IEC TS 60079-32-1:2013
(Main)Explosive atmospheres - Part 32-1: Electrostatic hazards, guidance
Explosive atmospheres - Part 32-1: Electrostatic hazards, guidance
IEC TS 60079-32-1:2013 gives guidance about the equipment, product and process properties necessary to avoid ignition and electrostatic shock hazards arising from static electricity as well as the operational requirements needed to ensure safe use of the equipment, product or process. It can be used in a risk assessment of electrostatic hazards or for the preparation of product family or dedicated product standards for electrical or non-electrical machines or equipment.
The purpose of this document is to provide standard recommendations for the control of static electricity, such as earthing of conductors, reduction of charging and restriction of chargeable areas of insulators. In some cases static electricity plays an integral part of a process, e.g. electrostatic coating, but often it is an unwelcome side effect and it is with the latter that this guidance is concerned. If the standard recommendations given in this document are fulfilled it can be expected that the risk of hazardous electrostatic discharges in an explosive atmosphere is at an acceptably low level.
Atmosphères explosives - Partie 32-1: Dangers électrostatiques – Recommandations
IEC TS 60079-32-1:2013 fournit les recommandations relatives au matériel, au produit et aux propriétés de processus nécessaires pour éviter l'inflammation et les dangers de chocs électrostatiques liés à l'électricité statique, ainsi que les exigences de fonctionnement nécessaires pour garantir l'utilisation en toute sécurité du matériel, du produit ou du processus. Elle peut être utilisée dans le cadre d'une appréciation du risque des dangers électrostatiques ou de l'élaboration de normes de famille de produits ou de normes de produits spécifiques concernant des machines ou des équipements électriques ou non électriques.
L'objet du présent document est de fournir des recommandations normalisées pour le contrôle de l'électricité statique, telles que la mise à la terre des conducteurs, la réduction de l'électrisation et la restriction des zones électrisables des isolateurs. Dans certains cas, l'électricité statique fait partie intégrante d'un processus (revêtement électrostatique, par exemple), mais elle s'accompagne souvent d'un effet secondaire gênant, ce sur quoi portent les présentes recommandations. Si les recommandations normalisées indiquées dans le présent document sont respectées, le risque de décharges électrostatiques dangereuses attendues dans une atmosphère explosive peut être à un niveau bas acceptable.
Distribution automation using distribution line carrier systems - Part 1: General considerations - Section 1: Distribution automation system architecture
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IEC/TS 60079-32-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2013-08
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
Explosive atmospheres –
Part 32-1: Electrostatic hazards, guidance
IEC/TS 60079-32-1:2013(E)
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester.
If you have any questions about IEC copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication,
please contact the address below or your local IEC member National Committee for further information.
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3, rue de Varembé Fax: +41 22 919 03 00
CH-1211 Geneva 20 info@iec.ch
Switzerland www.iec.ch
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published.
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IEC/TS 60079-32-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2013-08
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
Explosive atmospheres –
Part 32-1: Electrostatic hazards, guidance
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
PRICE CODE
XH
ICS 29.260.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-1055-0
– 2 – TS 60079-32-1 © IEC:2013(E)
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 10
INTRODUCTION . 12
1 Scope . 13
2 Normative references . 13
3 Terms and definitions . 16
4 Nomenclature . 19
5 General . 20
6 Static electricity in solid materials . 21
6.1 General considerations . 21
6.2 The use of conductive or dissipative materials in place of insulating ones . 23
6.2.1 General considerations . 23
6.2.2 Dissipative solid materials . 23
6.2.3 Earthing of conductive and dissipative items . 24
6.3 Precautions required when using insulating solid materials . 25
6.3.1 General . 25
6.3.2 Restrictions on the size of chargeable insulating surfaces . 26
6.3.3 Earthed metal meshes . 27
6.3.4 Insulating coatings on earthed conductive surfaces . 27
6.3.5 Conductive or dissipative coatings on insulating materials . 28
6.3.6 Static dissipative agents . 29
6.3.7 Humidification . 29
6.3.8 Ionisation / Charge Neutralisation . 29
6.3.9 Methods to determine the incendivity of discharges . 30
6.4 Conveyor belts and transmission belts . 31
6.4.1 General . 31
6.4.2 Conveyor belts . 31
6.4.3 Transmission belts . 32
7 Static electricity in liquids . 33
7.1 General considerations . 33
7.1.1 Occurrence of flammable atmospheres . 33
7.1.2 Ignition sensitivity and limitations to the scope of advice. 34
7.1.3 Charging mechanisms . 35
7.1.4 Charge accumulation and conductivity classifications . 35
7.1.5 Incendive discharges produced during liquid handling
operations . 36
7.2 Summary of precautions against ignition hazards during liquid handling
operations . 37
7.2.1 Earthing and avoidance of isolated conductors . 37
7.2.2 Restricting charge generation . 37
7.2.3 Avoidance of a flammable atmosphere . 38
7.2.4 Promoting charge dissipation . 38
7.3 Tanks and Containers . 38
7.3.1 General . 38
7.3.2 Conductive tanks and containers . 39
7.3.3 Tanks and containers made entirely of dissipative material . 52
TS 60079-32-1 © IEC:2013(E) – 3 –
7.3.4 Tanks and containers with insulating surfaces . 52
7.3.5 Use of liners in containers . 56
7.4 High viscosity liquids . 57
7.5 High charging equipment . 57
7.5.1 Filters, water separators and strainers . 57
7.5.2 Pumps and other equipment . 58
7.6 Gauging and sampling in tanks . 59
7.6.1 General . 59
7.6.2 Precautions during gauging and sampling . 59
7.7 Pipes and hose assemblies for liquids . 60
7.7.1 General . 60
7.7.2 Pipes . 60
7.7.3 Hoses and hose assemblies . 63
7.8 Special filling procedures . 69
7.8.1 Aircraft fuelling . 69
7.8.2 Road tanker deliveries . 70
7.8.3 Retail filling stations . 71
7.8.4 Mobile or temporary liquid handling equipment . 75
7.9 Plant processes (blending, stirring, mixing, crystallisation and stirred
reactors) . 75
7.9.1 General . 75
7.9.2 Earthing . 75
7.9.3 In-line blending . 75
7.9.4 Blending in vessels or tanks . 76
7.9.5 Jet mixing . 76
7.9.6 High speed mixing . 77
7.10 Spraying liquids and tank cleaning . 77
7.10.1 General . 77
7.10.2 Tank cleaning with low or medium pressure water jets (up to
about 12 bar) . 77
7.10.3 Tank cleaning with low conductivity liquids . 78
7.10.4 Tank cleaning with high pressure water or solvent jets (above
12 bar) . 78
7.10.5 Steam cleaning tanks . 78
7.10.6 Water deluge systems . 79
7.11 Glass systems . 79
7.11.1 General . 79
7.11.2 Precautions to be taken for low conductivity liquids . 79
8 Static electricity in gases . 80
8.1 General . 80
8.2 Grit blasting . 80
8.3 Fire extinguishers . 81
8.4 Inerting . 81
8.5 Steam cleaning . 81
8.6 Accidental leakage of compressed gas . 81
8.7 Spraying of flammable paints and powders . 82
8.7.1 General . 82
8.7.2 Earthing . 82
8.7.3 Plastic spray cabinets . 82
– 4 – TS 60079-32-1 © IEC:2013(E)
8.8 Vacuum cleaners, fixed and mobile . 82
8.8.1 General . 82
8.8.2 Fixed systems. 82
8.8.3 Portable systems . 83
8.8.4 Vacuum trucks . 83
9 Static electricity in powders . 83
9.1 General . 83
9.2 Discharges, occurrence and incendivity . 84
9.3 Procedural measures . 85
9.3.1 General . 85
9.3.2 Humidification . 85
9.3.3 Hoses for pneumatic transfer . 85
9.3.4 Ionisation . 85
9.4 Bulk materials in the absence of flammable gases and vapours . 86
9.4.1 General . 86
9.4.2 Equipment and objects made of conductive or dissipative
materials. 86
9.4.3 Equipment and objects made of insulating ma
...
IEC TS 60079-32-1 ®
Edition 1.1 2017-03
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Explosive atmospheres –
Part 32-1: Electrostatic hazards, guidance
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
your local IEC member National Committee for further information.
IEC Central Office Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11
3, rue de Varembé info@iec.ch
CH-1211 Geneva 20 www.iec.ch
Switzerland
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigendum or an amendment might have been published.
IEC publications search - webstore.iec.ch/advsearchform Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a The world's leading online dictionary on electrotechnology,
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical containing more than 22 000 terminological entries in English
committee,…). It also gives information on projects, replaced and French, with equivalent terms in 16 additional languages.
and withdrawn publications. Also known as the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary
(IEV) online.
IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished
Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published IEC Glossary - std.iec.ch/glossary
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IEC publications issued between 2002 and 2015. Some
IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc entries have been collected from earlier publications of IEC
If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or TC 37, 77, 86 and CISPR.
need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
Centre: sales@iec.ch.
IEC TS 60079-32-1 ®
Edition 1.1 2017-03
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Explosive atmospheres –
Part 32-1: Electrostatic hazards, guidance
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 29.260.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-4121-9
IEC TS 60079-32-1 ®
Edition 1.1 2017-03
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
REDLINE VERSION
colour
inside
Explosive atmospheres –
Part 32-1: Electrostatic hazards, guidance
– 2 – IEC TS 60079-32-1:2013+AMD1:2017 CSV
© IEC 2017
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 11
INTRODUCTION . 13
1 Scope . 14
2 Normative references . 14
3 Terms and definitions . 17
4 Nomenclature . 20
5 General . 21
6 Static electricity in solid materials . 22
6.1 General considerations . 22
6.2 The use of conductive or dissipative materials in place of insulating ones . 24
6.2.1 General considerations . 24
6.2.2 Dissipative solid materials . 24
6.2.3 Earthing of conductive and dissipative items . 25
6.3 Precautions required when using insulating solid materials . 26
6.3.1 General . 26
6.3.2 Restrictions on the size of chargeable insulating surfaces . 27
6.3.3 Earthed metal meshes . 28
6.3.4 Insulating coatings on earthed conductive surfaces . 28
6.3.5 Conductive or dissipative coatings on insulating materials . 29
6.3.6 Static dissipative agents . 30
6.3.7 Humidification . 30
6.3.8 Ionisation / Charge Neutralisation . 30
6.3.9 Methods to determine the incendivity of discharges . 31
6.4 Conveyor belts and transmission belts . 32
6.4.1 General . 32
6.4.2 Conveyor belts . 32
6.4.3 Transmission belts . 33
7 Static electricity in liquids . 34
7.1 General considerations . 34
7.1.1 Occurrence of flammable atmospheres . 34
7.1.2 Ignition sensitivity and limitations to the scope of advice. 35
7.1.3 Charging mechanisms . 36
7.1.4 Charge accumulation and conductivity classifications . 36
7.1.5 Incendive discharges produced during liquid handling
operations . 37
7.2 Summary of precautions against ignition hazards during liquid handling
operations . 38
7.2.1 Earthing and avoidance of isolated conductors . 38
7.2.2 Restricting charge generation . 38
7.2.3 Avoidance of a flammable atmosphere . 39
7.2.4 Promoting charge dissipation . 39
7.3 Tanks and Containers . 39
7.3.1 General . 39
7.3.2 Conductive tanks and containers . 40
7.3.3 Tanks and containers made entirely of dissipative material . 53
7.3.4 Tanks and containers with insulating surfaces . 53
© IEC 2017
7.3.5 Use of liners in containers . 57
7.4 High viscosity liquids . 58
7.5 High charging equipment . 58
7.5.1 Filters, water separators and strainers . 58
7.5.2 Pumps and other equipment . 59
7.6 Gauging and sampling in tanks . 60
7.6.1 General . 60
7.6.2 Precautions during gauging and sampling . 60
7.7 Pipes and hose assemblies for liquids . 61
7.7.1 General . 61
7.7.2 Pipes . 61
7.7.3 Hoses and hose assemblies . 64
7.8 Special filling procedures . 70
7.8.1 Aircraft fuelling . 70
7.8.2 Road tanker deliveries . 71
7.8.3 Retail filling stations . 72
7.8.4 Mobile or temporary liquid handling equipment . 76
7.9 Plant processes (blending, stirring, mixing, crystallisation and stirred
reactors) . 76
7.9.1 General . 76
7.9.2 Earthing . 76
7.9.3 In-line blending . 76
7.9.4 Blending in vessels or tanks . 77
7.9.5 Jet mixing . 77
7.9.6 High speed mixing . 78
7.10 Spraying liquids and tank cleaning . 78
7.10.1 General . 78
7.10.2 Tank cleaning with low or medium pressure water jets (up to
about 12 bar) . 78
7.10.3 Tank cleaning with low conductivity liquids . 79
7.10.4 Tank cleaning with high pressure water or solvent jets (above
12 bar) . 79
7.10.5 Steam cleaning tanks . 79
7.10.6 Water deluge systems . 80
7.11 Glass systems . 80
7.11.1 General . 80
7.11.2 Precautions to be taken for low conductivity liquids . 80
8 Static electricity in gases . 81
8.1 General . 81
8.2 Grit blasting . 81
8.3 Fire extinguishers . 82
8.4 Inerting . 82
8.5 Steam cleaning . 82
8.6 Accidental leakage of compressed gas . 82
8.7 Spraying of flammable paints and powders . 83
8.7.1 General . 83
8.7.2 Earthing . 83
8.7.3 Plastic spray cabinets . 83
8.8 Vacuum cleaners, fixed and mobile . 83
– 4 – IEC TS 60079-32-1:2013+AMD1:2017 CSV
© IEC 2017
8.8.1 General . 83
8.8.2 Fixed systems. 83
8.8.3 Portable systems . 84
8.8.4 Vacuum trucks . 84
9 Static electricity in powders . 84
9.1 General . 84
9.2 Discharges, occurrence and incendivity . 85
9.3 Procedural measures . 86
9.3.1 General . 86
9.3.2 Humidification .
...
IEC TS 60079-32-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2013-03
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
SPECIFICATION
TECHNIQUE
Explosive atmospheres –
Part 32-1: Electrostatic hazards, guidance
Atmosphères explosives –
Partie 32-1: Dangers électrostatiques – Recommandations
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
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CH-1211 Geneva 20 www.iec.ch
Switzerland
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published.
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The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a 67 000 electrotechnical terminology entries in English and
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical French extracted from the Terms and Definitions clause of
committee,…). It also gives information on projects, replaced IEC publications issued since 2002. Some entries have been
and withdrawn publications. collected from earlier publications of IEC TC 37, 77, 86 and
CISPR.
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IEC TS 60079-32-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2013-03
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
SPECIFICATION
TECHNIQUE
Explosive atmospheres –
Part 32-1: Electrostatic hazards, guidance
Atmosphères explosives –
Partie 32-1: Dangers électrostatiques – Recommandations
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 29.260.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-6241-2
– 2 – IEC TS 60079-32-1:2013 © IEC 2013
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 10
INTRODUCTION . 12
1 Scope . 13
2 Normative references . 13
3 Terms and definitions . 16
4 Nomenclature . 19
5 General . 20
6 Static electricity in solid materials . 21
6.1 General considerations . 21
6.2 The use of conductive or dissipative materials in place of insulating ones . 23
6.2.1 General considerations . 23
6.2.2 Dissipative solid materials . 23
6.2.3 Earthing of conductive and dissipative items . 24
6.3 Precautions required when using insulating solid materials . 25
6.3.1 General . 25
6.3.2 Restrictions on the size of chargeable insulating surfaces . 26
6.3.3 Earthed metal meshes . 27
6.3.4 Insulating coatings on earthed conductive surfaces . 27
6.3.5 Conductive or dissipative coatings on insulating materials . 28
6.3.6 Static dissipative agents . 29
6.3.7 Humidification . 29
6.3.8 Ionisation / Charge Neutralisation . 29
6.3.9 Methods to determine the incendivity of discharges . 30
6.4 Conveyor belts and transmission belts . 31
6.4.1 General . 31
6.4.2 Conveyor belts . 31
6.4.3 Transmission belts . 32
7 Static electricity in liquids . 33
7.1 General considerations . 33
7.1.1 Occurrence of flammable atmospheres . 33
7.1.2 Ignition sensitivity and limitations to the scope of advice. 34
7.1.3 Charging mechanisms . 35
7.1.4 Charge accumulation and conductivity classifications . 35
7.1.5 Incendive discharges produced during liquid handling
operations . 36
7.2 Summary of precautions against ignition hazards during liquid handling
operations . 37
7.2.1 Earthing and avoidance of isolated conductors . 37
7.2.2 Restricting charge generation . 37
7.2.3 Avoidance of a flammable atmosphere . 38
7.2.4 Promoting charge dissipation . 38
7.3 Tanks and Containers . 38
7.3.1 General . 38
7.3.2 Conductive tanks and containers . 39
7.3.3 Tanks and containers made entirely of dissipative material . 52
7.3.4 Tanks and containers with insulating surfaces . 52
7.3.5 Use of liners in containers . 56
7.4 High viscosity liquids . 57
7.5 High charging equipment . 57
7.5.1 Filters, water separators and strainers . 57
7.5.2 Pumps and other equipment . 58
7.6 Gauging and sampling in tanks . 59
7.6.1 General . 59
7.6.2 Precautions during gauging and sampling . 59
7.7 Pipes and hose assemblies for liquids . 60
7.7.1 General . 60
7.7.2 Pipes . 60
7.7.3 Hoses and hose assemblies . 63
7.8 Special filling procedures . 69
7.8.1 Aircraft fuelling . 69
7.8.2 Road tanker deliveries . 70
7.8.3 Retail filling stations . 71
7.8.4 Mobile or temporary liquid handling equipment . 75
7.9 Plant processes (blending, stirring, mixing, crystallisation and stirred
reactors) . 75
7.9.1 General . 75
7.9.2 Earthing . 75
7.9.3 In-line blending . 75
7.9.4 Blending in vessels or tanks . 76
7.9.5 Jet mixing . 76
7.9.6 High speed mixing . 77
7.10 Spraying liquids and tank cleaning . 77
7.10.1 General . 77
7.10.2 Tank cleaning with low or medium pressure water jets (up to
about 12 bar) . 77
7.10.3 Tank cleaning with low conductivity liquids . 78
7.10.4 Tank cleaning with high pressure water or solvent jets (above
12 bar) . 78
7.10.5 Steam cleaning tanks . 78
7.10.6 Water delu
...
IEC TS 60079-32-1 ®
Edition 1.1 2017-03
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
SPECIFICATION
TECHNIQUE
colour
inside
Explosive atmospheres –
Part 32-1: Electrostatic hazards, guidance
Atmosphères explosives –
Partie 32-1: Dangers électrostatiques – Recommandations
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
your local IEC member National Committee for further information.
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf indication contraire, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite
ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie
et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'IEC ou du Comité national de l'IEC du pays du demandeur. Si vous avez des
questions sur le copyright de l'IEC ou si vous désirez obtenir des droits supplémentaires sur cette publication, utilisez
les coordonnées ci-après ou contactez le Comité national de l'IEC de votre pays de résidence.
IEC Central Office Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11
3, rue de Varembé info@iec.ch
CH-1211 Geneva 20 www.iec.ch
Switzerland
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
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IEC TS 60079-32-1 ®
Edition 1.1 2017-03
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
SPECIFICATION
TECHNIQUE
colour
inside
Explosive atmospheres –
Part 32-1: Electrostatic hazards, guidance
Atmosphères explosives –
Partie 32-1: Dangers électrostatiques – Recommandations
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 29.260.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-8887-0
IEC TS 60079-32-1 ®
Edition 1.1 2017-03
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
REDLINE VERSION
VERSION REDLINE
colour
inside
Explosive atmospheres –
Part 32-1: Electrostatic hazards, guidance
Atmosphères explosives –
Partie 32-1: Dangers électrostatiques – Recommandations
– 2 – IEC TS 60079-32-1:2013+AMD1:2017 CSV
© IEC 2017
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 11
INTRODUCTION . 13
1 Scope . 14
2 Normative references . 14
3 Terms and definitions . 17
4 Nomenclature . 20
5 General . 21
6 Static electricity in solid materials . 22
6.1 General considerations . 22
6.2 The use of conductive or dissipative materials in place of insulating ones . 24
6.2.1 General considerations . 24
6.2.2 Dissipative solid materials . 24
6.2.3 Earthing of conductive and dissipative items . 25
6.3 Precautions required when using insulating solid materials . 26
6.3.1 General . 26
6.3.2 Restrictions on the size of chargeable insulating surfaces . 27
6.3.3 Earthed metal meshes . 28
6.3.4 Insulating coatings on earthed conductive surfaces . 28
6.3.5 Conductive or dissipative coatings on insulating materials . 29
6.3.6 Static dissipative agents . 30
6.3.7 Humidification . 30
6.3.8 Ionisation / Charge Neutralisation . 30
6.3.9 Methods to determine the incendivity of discharges . 31
6.4 Conveyor belts and transmission belts . 32
6.4.1 General . 32
6.4.2 Conveyor belts . 32
6.4.3 Transmission belts . 33
7 Static electricity in liquids . 34
7.1 General considerations . 34
7.1.1 Occurrence of flammable atmospheres . 34
7.1.2 Ignition sensitivity and limitations to the scope of advice. 35
7.1.3 Charging mechanisms . 36
7.1.4 Charge accumulation and conductivity classifications . 36
7.1.5 Incendive discharges produced during liquid handling
operations . 37
7.2 Summary of precautions against ignition hazards during liquid handling
operations . 38
7.2.1 Earthing and avoidance of isolated conductors . 38
7.2.2 Restricting charge generation . 38
7.2.3 Avoidance of a flammable atmosphere . 39
7.2.4 Promoting charge dissipation . 39
7.3 Tanks and Containers . 39
7.3.1 General . 39
7.3.2 Conductive tanks and containers . 40
7.3.3 Tanks and containers made entirely of dissipative material . 53
7.3.4 Tanks and containers with insulating surfaces . 53
© IEC 2017
7.3.5 Use of liners in containers . 57
7.4 High viscosity liquids . 58
7.5 High charging equipment . 58
7.5.1 Filters, water separators and strainers . 58
7.5.2 Pumps and other equipment . 59
7.6 Gauging and sampling in tanks . 60
7.6.1 General . 60
7.6.2 Precautions during gauging and sampling . 60
7.7 Pipes and hose assemblies for liquids . 61
7.7.1 General . 61
7.7.2 Pipes . 61
7.7.3 Hoses and hose assemblies . 64
7.8 Special filling procedures . 70
7.8.1 Aircraft fuelling . 70
7.8.2 Road tanker deliveries . 71
7.8.3 Retail filling stations . 72
7.8.4 Mobile or temporary liquid handling equipment . 76
7.9 Plant processes (blending, stirring, mixing, crystallisation and stirred
reactors) . 76
7.9.1 General . 76
7.9.2 Earthing . 76
7.9.3 In-line blending . 76
7.9.4 Blending in vessels or tanks . 77
7.9.5 Jet mixing . 77
7.9.6 High speed mixing . 78
7.10 Spraying liquids and tank cleaning . 78
7.10.1 General . 78
7.10.2 Tank cleaning with low or medium pressure water jets (up to
about 12 bar) . 78
7.10.3 Tank cleaning with low conductivity liquids . 79
7.10.4 Tank cleaning with high pressure water or solvent jets (above
12 bar) . 79
7.10.5 Steam cleaning tanks . 79
7.10.6 Water deluge systems .
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-avgust-1997
Distribution automation using distribution line carrier systems - Part 1: General
considerations - Section 1: Distribution automation system architecture
Distribution automation using distribution line carrier systems - Part 1: General
considerations - Section 1: Distribution automation system architecture
Automatisation de la distribution à l'aide de systèmes de communication à courants
porteurs - Partie 1: Considérations générales - Section 1: Architecture des systèmes
d'automatisation de la distribution
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: IEC/TR 61334-1-1
ICS:
29.240.20 Daljnovodi Power transmission and
distribution lines
33.040.40 Podatkovna komunikacijska Data communication
omrežja networks
33.200 Daljinsko krmiljenje, daljinske Telecontrol. Telemetering
meritve (telemetrija)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
RAPPORT C E1
IEC
TECHNIQUE - TYPE 3
1334-1-1
TECHNICAL
Première
TYPE
REPORT 3 First edition
1995-11
Automatisation de la distribution
à l'aide de systèmes de communication
à courants porteurs —
Partie 1:
Considérations générales —
Section 1: Architecture des systèmes
d'automatisation de la distribution
Distribution automation using
distribution line carrier systems —
Part 1:
—
General considerations
1: Distribution automation system
Section
architecture
réservés — Copyright — all rights reserved
© CEI 1995 Droits de reproduction
No pa of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in
Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni rt
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun pro-
including photocopying and microfilm, without permission
cédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et
in writing from the publisher.
les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur.
rnationale 3, rue de Varembé Genève, Suisse
Bureau Central de la Commission Electrotechnique Inte
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
CODE PRIX
International Electrotechnical Commission
PRICE CODE U
IEC Me.tptyHapontae 3neurporexmoiecnan HoMr+ecwa
Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur •
fa
For price, see current catalogue
1334-1-1 ©
IEC:1995 - 3 -
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD 5
INTRODUCTION 9
Clause
1 Scope 13
2 Reference documents 13
3 Structure of a distribution power network 13
3.1 MV power network 13
3.2 LV power network 15
4 Distribution automation system architecture 17
4.1 Structure 17
4.2 Identification of interfaces 19
5 Interaction between network structure and automation system 19
5.1 Signal injection 19
5.2 Message routing 21
6 Data communication 23
6.1 Layered structure of communication functions 23
Tables 25
Figures 29
Annexes
A Example of network automation: Fault detection and automatic procedures
for sectionalizing the faulty section 43
B List of publications concerning distribution automation using distribution line
carrier systems 53
1334-1-1 ©IEC:1995 - 5 -
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION USING
DISTRIBUTION LINE CARRIER SYSTEMS -
Part 1: General considerations -
Section 1: Distribution automation system architecture
FOREWORD
1) The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization
comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to
promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic
fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt
with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations
liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the
two organizations.
The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters, express as nearly as possible, an
2)
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested National Committees.
3) The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the
s or guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that
form of standards, technical repo rt
sense.
In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International
4)
Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any
divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly
indicated in the latter.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the
6)
subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepare International Standards. In exceptional
rt of one
circumstances, a technical committee may propose the publication of a technical repo
of the following types:
type 1, when the required support cannot be obtained for the publication of an
•
International Standard, despite repeated efforts;
• type 2, when the subject is still under technical development or where for any other
reason there is the future but not immediate possibility of an agreement on an International
Standard;
type 3, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which
•
is normally published as an International Standard, for example "state of the art".
Technical reports of types 1 and 2 are subject to review within three years of publication to
decide whether they can be transformed into International Standards. Technical reports of
type 3 do not necessarily have to be reviewed until the data they provide are considered to be
no longer valid or useful.
IEC 1334-1-1, which is a technical report of type 3, has been prepared by IEC technical
committee 57: Power system control and associated communications.
1334-1-1 © IEC:1995 - 7 -
The text of this technical report is based on the following documents:
Repo rt on voting
Committee draft
57(SEC)196 57/240/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This series of IEC 1334, listed in annex B, concerns distribution automation systems supported
by two-way communication channels using medium- and low-voltage distribution power mains
as data transmission media.
Such communication channels will be referred to as "DLC", which stands for distribution line
carrier.
Distribution automation systems are intended to provide a large amount of facilities related to
two main applications, concerning network automation and customer service automation.
Table 1 summarizes the most important options concerning the above-mentioned applications.
Requirements concerning these options will be included in the future IEC 1334-1-2.
As medium-voltage and low-voltage power mains have been designed for electric energy
supply and, consequently, can only offer poor performances for data transmission, stringent
requirements are necessary in order to ensure data integrity and transmission efficiency
suitable to the application needs.
The aim of these publications is to provide adequate information for correct design and reliable
operation of distribution automation systems using DLC.
1334-1-1 © IEC:1995 – 9 –
INTRODUCTION
Distribution networks, in spite of being difficult channels for data communication because of
signal attenuation, noise level and the fact that coupling side impedance can vary unpredictably
with time, have always been considered by the electric utilities as the most attractive resource
for supporting the introduction of automation techniques aimed at reducing operating cost and
capital expenditure.
Compared to other communication media, distribution networks are owned by the electric
utilities. This allows the creation of new services without requiring additional communication
carrier costs or significant operational increase of costs.
Moreover, electric utilities can keep direct control over the transmission equipment, thus
avoiding reliance on a third party.
For these reasons, a number of communication systems using distribution networks as a
transmission medium have been already developed at industrial levels.
The first systems, due to the limited possibilities offered by technology, could only offer a one-
way link from control centres towards the remote equipment to be controlled.
However, they opened the way to the implementation of distribution automation techniques
suitable to satisfactorily respond to certain important needs, mainly related to the field of
customer service automation, as for example:
– introduction of advanced tariff system (indirect load management);
– direct management of customer load.
In more recent years, due to the progress of electronics, two-way communication systems
providing low data transmission speed (not more than a few bits/s) have been installed. They
have been utilized to support network automation techniques requiring the acknowledgement of
commands sent towards line switches, as for example:
– automatic sectionalizing of feeders affected by fault;
–
remote operation of capacitor banks.
At present industrial development of very effective two-way communication systems can be
envisaged. Their main feature is the ability to provide higher data transmission speed (from
tens to hundreds of bits/s), so that a single channel can support most applications of
distribution automation, thus allowing favourable cost/benefits evaluation.
In this way, a large number of facilities related to both network and customer service
automation seems to be able to find a very comprehensive solution within the framework of
integrated distribution automation systems.
1334-1-1 © IEC:1995 - 11 -
It should be noticed that, even though the technique for transmitting communication signals on
a distribution network is quite similar to that already well developed for high-voltage lines,
stringent constraint for identifying cost-effective solutions is to be considered as a mandatory
requirement.
Experience with high-voltage line carrier systems may not be directly applicable to distribution
network line-carrier systems due to factors including cost considerations. Therefore, line carrier
communication systems on distribution networks should be treated as a completely new
application area in relation to what is already known for high-voltage networks.
- 13-
1334-1-1 © IEC:1995
DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION USING
DISTRIBUTION LINE CARRIER SYSTEMS -
Part 1: General considerations -
Section 1: Distribution automation system architecture
1 Scope
This technical report of type 3, after a short description of the structure of distribution networks
for both medium- and low-voltage levels, presents the architecture of a distribution automation
system (DAS) using distribution line carrier systems.
It outlines and discusses the interaction between the distribution network structure and the
configuration of the distribution automation system.
It provides an overview of the functional elements which constitute the basic structure and it
deals with the main options concerning the coupling methods for the transmission signal
injection.
It also identifies the ISO-OSI levels involved in the functional architecture of distribution
automation systems.
2 Reference documents
IEC 38: 1983, IEC standard voltages
ISO 7498: 1984, Information processing systems - Open Systems Interconnection - Basic
reference model
3 Structure of a distribution power network
A distribution power network includes two main power networks referred to as MV (medium-
voltage) and LV (low-voltage).
Table 2 summarizes the values of standard and exceptional voltages of the distribution power
network, according to IEC 38.
3.1 MV power network
MV power networks are supplied through HV/MV transformers, installed in HV/MV substations,
typically as shown in figure 1.
Each HV/MV transformer whose MV winding neutral point can be either isolated or connected
to earth by means of a suitable impedance supplies a section of busbar.
1334-1-1 © IEC:1995 – 15–
Each busbar section supplies a number of MV feeders through circuit-breakers with associated
protection and possibly control (auto-reclosing) devices.
MV busbar sections in an HV/MV substation may be interconnected through a circuit-breaker to
allow energizing all the MV feeders from one HV/MV transformer.
For power factor compensation, one switched capacitor bank per busbar section may also be
installed.
MV feeders are an aggregation of several line sections delimited by switches, without any
protection device associated, installed within an MV/LV substation. A typical diagram is shown
in figure 2.
In relation to the operation of line switches, which can be either motorized or not, the resulting
configuration of the MV power network is dynamic.
Each line section can be composed of one or more of the following main types: underground or
overhead insulated cables, overhead lines with bare conductors.
Since most feeders rejoin MV busbar of adjacent HV/MV substations, the MV power network
composed by MV feeders and MV/LV substations is a meshed network. A typical diagram is
shown in figure 3.
In some cases, the MV network supplied by the same HV/MV substations, can i
...
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