IEC/IEEE 62582-2:2022
(Main)Nuclear power plants - Instrumentation and control important to safety - Electrical equipment condition monitoring methods - Part 2: Indenter measurements
Nuclear power plants - Instrumentation and control important to safety - Electrical equipment condition monitoring methods - Part 2: Indenter measurements
IEC/IEEE 62582-2:2022 contains methods for condition monitoring of organic and polymeric materials in instrumentation and control systems using the indenter measurement technique in the detail necessary to produce accurate and reproducible measurements. It includes the requirements for the selection of samples, the measurement system and measurement conditions, and the reporting of the measurement results. This document is intended for application to non-energised equipment. This document is published as an IEC/IEEE Dual Logo standard. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2011, and its Amendment 1:2016. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- Modification of the title;
- Consideration of publication of IEC/IEEE 60780-323.
Centrales nucléaires de puissance - Instrumentation et contrôle-commande importants pour la sûreté - Méthodes de surveillance de l'état des matériels électriques - Partie 2: Mesurages indenter
L'IEC/IEEE 62582-2:2022 contient des méthodes de surveillance de l’état des matériaux organiques et polymères présents dans les systèmes d’instrumentation et de contrôle-commande, par l’utilisation de la technique de mesure indenter, selon un processus détaillé nécessaire pour obtenir des mesurages reproductibles et exacts. La présente partie comprend les exigences relatives à la sélection d’échantillons, au système et aux conditions de mesure, ainsi qu’au compte-rendu des résultats de mesure.Le présent document est applicable aux matériels qui ne sont pas sous tension. Le présent document est publié en tant que norme IEC/IEEE double logo.Cette édition inclut les modifications techniques majeures suivantes par rapport à l'édition précédente:
- Modification du titre;
- Prise en considération de la publication de l’IEC/IEEE 60780-323.
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IEC/IEEE 62582-2 ®
Edition 2.0 2022-11
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Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control important to safety –
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Part 2: Indenter modulus measurements
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IEC/IEEE 62582-2 ®
Edition 2.0 2022-11
REDLINE VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control important to safety –
Electrical equipment condition monitoring methods –
Part 2: Indenter modulus measurements
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 27.120.20
ISBN 978-2-8322-6031-9
– 2 – IEC/IEEE 62582-2:2022 RLV
© IEC/IEEE 2022
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 2
1 Scope and object . 10
2 Normative references . 10
3 Terms and definitions . 10
4 Abbreviated terms and acronyms . 11
5 General description . 11
6 Applicability, reproducibility and complexity . 11
6.1 General . 11
6.2 Applicability . 11
6.3 Reproducibility . 12
6.4 Complexity . 12
7 Measurement procedure . 12
7.1 Stabilisation of the polymeric materials . 12
7.2 Sampling and measurement locations . 12
7.3 Conditions for measurement . 13
7.4 Instrumentation . 13
7.5 Calibration and tolerances . 14
7.6 Selection of measurement points . 15
7.7 Selection of probe velocity and maximum force . 15
7.8 Clamping . 15
7.9 Determination of the value of the indenter modulus . 15
7.10 Reporting . 16
Annex A (informative) Examples illustrating factors affecting the variation of the
indenter modulus value . 18
A.1 Example of influence of variability in equipment dimensions and construction . 18
A.2 Examples of temperature dependence . 18
A.3 Examples of effects on the indenter modulus from drying out after high
temperature ageing . 20
Annex B (informative) Example of a measurement report for indenter measurements in
laboratory . 22
Bibliography . 24
Figure 1 – Geometry and dimensions of the profile of the probe tip (truncated cone)
used in the indenter . 14
Figure 2 – Penetration depth for full contact on the tip of the anvil . 14
Figure 3 – Calculation of indenter modulus . 16
Figure A.1 – Example of local variation of indenter modulus due to variation in
equipment dimensions and construction . 18
Figure A.2 – Indenter values measured at different temperatures. 19
Figure A.3 – Normalised indenter mean values . 20
Figure A.4 – Example of change of indenter modulus value in laboratory conditions of
a hygroscopic sample after removal from long-term exposure in a heat chamber . 21
Figure A.5 – Adaptation of a decay curve to the measured indenter modulus values in
Figure A.4 . 21
© IEC/IEEE 2022
Figure B.1 – Example of measured force versus time . 23
Table B.1 – Example of a measurement report for indenter measurements in laboratory . 22
– 4 – IEC/IEEE 62582-2:2022 RLV
© IEC/IEEE 2022
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS – INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
IMPORTANT TO SAFETY – ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
CONDITION MONITORING METHODS –
Part 2: Indenter modulus measurements
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
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© IEC/IEEE 2022
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– 6 – IEC/IEEE 62582-2:2022 RLV
© IEC/IEEE 2022
IEC/IEEE 62582-2 was prepared by subcommittee 45A: Instrumentation, control and electrical
power systems of nuclear facilities, of IEC technical committee 45: Nuclear instrumentation, in
cooperation with Nuclear Power Engineering Committee of the IEEE, under the IEC/IEEE Dual
Logo Agreement between IEC and IEEE. It is an International Standard.
This document is published as an IEC/IEEE Dual Logo standard.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2011, and its
Amendment 1:2016. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) Modification of the title;
b) Consideration of publication of IEC/IEEE 60780-323.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following IEC documents:
FDIS Report on voting
45A/1434/FDIS 45A/1444/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2,
available at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC
are described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications.
A list of all parts of IEC/IEEE 62582 series, under the general title Nuclear power plants –
Instrumentation and control important to safety – Electrical equipment condition monitoring
methods, can be found on the IEC website.
The IEC Technical Committee and IEEE Technical Committee have decided that the contents
of this document will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC website
under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the specific document. At this date, the document
will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates that it
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© IEC/IEEE 2022
INTRODUCTION
a) Technical background, main issues and organisation of this standard
This part of IEC/IEEE 62582 specifically focuses on indenter modulus methods for condition
monitoring for the management of ageing of electrical equipment installed in nuclear power
plants. The indenter method is commonly used to carry out measurements on cables (jackets,
insulation) and O-rings.
This part 2 of IEC/IEEE 62582 contains detailed descriptions of condition monitoring based on
indenter modulus measurements.
The IEC/IEEE 62582 series is issued with a joint logo which makes it applicable to the
management of ageing of electrical equipment qualified to IEEE as well as IEC Standards.
Historically, IEEE Std 323-2003 introduced IEC/IEEE 60780-323 includes the concept and role
that condition based qualification could be used in equipment qualification as an adjunct to
qualified life. In equipment qualification, the condition of the equipment for which acceptable
performance was demonstrated is the qualified condition. The qualified condition is the
condition of equipment, prior to the start of a design basis event, for which the equipment was
demonstrated to meet the design requirements for the specified service conditions.
Significant research has been performed on condition monitoring techniques and the use of
these techniques in equipment qualification as noted in NUREG/CR-6704, Vol. 2
(BNL-NUREG-52610) and JNES-SS-0903, 2009 and IAEA-TECDOC-1825:2017.
It is intended that this IEC/IEEE document be used by test laboratories, operators of nuclear
power plants, systems evaluators, and licensors.
b) Situation of the current standard in the structure of the IEC SC 45A standard series
IEC/IEEE 62582-2 is the third level IEC SC 45A document tackling the specific issue of
application and performance of indenter modulus measurements in management of ageing of
electrical instrument and control equipment in nuclear power plants.
IEC/IEEE 62582-2 is to be read in association with IEC/IEEE 62582-1, which provides
background and guidelines for the application of methods for condition monitoring of electrical
equipment important to safety of nuclear power plants.
For more details on the structure of the IEC SC 45A standard series, see item d) of this
introduction.
c) Recommendations and limitations regarding the application of this standard
It is important to note that this document establishes no additional functional requirements for
safety systems.
d) Description of the structure of the IEC SC 45A standard series and relationships with
other IEC documents and other bodies documents (IAEA, ISO)
The top-level document of the IEC SC 45A standard series is IEC 61513. It provides general
requirements for I&C systems and equipment that are used to perform functions important to
safety in NPPs. IEC 61513 structures the IEC SC 45A standard series.
IEC 61513 refers directly to other IEC SC 45A standards for general topics related to
categorisation of functions and classification of systems, qualification, separation of systems,
defence against common cause failure, software aspects of computer-based systems, hardware
– 8 – IEC/IEEE 62582-2:2022 RLV
© IEC/IEEE 2022
aspects of computer-based systems, and control room design. The standards referenced
directly at this second level should be considered together with IEC 61513 as a consistent
document set.
At a third level, IEC SC 45A standards not directly referenced by IEC 61513 are standards
related to specific equipment, technical methods, or specific activities. Usually these
documents, which make reference to second-level documents for general topics, can be used
on their own.
A fourth level extending the IEC SC 45A standard series, corresponds to the Technical Reports
which are not normative.
IEC 61513 has adopted a presentation format similar to the basic safety publication IEC 61508
with an overall safety life-cycle framework and a system life-cycle framework and provides an
interpretation of the general requirements of IEC 61508-1, IEC 61508-2 and IEC 61508-4, for
the nuclear application sector. Compliance with IEC 61513 will facilitate consistency with the
requirements of IEC 61508 as they have been interpreted for the nuclear industry. In this
framework IEC 60880 and IEC 62138 correspond to IEC 61508-3 for the nuclear application
sector.
IEC 61513 refers to ISO as well as to IAEA 50-C-QA (now replaced by IAEA GS-R-3) for topics
related to quality assurance (QA).
The IEC SC 45A standards series consistently implements and details the principles and basic
safety aspects provided in the IAEA code on the safety of NPPs and in the IAEA safety series,
in particular the Requirements NS-R-1, establishing safety requirements related to the design
of Nuclear Power Plants, and the Safety Guide NS-G-1.3 dealing with instrumentation and
control systems important to safety in Nuclear Power Plants. The terminology and definitions
used by SC 45A standards are consistent with those used by the IAEA.
The IEC SC 45A standard series comprises a hierarchy of four levels. The top-level documents
of the IEC SC 45A standard series are IEC 61513 and IEC 63046.
IEC 61513 provides general requirements for instrumentation and control (I&C) systems and
equipment that are used to perform functions important to safety in nuclear power plants
(NPPs). IEC 63046 provides general requirements for electrical power systems of NPPs; it
covers power supply systems including the supply systems of the I&C systems.
IEC 61513 and IEC 63046 are to be considered in conjunction and at the same level. IEC 61513
and IEC 63046 structure the IEC SC 45A standard series and shape a complete framework
establishing general requirements for instrumentation, control and electrical power systems for
nuclear power plants.
IEC 61513 and IEC 63046 refer directly to other IEC SC 45A standards for general
requirements for specific topics, such as categorization of functions and classification of
systems, qualification, separation, defence against common cause failure, control room design,
electromagnetic compatibility, human factors engineering, cybersecurity, software and
hardware aspects for programmable digital systems, coordination of safety and security
requirements and management of ageing. The standards referenced directly at this second level
should be considered together with IEC 61513 and IEC 63046 as a consistent document set.
At a third level, IEC SC 45A standards not directly referenced by IEC 61513 or by IEC 63046
are standards related to specific requirements for specific equipment, technical methods, or
activities. Usually these documents, which make reference to second-level documents for
general requirements, can be used on their own.
A fourth level extending the IEC SC 45 standard series, corresponds to the Technical Reports
which are not normative.
© IEC/IEEE 2022
The IEC SC 45A standards series consistently implements and details the safety and security
principles and basic aspects provided in the relevant IAEA safety standards and in the relevant
documents of the IAEA nuclear security series (NSS). In particular this includes the IAEA
requirements SSR-2/1 , establishing safety requirements related to the design of nuclear power
plants (NPPs), the IAEA safety guide SSG-30 dealing with the safety classification of structures,
systems and components in NPPs, the IAEA safety guide SSG-39 dealing with the design of
instrumentation and control systems for NPPs, the IAEA safety guide SSG-34 dealing with the
design of electrical power systems for NPPs, the IAEA safety guide SSG-51 dealing with human
factors engineering in the design of NPPs and the implementing guide NSS17 for computer
security at nuclear facilities. The safety and security terminology and definitions used by the
SC 45A standards are consistent with those used by the IAEA.
IEC 61513 and IEC 63046 have adopted a presentation format similar to the basic safety
publication IEC 61508 with an overall life-cycle framework and a system life-cycle framework.
Regarding nuclear safety, IEC 61513 and IEC 63046 provide the interpretation of the general
requirements of IEC 61508-1, IEC 61508-2 and IEC 61508-4, for the nuclear application sector.
In this framework, IEC 60880, IEC 62138 and IEC 62566 correspond to IEC 61508-3 for the
nuclear application sector.
IEC 61513 and IEC 63046 refer to ISO 9001 as well as to IAEA GSR part 2 and IAEA GS-G-3.1
and IAEA GS-G-3.5 for topics related to quality assurance (QA).
At level 2, regarding nuclear security, IEC 62645 is the entry document for the IEC/SC 45A
security standards. It builds upon the valid high level principles and main concepts of the
generic security standards, in particular ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002; it adapts them and
completes them to fit the nuclear context and coordinates with the IEC 62443 series. At level 2,
IEC 60964 is the entry document for the IEC/SC 45A control rooms standards, IEC 63351 is the
entry document for the human factors engineering standards and IEC 62342 is the entry
document for the ageing management standards.
NOTE 1 It is assumed that for the design of I&C systems in NPPs that implement conventional safety functions (e.g.
to address worker safety, asset protection, chemical hazards, process energy hazards) international or national
standards would be applied.
NOTE 2 IEC TR 64000 provides a more comprehensive description of the overall structure of the IEC SC 45A
standards series and of its relationship with other standards bodies and standards.
– 10 – IEC/IEEE 62582-2:2022 RLV
© IEC/IEEE 2022
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS – INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
IMPORTANT TO SAFETY – ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
CONDITION MONITORING METHODS –
Part 2: Indenter modulus measurements
1 Scope and object
This part of IEC/IEEE 62582 contains methods for condition monitoring of organic and polymeric
materials in instrumentation and control systems using the indenter modulus measurement
technique in the detail necessary to produce accurate and reproducible measurements. It
includes the requirements for the selection of samples, the measurement system and
measurement conditions, and the reporting of the measurement results.
The different parts of IEC/IEEE 62582 are measurement standards, primarily for use in the
management of ageing in initial qualification and after installation. IEC/IEEE 62582-1 includes
requirements for the application of the other parts of the IEC/IEEE 62582 series and some
elements which are common to all methods. Information on the role of condition monitoring in
the qualification of equipment important to safety is found in IEEE Std 323 IEC/IEEE 60780-
323.
This document is intended for application to non-energised equipment.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO, IEC and IEEE maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
• IEEE Standards Dictionary Online: available at http://dictionary.ieee.org
3.1
indenter modulus
ratio between the changes in applied force and corresponding displacement of a probe of a
standardised shape, driven into a material
–1
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in N∙mm .
Note 2 to entry: The term “modulus” typically refers to the modulus of elasticity of a material which is defined as
–2
(Pa). However, in the use of
the ratio of the applied stress and the corresponding strain and is expressed in N∙m
the indenter, it has become common practice to use the term indenter modulus to describe the ratio of the change in
–1
applied force to material deformation and express it in N∙mm .
© IEC/IEEE 2022
4 Abbreviated terms and acronyms
DBE design basis event
IM indenter modulus
SiR silicone rubber
CSPE chlorosulphonated polyethylene
EPDM ethylene propylene diene monomer
XLPE crosslinked polyethylene
5 General description
A typical indenter uses an instrumented probe, which is driven at a fixed velocity into the
material and includes a load cell or similar force-measuring device, connected to the probe,
which measures the force necessary to maintain the constant velocity. The probe’s
displacement is measured by an appropriate transducer. The travel and force are purposely
limited to protect the material from permanent damage. The indenter modulus is calculated by
dividing the change in force by the corresponding displacement during inward travel.
6 Applicability, reproducibility and complexity
6.1 General
When organic and polymeric materials age, they often harden which will result in an increase
of indenter modulus. Some materials, such as some formulations of butyl rubber, soften during
thermal and/or radiation ageing. The purpose of monitoring changes in indenter modulus is to
estimate degradation rates and levels induced by ageing.
6.2 Applicability
The indenter method is commonly used to carry out measurements on cables (jackets,
insulation) and O-rings. Its use requires special fixtures depending on the geometry of the
samples.
This method should only be applied to materials whose hardness changes monotonically with
ageing.
The indenter method may can be carried out on equipment with high integrity in a non-invasive
manner. However, the process of performing indenter measurements on equipment in field
should include controls to ensure that damage – from the probe or from handling in order to
access suitable measurement points – has not been imparted to the equipment. The process
should include correction of any equipment that has been damaged or suspected of incurring
damage.
Measurements in the field require access to the exterior wall of the equipment. For field
measurements on cables, this often limits the measurements to jacket materials. It may can be
possible to assess the condition of cable insulation from indenter measurements on its jacket if
there is a known relationship between the ageing degradation of the jacket material and the
degradation of the insulation. This relationship shall be justified to be valid and sufficiently
sensitive to provide the valid monitoring through the life of the test object.
– 12 – IEC/IEEE 62582-2:2022 RLV
© IEC/IEEE 2022
6.3 Reproducibility
Indenter modulus values can be influenced by variability in specimen dimensions and
construction, temperature and moisture content of the specimen, stabilisation of the specimen,
and contamination of the specimen. If measurements are made under excessive vibration, this
can influence the measured value. The influence by variability in the specimen dimensions and
construction is typically the case for measurements on cables, where the measurement point
may be situated above a cavity beneath the jacket surface. The cross-section of typical cable
core insulation may can differ substantially from that of an ideal tube and can result in variability
in the measured values of indenter modulus depending on where the measurement is made.
These variations tend to be localised. Measurements shall be taken at several points on the
equipment to compensate for these local variations (see 7.6).
An illustration of variations due to variability in specimen dimensions and construction is given
in Annex A.
NOTE A good knowledge of the construction of the equipment is important before the selection
of measurement positions is made. In the case of loosely constructed cables, the variability is
expected to be high and it is important that the measurements on the jacket are made over a
conductor rather than free space.
6.4 Complexity
The degree of complexity experienced during indenter modulus measurements in the field will
often depend on cable accessibility. Existing instruments may can be used in the field on cables
that are accessible. In this case, data generation is rapid and measurements at a large number
of points can be carried out over short time periods. Instruments can be configured such that
data are generated and stored directly. Measurements on equipment with more complex
geometries and limited accessibility may can require the development of special fixtures. The
same fixture shall be used for repeated indenter modulus measurements.
7 Measurement procedure
7.1 Stabilisation of the polymeric materials
An appropriate time period shall be allowed for the polymeric materials in recently manufactured
equipment to stabilise before any condition monitoring or accelerated ageing programmes are
carried out. The time period over which the polymeric materials stabilise is normally dependent
on the processing additives and polymer composition. If manufacturers’ stabilisation time data
are not available, a period of 6 months should be allowed.
7.2 Sampling and measurement locations
Laboratory measurements of indenter modulus on samples selected from the field and indenter
modulus measurements in the field only provide information on the status of the equipment at
a specific location. Knowledge of the environmental conditions in representative areas during
plant operation is a prerequisite for selecting locations. Since equipment heating and radiation
effects on equipment under test could be most apparent closest to the sources of heat and
radiation, the choice of locations should consider capturing the potential for significant ageing
effects near sources of heating and radiation. The position of the test locations and available
information about the environmental time history of the locations selected shall be documented.
Sampling and measurement procedures shall comply with local instructions, taking into account
the safety of personnel and equipment. Handling of equipment during measurement or removal
of samples from the plant should be minimised, e.g. cables should not be bent more than
necessary for the measurement or for the removal of the sample.
© IEC/IEEE 2022
7.3 Conditions for measurement
The surface on which the measurements are made shall be cleaned of surface debris. In the
field, it may can be necessary to apply a dry wipe to remove accumulated dirt from the surface
and prevent contamination of the indenter instrument. Under no circumstances shall solvents
be used for surface cleaning.
The indenter modulus varies with the temperature and moisture content of the sample as shown
in Annex A.
When measurements are carried out in the laboratory, e.g. after accelerated thermal ageing,
they shall be made in a surrounding air temperature of (20 ± 5) °C and a relative humidity of
45 % to 75 %. Samples shall be allowed time to reach equilibrium with their surroundings before
measurements are started.
NOTE 1 Where the materials are hygroscopic, it should be is noted that the sample can be extremely dry after
artificial accelerated ageing as a consequence of long-term exposure to high temperatures in an oven. For these
materials, the values of indenter modulus measured can be significantly higher than for a sample in equilibrium with
the laboratory atmosphere. This is particularly important for condition monitoring of hygroscopic insulation material
when the final value of indenter modulus, on which qualified condition is based, is measured on completion of
accelerated thermal ageing before the sample is subjected to a DBE test. Clause A.3 provides guidance on dealing
with this specific concern.
It may not be possible to make field measurements in standard atmospheric conditions. In such
cases the surrounding air temperature and the temperature at the surface at which the
measurements are made shall be recorded.
NOTE 2 Annex A shows a method for transformation of a measured indenter modulus to a
corresponding modulus at a different temperature. In addition to reporting the temperature at
which the value has been measured, it is recommended that the corresponding value at 20 °C
be calculated and reported.
7.4 Instrumentation
The indenter functions by driving an instrumented probe at a fixed velocity into the material
whilst a load cell or similar force-measuring device, connected to the probe, measures the
applied force. The probe shall have the shape of a truncated steel cone with the geometry and
dimensions shown in Figure 1. The probe’s displacement is measured by an appropriate
transducer. The point at which the tip of the probe is brought into contact with the material is
sensed by a change in force. The probe’s total displacement is normally limited to a fraction of
a mm to prevent permanent deformation and to keep within the range of approximate linear
proportionality between force and displacement. The indenter modulus (IM) is then calculated
by dividing the change in force by the corresponding displacement during inward travel. The
small displacements and loads that occur during this process prevent permanent effects on the
material.
NOTE 1 Although the total displacement is limited, for some materials the relationship between force and
displacement is still significantly non-linear.
– 14 – IEC/IEEE 62582-2:2022 RLV
© IEC/IEEE 2022
Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 1 – Geometry and dimensions of the profile
of the probe tip (truncated cone) used in the indenter
A typical indenter is a hand held cylindrical instrument. At the head of the instrument, an
appropriate clamping device holds a cable or wire securely in position so that the probe can be
driven uniformly into the jacket or insulation of the cable or wire respectively. The probe is
situated within the instrument and is attached to a sensitive load cell. A servo-controlled electric
motor with appropriate gearing provides the capability to drive the probe towards the sample
and the probe’s position is measured by a transducer. A temperature sensor is can be located
close to the clamping device. The power and servo-control to the electric motor, and outputs
from the load cell, transducer and temperature sensor are fed by cable into a separate controller
which may can be directly connected to a computer or capable of data storage in-situ which
may can be downloaded into a remote computer. Parameters such as probe velocity, and
maximum load, and displacement are preloaded into the controller before the start of
measurement. The instrument is also designed such that the cable clamp can be modified to
allow calibration of the load cell using an appropriate weight and the probe travel using a dial
gauge.
NOTE 2 When measuring on a wire with small diameters the result could be more non-linear in the beginning of the
curve due to that only a part of the tip of the anvil have contact with the sample. This could influence the
reproducibility with only small changes in the way to perform the measurement. See Figure 2.
Figure 2 – Penetration depth for full contact on the tip of the anvil
7.5 Calibration and tolerances
The indenter and the measurement system shall be calibrated before each series of
measurements in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The calibration shall be
carried out on both the force sensor and probe velocity. The total error of force measurement
shall be less than 3 % of the upper limit of the force range, including instrumentation tolerances
as well as reading precision. The probe velocity shall be constant. The total measurement error
of the required velocity shall be less than 2 %.
© IEC/IEEE 2022
The user of the instrument shall have a defined process for visual inspection and measuring of
the tip of the anvil. If wear or other damage to the tip of the anvil occurs to the extent that the
dimensions are no longer according to Figure 1, then the anvil shall be replaced.
7.6 Selection of measurement points
In each of the selected locations for field measurements, measurements shall be carried out at
several points and the mean value and standard deviation shall be reported. If the number of
points is more than 7, the highest and lowest value shall be deleted before calculation of the
mean value and the standard deviation. For measurements on cables, a minimum of three
points around the circumference at each of three longitudinal positions shall be used. Where
space is limited, it may not be possible to rotate around the cable circumference. In this case,
a minimum of nine points shall be selected with a separation of 60 mm to 100 mm along the
cable length.
If the measurement curve is not smooth maybe because of slipping due to low clamping force,
the measurement value can be excluded and a new measurement be performed.
In the case of laboratory measurements on samples of cables, a minimum of three points around
the circumference at each of three longitudinal positions shall be used. None of the
measurement points shall be less than 100 mm from the ends of the sample.
For measurements on O-rings, a similar number of points shall be measured if the size of the
O-ring allows.
7.7 Selection of probe velocity and maximum force
Before the start of the measurement, the test parameters shall be loaded into the measurement
system. In particular, the required maximum load and maximum displacement should be set as
limits to prevent damage to the equipment measured.
The probe velocity can have a significant influence on the measured value of indenter modulus.
−1 −1
The probe velocity shall be 5 mm∙min to 5,2 mm∙min . The probe velocity that is selected
shall be reported.
The maximum force that is selected needs to be a compromise between a value which is high
enough to achieve reasonable resolution in the displacement axis and a value that is low enough
to ensure that the probe does not damage the cable. For many polymeric insulation materials,
a maximum force of 10 N is recommended. This will normally result in a probe penetration depth
which is significantly less than 1 mm. For certain insulation materials, such as SiR, a maximum
value lower than 10 N may can be required to avoid excessive penetration.
NOTE Some measurement systems contain independent mechanisms to protect the equipment under test by limiting
the probe force and travel distance.
7.8 Clamping
When carrying out measurements on cables, the measured value of indenter modulus may can
be strongly affected by variations in the force used to keep the cables securely in position within
the clamp. In order to minimise these effects, the
...
IEC/IEEE 62582-2 ®
Edition 2.0 2022-11
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control important to safety –
Electrical equipment condition monitoring methods –
Part 2: Indenter measurements
Centrales nucléaires de puissance – Instrumentation et contrôle-commande
importants pour la sûreté – Méthodes de surveillance de l’état des matériels
électriques –
Partie 2: Mesurages indenter
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IEC/IEEE 62582-2 ®
Edition 2.0 2022-11
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Nuclear power plants – Instrumentation and control important to safety –
Electrical equipment condition monitoring methods –
Part 2: Indenter measurements
Centrales nucléaires de puissance – Instrumentation et contrôle-commande
importants pour la sûreté – Méthodes de surveillance de l’état des matériels
électriques –
Partie 2: Mesurages indenter
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 27.120.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-5840-8
– 2 – IEC/IEEE 62582-2:2022 © IEC/IEEE 2022
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 6
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms and definitions . 8
4 Abbreviated terms and acronyms . 9
5 General description . 9
6 Applicability, reproducibility and complexity . 9
6.1 General . 9
6.2 Applicability . 9
6.3 Reproducibility . 10
6.4 Complexity . 10
7 Measurement procedure . 10
7.1 Stabilisation of the polymeric materials . 10
7.2 Sampling and measurement locations . 10
7.3 Conditions for measurement . 11
7.4 Instrumentation . 11
7.5 Calibration and tolerances . 12
7.6 Selection of measurement points . 13
7.7 Selection of probe velocity and maximum force . 13
7.8 Clamping . 13
7.9 Determination of the value of the indenter modulus . 13
7.10 Reporting . 14
Annex A (informative) Examples illustrating factors affecting the variation of the
indenter modulus value . 16
A.1 Example of influence of variability in equipment dimensions and construction . 16
A.2 Examples of temperature dependence . 16
A.3 Examples of effects on the indenter modulus from drying out after high
temperature ageing . 18
Annex B (informative) Example of a measurement report for indenter measurements in
laboratory . 20
Bibliography . 22
Figure 1 – Geometry and dimensions of the profile of the probe tip (truncated cone)
used in the indenter . 12
Figure 2 – Penetration depth for full contact on the tip of the anvil . 12
Figure 3 – Calculation of indenter modulus . 14
Figure A.1 – Example of local variation of indenter modulus due to variation in
equipment dimensions and construction . 16
Figure A.2 – Indenter values measured at different temperatures. 17
Figure A.3 – Normalised indenter mean values . 18
Figure A.4 – Example of change of indenter modulus value in laboratory conditions of
a hygroscopic sample after removal from long-term exposure in a heat chamber . 19
Figure A.5 – Adaptation of a decay curve to the measured indenter modulus values in
Figure A.4 . 19
Figure B.1 – Example of measured force versus time . 21
Table B.1 – Example of a measurement report for indenter measurements in laboratory . 20
– 4 – IEC/IEEE 62582-2:2022 © IEC/IEEE 2022
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS – INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
IMPORTANT TO SAFETY – ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
CONDITION MONITORING METHODS –
Part 2: Indenter measurements
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
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IEEE Standards documents are developed within IEEE Societies and Standards Coordinating Committees of the
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IEC collaborates closely with IEEE in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two
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Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility.
IEC/IEEE 62582-2 was prepared by subcommittee 45A: Instrumentation, control and electrical
power systems of nuclear facilities, of IEC technical committee 45: Nuclear instrumentation, in
cooperation with Nuclear Power Engineering Committee of the IEEE, under the IEC/IEEE Dual
Logo Agreement between IEC and IEEE. It is an International Standard.
This document is published as an IEC/IEEE Dual Logo standard.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2011, and its
Amendment 1:2016. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) Modification of the title;
b) Consideration of publication of IEC/IEEE 60780-323.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following IEC documents:
FDIS Report on voting
45A/1434/FDIS 45A/1444/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2,
available at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC
are described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications.
A list of all parts of IEC/IEEE 62582 series, under the general title Nuclear power plants –
Instrumentation and control important to safety – Electrical equipment condition monitoring
methods, can be found on the IEC website.
The IEC Technical Committee and IEEE Technical Committee have decided that the contents
of this document will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC website
under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the specific document. At this date, the document
will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
– 6 – IEC/IEEE 62582-2:2022 © IEC/IEEE 2022
INTRODUCTION
a) Technical background, main issues and organisation of this standard
This part of IEC/IEEE 62582 specifically focuses on indenter modulus methods for condition
monitoring for the management of ageing of electrical equipment installed in nuclear power
plants. The indenter method is commonly used to carry out measurements on cables (jackets,
insulation) and O-rings.
This part 2 of IEC/IEEE 62582 contains detailed descriptions of condition monitoring based on
indenter modulus measurements.
The IEC/IEEE 62582 series is issued with a joint logo which makes it applicable to the
management of ageing of electrical equipment qualified to IEEE as well as IEC Standards.
IEC/IEEE 60780-323 includes the concept and role that condition based qualification could be
used in equipment qualification as an adjunct to qualified life. In equipment qualification, the
condition of the equipment for which acceptable performance was demonstrated is the qualified
condition. The qualified condition is the condition of equipment, prior to the start of a design
basis event, for which the equipment was demonstrated to meet the design requirements for
the specified service conditions.
Significant research has been performed on condition monitoring techniques and the use of
these techniques in equipment qualification as noted in NUREG/CR-6704, Vol. 2
(BNL-NUREG-52610) and JNES-SS-0903, 2009 and IAEA-TECDOC-1825:2017.
It is intended that this IEC/IEEE document be used by test laboratories, operators of nuclear
power plants, systems evaluators, and licensors.
b) Situation of the current standard in the structure of the IEC SC 45A standard series
IEC/IEEE 62582-2 is the third level IEC SC 45A document tackling the specific issue of
application and performance of indenter modulus measurements in management of ageing of
electrical instrument and control equipment in nuclear power plants.
IEC/IEEE 62582-2 is to be read in association with IEC/IEEE 62582-1, which provides
background and guidelines for the application of methods for condition monitoring of electrical
equipment important to safety of nuclear power plants.
For more details on the structure of the IEC SC 45A standard series, see item d) of this
introduction.
c) Recommendations and limitations regarding the application of this standard
It is important to note that this document establishes no additional functional requirements for
safety systems.
d) Description of the structure of the IEC SC 45A standard series and relationships with
other IEC documents and other bodies documents (IAEA, ISO)
The IEC SC 45A standard series comprises a hierarchy of four levels. The top-level documents
of the IEC SC 45A standard series are IEC 61513 and IEC 63046.
IEC 61513 provides general requirements for instrumentation and control (I&C) systems and
equipment that are used to perform functions important to safety in nuclear power plants
(NPPs). IEC 63046 provides general requirements for electrical power systems of NPPs; it
covers power supply systems including the supply systems of the I&C systems.
IEC 61513 and IEC 63046 are to be considered in conjunction and at the same level. IEC 61513
and IEC 63046 structure the IEC SC 45A standard series and shape a complete framework
establishing general requirements for instrumentation, control and electrical power systems for
nuclear power plants.
IEC 61513 and IEC 63046 refer directly to other IEC SC 45A standards for general
requirements for specific topics, such as categorization of functions and classification of
systems, qualification, separation, defence against common cause failure, control room design,
electromagnetic compatibility, human factors engineering, cybersecurity, software and
hardware aspects for programmable digital systems, coordination of safety and security
requirements and management of ageing. The standards referenced directly at this second level
should be considered together with IEC 61513 and IEC 63046 as a consistent document set.
At a third level, IEC SC 45A standards not directly referenced by IEC 61513 or by IEC 63046
are standards related to specific requirements for specific equipment, technical methods, or
activities. Usually these documents, which make reference to second-level documents for
general requirements, can be used on their own.
A fourth level extending the IEC SC 45 standard series, corresponds to the Technical Reports
which are not normative.
The IEC SC 45A standards series consistently implements and details the safety and security
principles and basic aspects provided in the relevant IAEA safety standards and in the relevant
documents of the IAEA nuclear security series (NSS). In particular this includes the IAEA
requirements SSR-2/1 , establishing safety requirements related to the design of nuclear power
plants (NPPs), the IAEA safety guide SSG-30 dealing with the safety classification of structures,
systems and components in NPPs, the IAEA safety guide SSG-39 dealing with the design of
instrumentation and control systems for NPPs, the IAEA safety guide SSG-34 dealing with the
design of electrical power systems for NPPs, the IAEA safety guide SSG-51 dealing with human
factors engineering in the design of NPPs and the implementing guide NSS17 for computer
security at nuclear facilities. The safety and security terminology and definitions used by the
SC 45A standards are consistent with those used by the IAEA.
IEC 61513 and IEC 63046 have adopted a presentation format similar to the basic safety
publication IEC 61508 with an overall life-cycle framework and a system life-cycle framework.
Regarding nuclear safety, IEC 61513 and IEC 63046 provide the interpretation of the general
requirements of IEC 61508-1, IEC 61508-2 and IEC 61508-4, for the nuclear application sector.
In this framework, IEC 60880, IEC 62138 and IEC 62566 correspond to IEC 61508-3 for the
nuclear application sector.
IEC 61513 and IEC 63046 refer to ISO 9001 as well as to IAEA GSR part 2 and IAEA GS-G-3.1
and IAEA GS-G-3.5 for topics related to quality assurance (QA).
At level 2, regarding nuclear security, IEC 62645 is the entry document for the IEC/SC 45A
security standards. It builds upon the valid high level principles and main concepts of the
generic security standards, in particular ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002; it adapts them and
completes them to fit the nuclear context and coordinates with the IEC 62443 series. At level 2,
IEC 60964 is the entry document for the IEC/SC 45A control rooms standards, IEC 63351 is the
entry document for the human factors engineering standards and IEC 62342 is the entry
document for the ageing management standards.
NOTE 1 It is assumed that for the design of I&C systems in NPPs that implement conventional safety functions (e.g.
to address worker safety, asset protection, chemical hazards, process energy hazards) international or national
standards would be applied.
NOTE 2 IEC TR 64000 provides a more comprehensive description of the overall structure of the IEC SC 45A
standards series and of its relationship with other standards bodies and standards.
– 8 – IEC/IEEE 62582-2:2022 © IEC/IEEE 2022
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS – INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
IMPORTANT TO SAFETY – ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
CONDITION MONITORING METHODS –
Part 2: Indenter measurements
1 Scope
This part of IEC/IEEE 62582 contains methods for condition monitoring of organic and polymeric
materials in instrumentation and control systems using the indenter measurement technique in
the detail necessary to produce accurate and reproducible measurements. It includes the
requirements for the selection of samples, the measurement system and measurement
conditions, and the reporting of the measurement results.
The different parts of IEC/IEEE 62582 are measurement standards, primarily for use in the
management of ageing in initial qualification and after installation. IEC/IEEE 62582-1 includes
requirements for the application of the other parts of the IEC/IEEE 62582 series and some
elements which are common to all methods. Information on the role of condition monitoring in
the qualification of equipment important to safety is found in IEC/IEEE 60780-323.
This document is intended for application to non-energised equipment.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO, IEC and IEEE maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
• IEEE Standards Dictionary Online: available at http://dictionary.ieee.org
3.1
indenter modulus
ratio between the changes in applied force and corresponding displacement of a probe of a
standardised shape, driven into a material
–1
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in N∙mm .
Note 2 to entry: The term “modulus” typically refers to the modulus of elasticity of a material which is defined as
–2
the ratio of the applied stress and the corresponding strain and is expressed in N∙m (Pa). However, in the use of
the indenter, it has become common practice to use the term indenter modulus to describe the ratio of the change in
–1
applied force to material deformation and express it in N∙mm .
4 Abbreviated terms and acronyms
DBE design basis event
IM indenter modulus
SiR silicone rubber
CSPE chlorosulphonated polyethylene
EPDM ethylene propylene diene monomer
XLPE crosslinked polyethylene
5 General description
A typical indenter uses an instrumented probe, which is driven at a fixed velocity into the
material and includes a load cell or similar force-measuring device, connected to the probe,
which measures the force necessary to maintain the constant velocity. The probe’s
displacement is measured by an appropriate transducer. The travel and force are purposely
limited to protect the material from permanent damage. The indenter modulus is calculated by
dividing the change in force by the corresponding displacement during inward travel.
6 Applicability, reproducibility and complexity
6.1 General
When organic and polymeric materials age, they often harden which will result in an increase
of indenter modulus. Some materials, such as some formulations of butyl rubber, soften during
thermal and/or radiation ageing. The purpose of monitoring changes in indenter modulus is to
estimate degradation rates and levels induced by ageing.
6.2 Applicability
The indenter method is commonly used to carry out measurements on cables (jackets,
insulation) and O-rings. Its use requires special fixtures depending on the geometry of the
samples.
This method should only be applied to materials whose hardness changes monotonically with
ageing.
The indenter method can be carried out on equipment with high integrity in a non-invasive
manner. However, the process of performing indenter measurements on equipment in field
should include controls to ensure that damage – from the probe or from handling in order to
access suitable measurement points – has not been imparted to the equipment. The process
should include correction of any equipment that has been damaged or suspected of incurring
damage.
Measurements in the field require access to the exterior wall of the equipment. For field
measurements on cables, this often limits the measurements to jacket materials. It can be
possible to assess the condition of cable insulation from indenter measurements on its jacket if
there is a known relationship between the ageing degradation of the jacket material and the
degradation of the insulation. This relationship shall be justified to be valid and sufficiently
sensitive to provide the valid monitoring through the life of the test object.
– 10 – IEC/IEEE 62582-2:2022 © IEC/IEEE 2022
6.3 Reproducibility
Indenter modulus values can be influenced by variability in specimen dimensions and
construction, temperature and moisture content of the specimen, stabilisation of the specimen,
and contamination of the specimen. If measurements are made under excessive vibration, this
can influence the measured value. The influence by variability in the specimen dimensions and
construction is typically the case for measurements on cables, where the measurement point
may be situated above a cavity beneath the jacket surface. The cross-section of typical cable
core insulation can differ substantially from that of an ideal tube and can result in variability in
the measured values of indenter modulus depending on where the measurement is made.
These variations tend to be localised. Measurements shall be taken at several points on the
equipment to compensate for these local variations (see 7.6).
An illustration of variations due to variability in specimen dimensions and construction is given
in Annex A.
A good knowledge of the construction of the equipment is important before the selection of
measurement positions is made. In the case of loosely constructed cables, the variability is
expected to be high and it is important that the measurements on the jacket are made over a
conductor rather than free space.
6.4 Complexity
The degree of complexity experienced during indenter modulus measurements in the field will
often depend on cable accessibility. Existing instruments can be used in the field on cables that
are accessible. In this case, data generation is rapid and measurements at a large number of
points can be carried out over short time periods. Instruments can be configured such that data
are generated and stored directly. Measurements on equipment with more complex geometries
and limited accessibility can require the development of special fixtures. The same fixture shall
be used for repeated indenter modulus measurements.
7 Measurement procedure
7.1 Stabilisation of the polymeric materials
An appropriate time period shall be allowed for the polymeric materials in recently manufactured
equipment to stabilise before any condition monitoring or accelerated ageing programmes are
carried out. The time period over which the polymeric materials stabilise is normally dependent
on the processing additives and polymer composition. If manufacturers’ stabilisation time data
are not available, a period of 6 months should be allowed.
7.2 Sampling and measurement locations
Laboratory measurements of indenter modulus on samples selected from the field and indenter
modulus measurements in the field only provide information on the status of the equipment at
a specific location. Knowledge of the environmental conditions in representative areas during
plant operation is a prerequisite for selecting locations. Since heating and radiation effects on
equipment under test could be most apparent closest to the sources of heat and radiation, the
choice of locations should consider capturing the potential for significant ageing effects near
sources of heating and radiation. The position of the test locations and available information
about the environmental time history of the locations selected shall be documented.
Sampling and measurement procedures shall comply with local instructions, taking into account
the safety of personnel and equipment. Handling of equipment during measurement or removal
of samples from the plant should be minimised, e.g. cables should not be bent more than
necessary for the measurement or for the removal of the sample.
7.3 Conditions for measurement
The surface on which the measurements are made shall be cleaned of surface debris. In the
field, it can be necessary to apply a dry wipe to remove accumulated dirt from the surface and
prevent contamination of the indenter instrument. Under no circumstances shall solvents be
used for surface cleaning.
The indenter modulus varies with the temperature and moisture content of the sample as shown
in Annex A.
When measurements are carried out in the laboratory, e.g. after accelerated thermal ageing,
they shall be made in a surrounding air temperature of (20 ± 5) °C and a relative humidity of
45 % to 75 %. Samples shall be allowed time to reach equilibrium with their surroundings before
measurements are started.
NOTE Where the materials are hygroscopic, it is noted that the sample can be extremely dry after artificial
accelerated ageing as a consequence of long-term exposure to high temperatures in an oven. For these materials,
the values of indenter modulus measured can be significantly higher than for a sample in equilibrium with the
laboratory atmosphere. This is particularly important for condition monitoring of hygroscopic insulation material when
the final value of indenter modulus, on which qualified condition is based, is measured on completion of accelerated
thermal ageing before the sample is subjected to a DBE test. Clause A.3 provides guidance on dealing with this
specific concern.
It may not be possible to make field measurements in standard atmospheric conditions. In such
cases the surrounding air temperature and the temperature at the surface at which the
measurements are made shall be recorded.
Annex A shows a method for transformation of a measured indenter modulus to a corresponding
modulus at a different temperature. In addition to reporting the temperature at which the value
has been measured, it is recommended that the corresponding value at 20 °C be calculated
and reported.
7.4 Instrumentation
The indenter functions by driving an instrumented probe at a fixed velocity into the material
whilst a load cell or similar force-measuring device, connected to the probe, measures the
applied force. The probe shall have the shape of a truncated steel cone with the geometry and
dimensions shown in Figure 1. The probe’s displacement is measured by an appropriate
transducer. The point at which the tip of the probe is brought into contact with the material is
sensed by a change in force. The probe’s total displacement is normally limited to a fraction of
a mm to prevent permanent deformation and to keep within the range of approximate linear
proportionality between force and displacement. The indenter modulus (IM) is then calculated
by dividing the change in force by the corresponding displacement during inward travel. The
small displacements and loads that occur during this process prevent permanent effects on the
material.
NOTE 1 Although the total displacement is limited, for some materials the relationship between force and
displacement is still significantly non-linear.
– 12 – IEC/IEEE 62582-2:2022 © IEC/IEEE 2022
Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 1 – Geometry and dimensions of the profile
of the probe tip (truncated cone) used in the indenter
A typical indenter is a hand held instrument. At the head of the instrument, an appropriate
clamping device holds a cable or wire securely in position so that the probe can be driven
uniformly into the jacket or insulation of the cable or wire respectively. The probe is situated
within the instrument and is attached to a sensitive load cell. A servo-controlled electric motor
with appropriate gearing provides the capability to drive the probe towards the sample and the
probe’s position is measured by a transducer. A temperature sensor can be located close to
the clamping device. The power and servo-control to the electric motor, and outputs from the
load cell, transducer and temperature sensor are fed by cable into a separate controller which
can be directly connected to a computer or capable of data storage in-situ which can be
downloaded into a remote computer. Parameters such as probe velocity, and maximum load,
and displacement are preloaded into the controller before the start of measurement. The
instrument is also designed such that the cable clamp can be modified to allow calibration of
the load cell using an appropriate weight and the probe travel using a dial gauge.
NOTE 2 When measuring on a wire with small diameters the result could be more non-linear in the beginning of the
curve due to that only a part of the tip of the anvil have contact with the sample. This could influence the
reproducibility with only small changes in the way to perform the measurement. See Figure 2.
Figure 2 – Penetration depth for full contact on the tip of the anvil
7.5 Calibration and tolerances
The indenter and the measurement system shall be calibrated before each series of
measurements in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The calibration shall be
carried out on both the force sensor and probe velocity. The total error of force measurement
shall be less than 3 % of the upper limit of the force range, including instrumentation tolerances
as well as reading precision. The probe velocity shall be constant. The total measurement error
of the required velocity shall be less than 2 %.
The user of the instrument shall have a defined process for visual inspection and measuring of
the tip of the anvil. If wear or other damage to the tip of the anvil occurs to the extent that the
dimensions are no longer according to Figure 1, then the anvil shall be replaced.
7.6 Selection of measurement points
In each of the selected locations for field measurements, measurements shall be carried out at
several points and the mean value and standard deviation shall be reported. If the number of
points is more than 7, the highest and lowest value shall be deleted before calculation of the
mean value and the standard deviation. For measurements on cables, a minimum of three
points around the circumference at each of three longitudinal positions shall be used. Where
space is limited, it may not be possible to rotate around the cable circumference. In this case,
a minimum of nine points shall be selected with a separation of 60 mm to 100 mm along the
cable length.
If the measurement curve is not smooth maybe because of slipping due to low clamping force,
the measurement value can be excluded and a new measurement be performed.
In the case of laboratory measurements on samples of cables, a minimum of three points around
the circumference at each of three longitudinal positions shall be used. None of the
measurement points shall be less than 100 mm from the ends of the sample.
For measurements on O-rings, a similar number of points shall be measured if the size of the
O-ring allows.
7.7 Selection of probe velocity and maximum force
Before the start of the measurement, the test parameters shall be loaded into the measurement
system. In particular, the required maximum load and maximum displacement should be set as
limits to prevent damage to the equipment measured.
The probe velocity can have a significant influence on the measured value of indenter modulus.
−1 −1
The probe velocity shall be 5 mm∙min to 5,2 mm∙min . The probe velocity that is selected
shall be reported.
The maximum force that is selected needs to be a compromise between a value which is high
enough to achieve reasonable resolution in the displacement axis and a value that is low enough
to ensure that the probe does not damage the cable. For many polymeric insulation materials,
a maximum force of 10 N is recommended. This will normally result in a probe penetration depth
which is significantly less than 1 mm. For certain insulation materials, such as SiR, a maximum
value lower than 10 N can be required to avoid excessive penetration.
NOTE Some measurement systems contain independent mechanisms to protect the equipment under test by limiting
the probe force and travel distance.
7.8 Clamping
When carrying out measurements on cables, the measured value of indenter modulus can be
strongly affected by variations in the force used to keep the cables securely in position within
the clamp. In order to minimise these effects, the cable shall be clamped using the minimum
force required to keep it in place. It is important that a consistent clamping methodology is used.
Problems in clamping shall be included in the measurement report.
7.9 Determination of the value of the indenter modulus
The indenter modulus is determined by the slope of the force-displacement curve, and is
–1
expressed in N∙mm .
IM = (F – F )/(d – d )
(1)
2 1 2 1
– 14 – IEC/IEEE 62582-2:2022 © IEC/IEEE 2022
where
IM is the indenter modulus;
F is the corresponding force value at displacement d .
i i
IM shall be determined by using the values F = 1 N and F = 4 N, see Figure 3.
1 2
Figure 3 – Calculation of indenter modulus
–1
NOTE Some instruments used for indenter measurements show the result in load versus time (in N∙s ). The value
–1 –1 –1
of the indenter modulus in N∙mm is then calculated as the value in N∙s
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