IEC 60034-16-1:2011

Rotating electrical machines - Part 16-1: Excitation systems for synchronous machines - Definitions

IEC 60034-16-1:2011 defines terms applicable to the excitation systems of synchronous rotating electrical machines. The main technical changes with respect to the previous edition are some definitions which were added and some others which were brought up-to-date.

Machines électriques tournantes - Partie 16-1: Systèmes d'excitation pour machines synchrones - Définitions

La CEI 60034-16-1:2011 donne la définition des termes applicables aux systèmes d'excitation des machines électriques tournantes synchrones. Les principales modifications techniques par rapport à l'édition précédente sont quelques définitions qui ont été ajoutées et d'autres qui ont été mises à jour.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 24-May-2011
• ICS: 29.160.01 - Rotating machinery in general
• Technical Committee: TC 2 - Rotating machinery
• Drafting Committee: WG 12 - TC 2/WG 12
• Current Stage: PPUB - Publication issued
• Start Date: 25-May-2011
• Completion Date: 31-Aug-2011

Relations

• Revises: IEC 60034-16-1:1991 - Rotating electrical machines - Part 16: Excitation systems for synchronous machines - Chapter 1: Definitions
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023

Standards Content (Sample)

IEC 60034-16-1 ®
Edition 2.0 2011-05
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Rotating electrical machines –
Part 16-1: Excitation systems for synchronous machines – Definitions

Machines électriques tournantes –
Partie 16-1: Systèmes d'excitation pour machines synchrones – Définitions

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IEC 60034-16-1 ®
Edition 2.0 2011-05
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Rotating electrical machines –
Part 16-1: Excitation systems for synchronous machines – Definitions

Machines électriques tournantes –
Partie 16-1: Systèmes d'excitation pour machines synchrones – Définitions

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
CODE PRIX L
ICS 29.160 ISBN 978-2-88912-487-9

– 2 – 60034-16-1  IEC:2011
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 3
1 Scope . 5
2 General . 5
3 Exciter categories . 10
4 Control functions . 11

Figure 1 – Block diagram of excitation control system . 6
Figure 2 – Determination of no-load field current I and air-gap field current I . 7
f0 fg
Figure 3 – Determination of excitation system nominal response, V . 9
e
60034-16-1  IEC:2011 – 3 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES –

Part 16-1: Excitation systems for synchronous machines –
Definitions
FOREWORD
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International Standard IEC 60034-16-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 2:
Rotating machinery.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition, issued in 1991, and constitutes a
technical revision.
The major technical changes with regard to the previous edition are as follows:
Clause or
Change
subclause
2.1.1 Additional definition for digital excitation system
2.1.2 Additional definition for reversible excitation system
2.3 Edited definition of excitation control

– 4 – 60034-16-1  IEC:2011
2.4 Additional definition for excitation control system. Added block diagram of
excitation control system
2.17 Additional definition for excitation system negative ceiling voltage U
n
2.19 Edited definition of excitation system on-load ceiling voltage U

pL
2.20 Additional definition for excitation system on-load negative ceiling voltage U
nL
2.22 Additional definition for excitation system voltage response time
2.23 Additional definition for high initial response excitation system
3.1 Edited definition of rotating exciter
3.1.2 Edited definition of AC exciter
Additional definition for auxiliary winding source static exciter
3.2.3
Additional definition for pilot exciter
3.3
Edited definitions of control functions
4.1 to 4.7
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
CDV Report on voting
2/1598/CDV 2/1617/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
NOTE A table of cross-references of all IEC TC 2 publications can be found on the IEC TC 2 dashboard on the
IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
60034-16-1  IEC:2011 – 5 –
ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES –

Part 16-1: Excitation systems for synchronous machines –
Definitions
1 Scope
This part of IEC 60034 defines terms applicable to the excitation systems of synchronous
rotating electrical machines.
2 General
2.1
excitation system
equipment providing the field current of a machine, including all regulating and control
elements, as well as field discharge or suppression equipment and protective devices
2.1.1
digital excitation system
excitation system of a machine where some, if not all, of regulating, control, limiting and
protective functionality is implemented using digital technology
NOTE As a minimum, the voltage regulation function must be implemented digitally in such a system.
2.1.2
reversible excitation system
excitation system providing compulsory change of sign of magnetic flux, created by a winding
or excitation windings of a synchronous machine
2.2
exciter
source of the electrical power, providing field voltage and current of a synchronous machine,
regulated by excitation control
NOTE Examples of the source are:
a rotating machine, either d.c. or a.c. with associated rectifiers;
one or several transformers with associated rectifiers.
2.3
excitation control
control of excitation system modifying the excitation power, responding to signals
characteristic of the state of the system encompassing the synchronous machine, its exciter,
and the network to which it is connected
NOTE Synchronous machine voltage is predominantly the controlled quantity.
2.4
excitation control system
feedback control system that includes the synchronous machine operating in the power
system and its excitation system
NOTE 1 The term is used to distinguish the performance of the synchronous machine and excitation system in
closed loop control conjunction with the power system from that of the excitation system alone.

– 6 – 60034-16-1  IEC:2011
NOTE 2 Figure 1 shows a block diagram of an excitation control system.

Excitation Synchronous Power
Exciter
control machine system
Excitation system
Excitation control system
IEC  828/11
Figure 1 – Block diagram of excitation control system
2.5
field winding terminals
place of input to the field winding of the machine
NOTE 1 If there are brushes and slip-rings, these are considered to be part of the field winding.
NOTE 2 In a brushless machine, the connecting points between the rotating rectifier and the leads of the machine
field winding are the field winding terminals.
2.6
excitation system output terminals
place of output from the equipment comprising the excitation system
NOTE Excitation system output terminals may be different from the field winding terminals.
2.7
rated field current I
fN
direct current in the field winding of the machine when operating at rated voltage, current,
power-factor and speed
2.8
rated field voltage U
fN
direct voltage at the field winding terminals of the machine required to produce rated field
current with the field winding at the temperature resulting from rated loading and rated
conditions and with the primary coolant at its maximum temperature
NOTE If the machine has a duty cycle which does not result in a steady field winding temperature being reached,
then U is based upon the maximum field winding temperature reached in the duty cycle.
fN
2.9
no-load field current I
f0
direct current in the field winding of the machine required to produce rated voltage at no-load
and rated speed (see Figure 2)

60034-16-1  IEC:2011 – 7 –
y
U
N
x
I I
fg f0
IEC  829/11
Key
is the rated voltage of the synchronous machine)
y Terminal voltage U (U
N
x Field current I
f
1 Air gap line characteristic
2 No-load characteristic
Figure 2 – Determination of no-load field current I
f0
and air-gap field current I
fg
NOTE The air-gap field current is the base value for use in computer representation models of excitation
systems.
2.10
no-load field voltage U
f0
direct voltage at the field winding terminals of the machine required to produce the no-load
field current with the field winding at 25 °C
2.11
air-gap field current I
fg
current in the field winding of the synchronous machine which theoretically would be required
to produce rated voltage at no-load on the air-gap line (see Figure 2)
2.12
air-gap field voltage U
fg
direct voltage at the field winding terminals of the synchronous machine which is required to
produce the air-gap field current when the field winding resistance is equal to U /I
fN fN
NOTE The air-gap field voltage is the base value for use in computer representation models of excitation
systems.
2.13
excitation system rated current I
eN
direct current at the excitation system output terminals which the excitation system can supply
under defined conditions of operation, taking into account the most demanding excitation
requirements of the machine (generally resulting from machine voltage and frequency
variations)
– 8 – 60034-16-1  IEC:2011
2.14
excitation system rated voltage U
eN
direct voltage at the excitation system output terminals which the excitation system can
provide when delivering excitation system rated current, under defined conditions of operation
NOTE The excitation system rated voltage is at least that value required by the field of the machine under the
most demanding excitation requirements (generally resulting from machine voltage and frequency variations).
2.15
excitation system ceiling current I
p
maximum direct current which the excitation system is able to supply from its terminals for a
specified time, starting from continuously supplying rated field current
NOTE The specified time is counted from the achievement of 95 % of the current final steady value.
2.16
excitation system positive ceiling voltage U
p
maximum direct voltage, which the excitation system is able to provide from its terminals
under defined conditions
NOTE 1 For excitation systems whose supply depends on the machine voltage and (if applicable) current, the
nature of the power system disturbance and specific design parameters of the excitation system and the
synchronous machine influence the excitation system output. For such systems, the ceiling voltage is determined
considering an appropriate defined voltage drop and (if applicable) current increase.
NOTE 2 For excitation systems employing a rotating exciter, the ceiling voltage is defined at rated speed and at
rated working conditions of exciter.
2.17
excitation system negative ceiling voltage U
n
most negative (direct) voltage, if any, which the excitation system is able to provide from its
terminals under defined conditions
2.18
excitation system no-load ceiling voltage U
p0
maximum direct voltage which the excitation system is able to provide from its terminals when
it is not loaded
2.19
excitation system on-load positive ceiling voltage U
pL
maximum direct voltage which the excitation system is able to provide from its terminals at
initial current equal to rated field current at rated conditions of the machine
2.20
excitation system on-load negative ceiling voltage U
nL
most negative (direct) voltage, if any, which the excitation system is able to provide at initial
current equal to rated field current at rated conditions of the machine
2.21
excitation system nominal response V
e
rate of increase of the excitation system output voltage (see Figure 3), determined from the
excitation system voltage response curve divided by the rated field voltage according to the
equation:
ΔU
e −1
V = s
e
0,5U
fN
NOTE 1 This rate, if maintained constant (line A–C in Figure 3), would develop the same voltage-time area as
obtained from the actual curve (line A–D in Figure 3) over the first half-second interval (or different time interval, if
specified).
60034-16-1  IEC:2011 – 9 –
NOTE 2 The excitation system nominal response is defined with the excitation system loaded with a resistance
equal to U /I and sufficient inductance so that voltage drop effects and current and voltage waveform are
fN fN
reasonably accounted for.
NOTE 3 The excitation system nominal response is defined with the excitation system voltage initially equal to the
rated field voltage of the synchronous machine, after which the excitation system ceiling voltage is rapidly attained
by introducing a specified voltage error step.
NOTE 4 For excitation systems whose supply depends on the synchronous machine voltage and (if applicable)
current, the nature of the power system disturbance and specific design parameters of the excitation system and
the synchronous machine influence the excitation system output. For such systems, the excitation system nominal
response is defined taking into consideration an appropriate voltage drop and (if applicable) current increase.
NOTE 5 For excitation systems employing a rotating exciter, the excitation system nominal response is defined at
rated speed and at rated working conditions of exciter.

y
C
D
∆U
e
U
fN
A B
x
0 0,5
IEC  830/11
Key
y excitation system voltage U
e
x time in s
1 Actual build-up curve
2 Slope
3 Area ABC = ABD
Figure 3 – Determination of excitation system nominal response, V
e
2.22
excitation system voltage response time
time in seconds for the excitation voltage to attain 95 % of the difference between ceiling
voltage and rated field voltage, counted from the moment of specified step change in
synchronous machine terminal voltage
2.23
high initial response excitation systems
excitation systems whose voltage response time is 0,1 s or less
NOTE For high initial response excitation systems, the response time is very short relative to the synchronous
machine field time constant and to power system characteristic swings, and the shape of initial response is not of
concern.
– 10 – 60034-16-1  IEC:2011
3 Exciter categories
3.1
rotating exciter
rotating machine which takes mechanical power from the shaft and delivers electrical power
to the field winding
NOTE The shaft may be driven by the synchronous machine or by another machine.
3.1.1
d.c. exciter
rotating exciter employing a commutator and brushes to deliver direct current
3.1.2
a.c. exciter
rotating exciter which produces a.c. power and employs rectifiers to deliver direct current
NOTE The rectifiers may be non-controlled or controlled.
3.1.2.1
a.c. exciter with stationary rectifiers
a.c. exciter with rectifiers whose output is connected to the brushes of slip-rings of field
winding of the synchronous machine
3.1.2.2
a.c. exciter with rotating rectifiers (brushless exciter)
a.c. exciter with rectifiers, which rotate with the common shaft of the exciter and the
synchronous machine, whose output is connected without slip-rings or brushes directly to the
field winding of the synchronous machine
3.2
static exciter
exciter which derives its power from one or more stationary electrical sources, employing
stationary rectifiers to deliver direct current
3.2.1
potential source static exciter
static exciter which derives its power only from a potential source (which can be the terminals
of the synchronous machine) and employs controlled rectifiers
3.2.2
compound source static exciter
static exciter which derives its power from both current and potential sources (dependent
upon synchronous machine terminal quantities)
NOTE The addition of inputs from both sources can be done on either the a.c. side or the d.c. side of the rectifiers
and can be done in parallel or series. The rectifiers may be either non-controlled or controlled, depending upon
design.
3.2.3
auxiliary winding source static exciter
static exciter whose energy is derived from a separate dedicated power winding in the main
synchronous machine’s stator
3.3
pilot exciter
equipment providing the source of field power for the excitation of another exciter

60034-16-1  IEC:2011 – 11 –
4 Control functions
4.1
voltage regulation
function whose purpose is to compare the actual voltage of a synchronous machine with a
reference value and to control, by appropriate means, the output of an exciter depending on
the deviations
4.2
load current compensation
function influencing the voltage regulation to control voltage at a point other than where the
synchronous machine voltage is measured
NOTE One application of load current compensation is to compensate partially the voltage drop across external
impedance. Another application is to allow the sharing of reactive power between paralleled units with no
impedance between them.
4.3
overexcitation limitation
function whose purpose is to limit the field current of the synchronous machine and of
excitation equipment to permissible values
NOTE Limiting action may be immediate or time-delayed, or a combination of both.
4.4
stator current limitation
function that acts to prevent the stator current from exceeding a preset value
NOTE If the synchronous machine is operating overexcited, the limitation will decrease excitation, while in
underexcited operation the limitation increases excitation.
4.5
underexcitation limitation
function whose purpose is to limit excitation from being reduced beyond stability limits or
beyond the thermal capability of cylindrical rotor type machines due to stator core end heating
NOTE Usual input variables are:
synchronous machine active current, reactive current and terminal voltage;
load angle; or
field current (perhaps in combination with other variables).
4.6
Volts per Hertz limitation
function operating in such a manner as to cause the regulated vo
...