(IEV) online.
IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished
Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published IEC Glossary - std.iec.ch/glossary
details all new publications released. Available online and 67 000 electrotechnical terminology entries in English and
once a month by email. French extracted from the Terms and definitions clause of
IEC publications issued between 2002 and 2015. Some
IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc entries have been collected from earlier publications of IEC
If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or TC 37, 77, 86 and CISPR.
need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
Centre: sales@iec.ch.
CISPR TR 16-4-4 ®
Edition 2.2 2020-04
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 4-4: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling – Statistics of complaints
and a model for the calculation of limits for the protection of radio services
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 33.100.10; 33.100.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-8261-8
CISPR TR 16-4-4 ®
Edition 2.2 2020-04
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
REDLINE VERSION
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 4-4: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling – Statistics of complaints
and a model for the calculation of limits for the protection of radio services
– 2 – CISPR TR 16-4-4:2007+AMD1:2017
+AMD2:2020 CSV IEC 2020
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 7
1 Scope . 9
2 Normative references . 9
3 Terms and definitions . 9
3.1 Terms and definitions . 9
3.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms. 10
4 Statistics of complaints and sources of interference . 11
4.1 Introduction and history . 11
4.2 Relationship between radio frequency interference and complaints . 11
4.2.1 Radio frequency interference to a fixed radio receiver . 11
4.2.2 Radio frequency interference to a mobile radio receiver . 11
4.2.3 Consequences of the move from analogue to digital radio systems . 11
4.3 Towards the loss of a precious indicator: interference complaints . 12
4.4 CISPR recommendations for collation of statistical data on interference
complaints and classification of interference sources . 12
4.5 Forms for statistics of interference complaints . 13
5 A model for the calculation of limits . 18
5.1 Introduction . 18
5.1.1 Generation of EM disturbances . 18
5.1.2 Immunity from EM disturbances . 18
5.1.3 Planning a radio service . 18
5.2 Probability of interference. 19
5.2.1 Derivation of probability of interference . 19
5.3 Circumstances of interferences . 20
5.3.1 Close coupling and remote coupling . 21
5.3.2 Measuring methods . 22
5.3.3 Disturbance signal waveforms and associated spectra . 24
5.3.4 Characteristics of interfered radio services . 25
5.3.5 Operational aspects . 26
5.3.6 Criteria for the determination of limits . 27
5.4 A mathematical basis for the calculation of CISPR limits . 31
5.4.1 Generation of EM disturbances (source of disturbance) . 31
5.4.2 Immunity from EM disturbances (victim receiver) . 32
5.5 Application of the mathematical basis . 32
5.5.1 Radiation coupling . 32
5.5.2 Wire-line coupling . 34
5.6 Another suitable method for equipment in the frequency range 150 kHz to
1 GHz . 42
5.6.1 Introduction . 42
5.6.2 Derivation of limits . 42
5.6.3 Application of limits . 47
5.6.4 Overview of proposals for determination of disturbance limits for a
given type of equipment. 47
5.6.5 Rationale for determination of CISPR limits in the frequency range
below 30 MHz . 48
+AMD2:2020 CSV IEC 2020
5.6.6 Model for limits for the magnetic component of the disturbance field
strength for the protection of radio reception in the range below 30
MHz . 54
5.7 Rational for determination of CISPR limits in the frequency range above
1 GHz . 57
5.7.1 Introduction . 57
5.7.2 Consideration and estimated values of µ to µ . 59
P1 P7
5.7.3 Equivalent EMC environment below and above 1 GHz . 64
5.7.4 Overview on parameters of radio communication services operating
in the frequency range above 1 GHz and up to 16 GHz with effect to
electromagnetic compatibility . 65
Annex A Excerpt from CISPR Report No. 31 Values of mains decoupling factor in the
range 0,1 MHz to 200 MHz . 69
Annex B (informative) Conversion of H-field limits below 30 MHz for measurement
distances . 74
Annex C (informative) Model for estimation of radiation from photovoltaic (PV) power
generating systems . 86
Annex D (informative) Model for the estimation of radiation from in-house extra low
voltage (ELV) lighting installations . 119
Bibliography . 133
Figure 1a – Standard form for statistics on interference complaints recommended for
radio services with analogue modulation and fixed or stationary radio reception . 13
Figure 1b – Standard form for statistics on interference complaints recommended for
radio services with analogue modulation and mobile or portable radio reception . 14
Figure 1c – Standard form for statistics on interference complaints recommended for
radio services with digital modulation and fixed or stationary radio reception . 15
Figure 1d – Standard form for statistics on interference complaints recommended for
radio services with digital modulation and mobile or portable radio reception . 16
Figure 1 – Standard forms for statistics on interference complaints . 16
Figure 2 – Model for remote coupling situation derived disturbance field strength e at
ir
receiving distance r . 28
Figure 3 – Model for close coupling situations . 30
Figure 4 – Example of conversion factors – field strength / common-mode voltage (in
dB) – at feed point, found in practice . 39
Figure 5 – Example of conversion factors – field strength generated by differential-
mode voltage – at feed point, found in practice . 40
Figure 6 – Example of conversion factors – field strength generated by differential-
mode voltage – outside buildings and electrical substations, found in practice . 41
Figure 7 – Example of conversion factors – field strength generated by differential-
mode voltage – inside buildings, found in practice . 42
Figure 8 – horizontal plane radiation pattern on a small purely magnetic antenna . 50
Figure 9 – typical source of magnetic field disturbance . 52
Figure 10 – Model for magnetic field limit at measuring equipment . 55
Figure A.1 – Mains decoupling coefficient as measured by various authors . 71
Figure A.2 – Median and minimum values of mains decoupling factor for the range
0,1 MHz to 200 MHz . 72
– 4 – CISPR TR 16-4-4:2007+AMD1:2017
+AMD2:2020 CSV IEC 2020
Figure A.3 – Typical distributions of deviations from median value of decoupling factor
as indicated in Figure A.2 . 72
Figure A.4 – Measurement of the mains decoupling factor . 73
Figure B.1 – Commercial tool model for H-field conversion . 74
Figure B.2 – Commercial tool model for the application of image theory. 75
Figure B.3 – Photos of OATS measurement setup .
...
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