CISPR 16-1-1:2010
(Main)Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Measuring apparatus
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Measuring apparatus
CISPR 16-1-1:2010 specifies the characteristics and performance of equipment for the measurement of radio disturbance in the frequency range 9 kHz to 18 GHz. In addition, requirements are provided for specialized equipment for discontinuous disturbance measurements. The specifications in this standard apply to EMI receivers and spectrum analyzers. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2006, and its Amendments 1 (2006) and 2 (2007). It is a technical revision. This main technical change with respect to the previous edition consists of the addition of new provisions for the use of spectrum analyzers for compliance measurements. CISPR 16-1-1:2009 has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107, Electromagnetic compatibility - Guide to the drafting of electromagnetic compatibility publications.
The contents of the corrigendum of October 2010 have been included in this copy.
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques - Partie 1-1: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques - Appareils de mesure
CISPR 16-1-1:2010 spécifie les caractéristiques et les performances des appareils de mesure des champs radioélectriques dans la gamme de fréquences de 9 kHz à 18 GHz. Des exigences pour les appareils spécialisés de mesure de perturbations non continues sont également spécifiées. Les spécifications de la présente norme s'appliquent aux récepteurs de perturbations électromagnétiques (EMI) et aux analyseurs de spectre. Cette troisième édition annule et remplace la deuxième édition parue en 2006 et ses amendements 1 (2006) et 2 (2007). Elle constitue une révision technique. La modification technique majeure suivante par rapport à l'édition précédente consiste en l'ajout de nouvelles dispositions pour l'utilisation d'analyseurs de spectre pour les mesures de conformité. La CISPR 16-1-1:2009 a le statut de publication fondamentale en CEM en accord avec le Guide 107 de la CEI, Compatibilité électromagnétique - Guide pour la rédaction des publications sur la compatibilité électromagnétique. Le contenu des corrigendum d'octobre 2010 et d'octobre 2011 a été pris en considération dans cet exemplaire.
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CISPR 16-1-1 ®
Edition 3.1 2010-11
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Measuring
apparatus
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 1-1: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de
l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques – Appareils de mesure
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CISPR 16-1-1 ®
Edition 3.1 2010-11
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Measuring
apparatus
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 1-1: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de
l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques – Appareils de mesure
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
CODE PRIX CQ
ICS 33.100.10 ISBN 978-2-88912-193-9
– 2 – CISPR 16-1-1 IEC:2010+A1:2010
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 6
INTRODUCTION . 8
INTRODUCTION (to amendment 1) . 8
1 Scope . 9
2 Normative references . 9
3 Terms and definitions . 10
4 Quasi-peak measuring receivers for the frequency range 9 kHz to 1 000 MHz . 13
4.1 General . 13
4.2 Input impedance . 13
4.3 Sine-wave voltage accuracy . 13
4.4 Response to pulses . 14
4.4.1 Amplitude relationship (absolute calibration) . 14
4.4.2 Variation with repetition frequency (relative calibration) . 14
4.5 Selectivity . 19
4.5.1 Overall selectivity (passband) . 19
4.5.2 Intermediate frequency rejection ratio . 19
4.5.3 Image frequency rejection ratio. 19
4.5.4 Other spurious responses . 21
4.6 Limitation of intermodulation effects . 22
4.7 Limitation of receiver noise and internally generated spurious signals . 23
4.7.1 Random noise . 23
4.7.2 Continuous wave . 23
4.8 Screening effectiveness . 23
4.8.1 General . 23
4.8.2 Limitation of radio-frequency emissions from the measuring receiver. 24
4.9 Facilities for connection to a discontinuous disturbance analyzer . 24
5 Measuring receivers with peak detector for the frequency range 9 kHz to 18 GHz . 24
5.1 General . 24
5.2 Input impedance . 24
5.3 Fundamental characteristics . 25
5.3.1 Bandwidth . 25
5.3.2 Charge and discharge time constants ratio . 25
5.3.3 Overload factor . 26
5.4 Sine-wave voltage accuracy . 26
5.5 Response to pulses . 26
5.6 Selectivity . 26
5.7 Intermodulation effects, receiver noise, and screening . 27
6 Measuring receivers with average detector for the frequency range 9 kHz to
18 GHz . 28
6.1 General . 28
6.2 Input impedance . 28
6.3 Fundamental characteristics . 28
6.3.1 Bandwidth . 28
6.3.2 Overload factor . 28
CISPR 16-1-1 IEC:2010+A1:2010 – 3 –
6.4 Sine-wave voltage accuracy . 29
6.5 Response to pulses . 29
6.5.1 General . 29
6.5.2 Amplitude relationship . 29
6.5.3 Variation with repetition frequency . 30
6.5.4 Response to intermittent, unsteady and drifting narrowband
disturbances . 30
6.6 Selectivity . 32
6.7 Intermodulation effects, receiver noise, and screening . 32
7 Measuring receivers with rms-average detector for the frequency range 9 kHz to
18 GHz . 32
7.1 General . 32
7.2 Input impedance . 32
7.3 Fundamental characteristics . 33
7.3.1 Bandwidth . 33
7.3.2 Overload factor . 33
7.4 Sine-wave voltage accuracy . 34
7.5 Response to pulses . 34
7.5.1 Construction details . 34
7.5.2 Amplitude relationship . 34
7.5.3 Variation with repetition frequency . 35
7.5.4 Response to intermittent, unsteady and drifting narrowband
disturbances . 35
7.6 Selectivity . 36
7.7 Intermodulation effects, receiver noise, and screening . 36
8 Measuring receivers for the frequency range 1 GHz to 18 GHz with amplitude
probability distribution (APD) measuring function . 36
9 Disturbance analyzers . 37
9.1 General . 37
9.2 Fundamental characteristics . 38
9.3 Test method for the validation of the performance check for the click
analyzer . 44
9.3.1 Basic requirements . 44
9.3.2 Additional requirements . 45
Annex A (normative) Determination of response to repeated pulses of quasi-peak and
rms-average measuring receivers (See 3.6, 4.4.2, 7.3.2 and 7.5.1) . 46
Annex B (normative) Determination of pulse generator spectrum (See 4.4, 5.5, 6.5,
7.5) . 52
Annex C (normative) Accurate measurements of the output of nanosecond pulse
generators (See 4.4, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5) . 54
Annex D (normative) Influence of the quasi-peak measuring receiver characteristics
on its pulse response (See 4.4.2). 56
Annex E (normative) Response of average and peak measuring receivers (See 6.3.1) . 57
Annex F (normative) Performance check of the exceptions from the definitions of a
click according to 4.2.3 of CISPR 14-1 . 66
Annex G (informative) Rationale for the specifications of the APD measuring function . 73
Annex H (informative) Characteristics of a quasi-peak measuring receiver. 76
Annex I (informative) Example of EMI receiver and swept spectrum analyzer
architecture. 77
– 4 – CISPR 16-1-1 IEC:2010+A1:2010
Bibliography . 79
Figure 1 – Pulse response curves . 17
Figure 2 – Limits of overall selectivity . 21
Figure 3 – Arrangement for testing intermodulation effects . 22
Figure 4 – Limits for the overall selectivity – pass band (Band E) . 27
Figure 5 – Block diagram of an average detector. . 31
Figure 6 – Screenshot showing response of the meter-simulating network to an
intermittent narrowband signal . 31
Figure 7 – Example of a disturbance analyzer . 39
Figure 8 – A graphical presentation of test signals used in the test of the analyzer for
the performance check against the definition of a click according to Table 14 . 40
Figure E.1 – Correction factor for estimating the ratio B /B for other tuned circuits . 58
imp 6
Figure E.2 – Pulse rectification coefficient P . 60
Figure E.3 – Example (spectrum screenshot) of a pulse-modulated signal with a pulse
width of 200 ns . 61
Figure E.4 – Pulse-modulated RF signal applied to a measuring receiver . 62
Figure E.5 – Filtering with a B much smaller than the prf . 62
imp
Figure E.6 – Filtering with a B much wider than the prf . 63
imp
Figure E.7 – Calculation of the impulse bandwidth . 63
Figure E.8 – Example of a normalized linear selectivity function . 65
Figure F.1 – A graphical presentation of the test signals used for the performance
check of the analyzer with the additional requirements according to Table F.1 . 72
Figure G.1 – Block diagram of APD measurement circuit without A/D converter . 74
Figure G.2 – Block diagram of APD measurement circuit with A/D converter . 74
Figure G.3 – Example of display of APD measurement . 75
Figure I.1 – Example block diagram of EMI receiver consisting of swept spectrum
analyzer with added preselector, preamplifier and quasi-peak/average detector . 77
Table 1 – Test pulse characteristics for quasi-peak measuring receivers (see 4.4.1) . 14
Table 2 – Pulse response of quasi-peak measuring receivers . 18
Table 3 – Combined selectivity of CISPR measuring receiver and high-pass filter . 19
Table 4 – Bandwidth characteristics for intermodulation test of quasi-peak measuring
receivers (see 4.6) . 22
Table 5 – VSWR requirements for receiver input impedance . 25
Table 6 – Bandwidth requirements for measuring receivers with peak detector . 25
Table 7 – Relative pulse response of peak and quasi-peak measuring receivers for the
same bandwidth (frequency range 9 kHz to 1 000 MHz) . 26
Table 8 – Bandwidth requirements for measuring receivers with average detector . 28
Table 9 – Relative pulse response of average and quasi-peak measuring receivers for
the same bandwidth (frequency range 9 kHz to 1 GHz) . 29
Table 10 – Maximum reading of average measuring receivers for a pulse-modulated
sine-wave input in comparison with the response to a continuous sine wave having the
same amplitude . 31
Table 11 – VSWR requirements of input impedance. 33
Table 12 – Bandwidth requirements for measuring receivers with rms-average detector . 33
CISPR 16-1-1 IEC:2010+A1:2010 – 5 –
Table 13 – Minimum pulse repetition rate without overload . 33
Table 14 – Relative pulse response of rms-average and quasi-peak measuring
receivers . 34
Table 15 – Pulse response of rms-average measuring receiver . 35
Table 16 – Maximum reading of rms-average measuring receivers for a pulse-
modulated sine-wave input in comparison with the response to a continuous sine wave
having the same amplitude . 36
Table 17 – Disturbance analyzer performance test – Test signals used for the check
against the definition of a click . 41
Table B.1 – Pulse generator characteristics . 52
Table E.1 – B and A values for a peak measuring receiver . 59
imp imp
Table E.2 – Carrier level for pulse-modulated signal of 1,4 nVs . 61
a
Table F.1 – Disturbance analyzer test signals . 67
Table H.1 – Characteristics of quasi-peak measuring receivers . 76
– 6 – CISPR 16-1-1 IEC:2010+A1:2010
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
___________
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY
MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –
Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus –
Measuring apparatus
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
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5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
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services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
This consolidated version of CISPR 16-1-1 consists of the third edition (2010)
[documents CISPR/A/867/FDIS and CISPR/A/881/RVD], its amendment 1 (2010)
[documents CISPR/A/876/CDV and CISPR/A/893/RVC] and its corrigenda of October
2010 and October 2011. It bears the edition number 3.1.
The technical content is therefore identical to the base edition and its amendment and
has been prepared for user convenience. A vertical line in the margin shows where the
base publication has been modified by amendment 1. Additions and deletions are
displayed in red, with deletions being struck through.
CISPR 16-1-1 IEC:2010+A1:2010 – 7 –
International Standard CISPR 16-1-1 has been prepared by CISPR subcommittee A: Radio-
interference measurements and statistical methods.
This main technical change with respect to the previous edition consists of the addition of new
provisions for the use of spectrum analyzers for compliance measurements.
It has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107,
Electromagnetic compatibility – Guide to the drafting of electromagnetic compatibility
publications.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts of the CISPR 16 series can be found, under the general title Specification for
radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods, on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of the base publication and its amendments will
remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under
"http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will
be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
The contents of the corrigenda 1 (October 2010) and 2 (October 2011) have been included
in this copy.
IMPORTANT – The “colour inside” logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this publication using a colour printer.
– 8 – CISPR 16-1-1 IEC:2010+A1:2010
INTRODUCTION
The CISPR 16 series, published under the general title Specification for radio disturbance and
immunity measuring apparatus and methods, is comprised of the following sets of standards
and reports:
CISPR 16-1 – five parts covering measurement instrumentation specifications;
CISPR 16-2 – five parts covering methods of measurement;
CISPR 16-3 – a single publication containing various technical reports (TRs) with further
information and background on CISPR and radio disturbances in general;
CISPR 16-4 – five parts covering uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling.
CISPR 16-1 consists of the following parts, under the general title Specification for radio
disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods – Radio disturbance and
immunity measuring apparatus:
– Part 1-1: Measuring apparatus
– Part 1-2: Ancillary equipment – Conducted disturbances
– Part 1-3: Ancillary equipment – Disturbance power
– Part 1-4: Ancillary equipment – Radiated disturbances
– Part 1-5: Antenna calibration test sites for 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) draws attention to the fact that it is
claimed that compliance with this document may involve the use of a patent concerning the
measuring receiver with rms-average detector (patent no DE 10126830) given in Clause 7.
IEC takes no position concerning the evidence, validity and scope of this patent right.
The holder of this patent right has assured the IEC that he/she is willing to negotiate licences
either free of charge or under reasonable and non-discriminatory terms and conditions with
applicants throughout the world. In this respect, the statement of the holder of this patent
right is registered with IEC. Information may be obtained from:
Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG
Muehldorfstrasse 15
81671 Muenchen
Germany
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the
subject of patent rights other than those identified above. IEC shall not be held responsible for
identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO (www.iso.org/patents) and IEC (http://www.iec.ch/tctools/patent_decl.htm) maintain on-
line data bases of patents relevant to their standards. Users are encouraged to consult the
data bases for the most up to date information concerning patents.
INTRODUCTION
(to amendment 1)
CISPR 16-1-1 uses a “black box” approach to define specifications for test instrumentation.
All stated specifications in CISPR 16-1-1 are met by an instrument independent of the
selected implementation or technology in order to be considered suitable for measurements in
accordance with CISPR standards. The addition of FFT-based measuring instrumentation
requires further specifications as addressed in this amendment.
CISPR 16-1-1 IEC:2010+A1:2010 – 9 –
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY
MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –
Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus –
Measuring apparatus
1 Scope
This part of CISPR 16 specifies the characteristics and performance of equipment for the
measurement of radio disturbance in the frequency range 9 kHz to 18 GHz. In addition,
requirements are provided for specialized equipment for discontinuous disturbance
measurements.
NOTE In accordance with IEC Guide 107, CISPR 16-1-1 is a basic EMC standard for use by product committees
of the IEC. As stated in Guide 107, product committees are responsible for determining the applicability of the
EMC standard. CISPR and its sub-committees are prepared to co-operate with product committees in the
evaluation of the value of particular EMC tests for specific products.
The specifications in this standard apply to EMI receivers and spectrum analyzers. The term
“measuring receiver” used in this standard refers to both EMI receivers and spectrum
analyzers.
Further guidance on the use of use of spectrum analyzers and scanning receivers can be
found in Annex B of any one of the following standards: CISPR 16-2-1, CISPR 16-2-2 or
CISPR 16-2-3.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
CISPR 11:2009, Industrial, scientific and medical equipment – Radio-frequency disturbance
characteristics – Limits and methods of measurement
CISPR 14-1:2005, Electromagnetic compatibility – Requirements for household appliances,
electric tools and similar apparatus – Part 1: Emission
Amendment 1 (2008)
CISPR 16-2-1:2008, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 2-1: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Conducted
disturbance measurements
CISPR 16-2-2:2003, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 2-2: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity –
Measurement of disturbance power
Amendment 1 (2004)
Amendment 2 (2005)
CISPR 16-2-3:2006, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Radiated
disturbance measurements
– 10 – CISPR 16-1-1 IEC:2010+A1:2010
CISPR/TR 16-3:2003, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 3: CISPR technical reports
Amendment 1 (2005)
Amendment 2 (2006)
IEC 60050-161:1990, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 161:
Electromagnetic compatibility
Amendment 1 (1997)
Amendment 2 (1998)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050-161, and the
following apply.
3.1
bandwidth
B
n
width of the overall selectivity curve of the receiver between two points at a stated
attenuation, below the midband response
NOTE n is the stated attenuation in dB.
3.2
CISPR indication range
range specified by the manufacturer which gives the maximum and the minimum meter
indications within which the measuring receiver meets the requirements of this part of
CISPR 16
3.3
electrical charge time constant
T
C
time needed after the instantaneous application of a constant sine-wave voltage to the stage
immediately preceding the input of the detector for the output voltage of the detector to reach
63 % of its final value
NOTE This time constant is determined as follows: a sine-wave signal of constant amplitude and having a
frequency equal to the mid-band frequency of the IF amplifier is applied to the input of the stage immediately
preceding the detector. The indication, D, of an instrument having no inertia (e.g. an oscilloscope) connected to a
terminal in the d.c. amplifier circuit so as not to affect the behaviour of the detector, is noted.
The level of the signal is chosen such that the response of the stages concerned remains within the linear
operating range. A sine-wave signal of this level, applied for a limited time only and having a wave train of
rectangular envelope is gated such that the deflection registered is 0,63 D. The duration of this signal is equal to
the charge time of the detector.
3.4
electrical discharge time constant
T
D
time needed after the instantaneous removal of a constant sine-wave voltage applied to the
stage immediately preceding the input of the detector for the output of the detector to fall to
37 % of its initial value
NOTE The method of measurement is analogous to that for the charge time constant, but instead of a signal
being applied for a limited time, the signal is interrupted for a definite time. The time taken for the deflection to fall
to 0,37 D is the discharge time constant of the detector.
3.5
impulse area
A
imp
voltage-time area of a pulse defined by the integral:
CISPR 16-1-1 IEC:2010+A1:2010 – 11 –
+∞
A = V(t) dt (1)
imp
∫
−∞
NOTE 1 Impulse area, sometimes referred to as impulse strength, is typically expressed in µVs or dB(µVs).
NOTE 2 Spectral density (D) is related to impulse area and expressed in µV/MHz or dB(µV/MHz). For rectangular
impulses of pulse duration T at frequencies f << 1/T, the relationship D (µV/MHz) = 2 ×10 A (µVs) applies.
imp
3.6
impulse bandwidth
B
imp
A(t)
max
B =
imp (2)
2G × A
0 imp
where
A(t)
is the peak of the envelope at the IF output of the receiver with an impulse area A applied at
max imp
the receiver input;
G
is the gain of the circuit at the centre frequency.
o
Specifically for two critically-coupled tuned transformers,
B = 1,05 × B = 1,31 × B (3)
imp 6 3
where B and B are respectively the bandwidths at the –6 dB and –3 dB points
6 3
NOTE See A.2 for further information.
3.7
measuring receiver
instrument, such as a tunable voltmeter, an EMI receiver or a spectrum analyzer with or
without preselection, that meets the requirements of the relevant parts of this standard
NOTE 1 The term “measuring receiver” used in this standard refers to both EMI receivers and spectrum
analyzers.
NOTE 2 See Annex I for further information.
instrument such as a tunable voltmeter, an EMI receiver, a spectrum analyzer or an FFT-
based measuring instrument, with or without preselection, that meets the relevant parts of this
standard
NOTE See Annex I for further information.
3.8
mechanical time constant of a critically damped indicating instrument
T
M
T
L
= (4)
T
M
2π
where T is the period of free oscillation of the instrument with all damping removed.
L
NOTE 1 For a critically damped instrument, the equation of motion of the system may be written as:
d α dα
(5)
T + 2T + α = ki
M M
dt
dt
– 12 – CISPR 16-1-1 IEC:2010+A1:2010
where
α
is the deflection;
i
is the current through the instrument; and
k
is a constant.
It can be deduced from this relation that this time constant is also equal to the duration of a rectangular pulse (of
constant amplitude) that produces a deflection equal to 35 % of the steady deflection produced by a continuous
current having the same amplitude as that of the rectangular pulse.
NOTE 2 The methods of measurement and adjustment are deduced from one of the following:
a) the period of free oscillation having been adjusted to 2πT , damping is added so that αT = 0,35α .
M max
b) when the period of oscillation cannot be measured, the damping is adjusted to be just below critical such that
the overswing is not greater than 5 % and the moment of inertia of the movement is such that αT = 0,35α .
max
3.9
overload factor
ratio of the level that corresponds to the range of practical linear function of a circuit (or a
group of circuits) to the level that corresponds to full-scale deflection of the indicating
instrument
NOTE The maximum level at which the steady-state response of a circuit (or group of circuits) does not depart by
more than 1 dB from ideal linearity defines the range of practical linear function of the circuit (or group of circuits).
3.10
symmetric voltage
radio-frequency disturbance voltage appearing between the two wires in a two-wire circuit,
such as a single-phase mains supply. This is sometimes called the differential mode voltage.
If V is the vector voltage between one of the mains terminals and earth and V is the vector
a b
voltage between the other mains terminal and earth, the symmetric voltage is the vector
difference (V -V )
a b
3.11
weighting (of e.g. impulsive disturbance)
pulse-repetition-frequency (PRF) dependent conversion (mostly reduction) of a peak-detected
impulse voltage level to an indication that corresponds to the interference effect on radio
reception
NOTE 1 For the analogue receiver, the psychophysical annoyance of the interference is a subjective quantity
(audible or visual, usually not a certain number of misunderstandings of a spoken text)
NOTE 2 For the digital receiver, the interference effect is an objective quantity that may be defined by the critical
bit error ratio (BER) or bit error probability (BEP) for which perfect error correction can still occur or by another,
objective and reproducible parameter
3.11.1
weighted disturbance measurement
measurement of disturbance using a weighting detector
3.11.2
weighting characteristic
peak voltage level as a function of PRF for a constant effect on a specific radiocommunication
system, i.e. the disturbance is weighted by the radiocommunication system itself
3.11.3
weighting detector
detector which provides an agreed weighting function
CISPR 16-1-1 IEC:2010+A1:2010 – 13 –
3.11.4
weighting factor
value of the weighting function relative to a reference PRF or relative to the peak value
NOTE Weighting factor is expressed in dB.
3.11.5
weighting function
weighting curve
relationship between input peak voltage level and PRF for constant level indication of a
measuring receiver with a weighting detector, i.e. the curve of response of a measuring
receiver to repeated pulses
3.12
measurement time
T
m
effective, coherent time for a measurement result at a single frequency (in some areas also
called dwell time)
– for the peak detector, the effective time to detect the maximum of the signal envelope
– for the quasi-peak detector, the effective time to measure the maximum of the weighted
envelope
– for the average detector, the effective time to average the signal envelope
– for the rms detector, the effective time to determine the rms of the signal envelope
4 Quasi-peak measuring receivers for the frequency range 9 kHz to 1 000 MHz
4.1 General
The receiver specification depends on the frequency of operation. There is one receiver
specification covering the frequency range 9 kHz to 150 kHz (Band A), one covering 150 kHz
to 30 MHz (Band B), one covering 30 MHz to 300 MHz (Band C), and one covering 300 MHz
to 1 000 MHz (Band D). Fundamental characteristics of a quasi-peak measuring instrument
are provided in Annex H.
Spectrum analyzers and FFT-based measuring instruments that meet the requirements of this
clause can be used for compliance measurements. For emission measurements, FFT-based
measuring instruments shall sample and evaluate the signal continuously during the
measurement time.
4.2 Input impedance
The input circuit of measuring receivers shall be unbalanced. For receiver control settings
within the CISPR indication range, the input impedance shall be nominally 50 Ω with a voltage
standing wave ratio (VSWR) not to exceed 2,0:1 when the radio frequency (RF) attenuation is
0 dB and 1,2:1 when the RF attenuation is 10 dB or greater.
Symmetric input impedance in the frequency range 9 kHz to 30 MHz: to permit symmetrical
measurements a balanced input transformer is used. The preferred input impedance for the
frequency range 9 kHz to 150 kHz is 600 Ω. This symmetric input impedance may be
incorporated either in the relevant symmetrical artificial network necessary to couple to the
receiver or optionally in the measuring receiver.
4.3 Sine-wave voltage accuracy
The accuracy of measurement of sine-wave voltages shall be better than ±2 dB when the
instrument measures a sine-wave signal with 50 Ω resistive source impedance.
– 14 – CISPR 16-1-1 IEC:2010+A1:2010
4.
...
CISPR 16-1-1 ®
Edition 3.0 2010-01
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Measuring
apparatus
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 1-1: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de
l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques – Appareils de mesure
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CISPR 16-1-1 ®
Edition 3.0 2010-01
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Measuring
apparatus
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 1-1: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de
l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques – Appareils de mesure
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
XC
CODE PRIX
ICS 33.100.10 ISBN 978-2-88910-010-1
– 2 – CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.6
INTRODUCTION.8
1 Scope.9
2 Normative references .9
3 Terms and definitions .10
4 Quasi-peak measuring receivers for the frequency range 9 kHz to 1 000 MHz .13
4.1 General .13
4.2 Input impedance.13
4.3 Sine-wave voltage accuracy .13
4.4 Response to pulses.13
4.4.1 Amplitude relationship (absolute calibration).13
4.4.2 Variation with repetition frequency (relative calibration) .14
4.5 Selectivity .18
4.5.1 Overall selectivity (passband).18
4.5.2 Intermediate frequency rejection ratio.19
4.5.3 Image frequency rejection ratio.19
4.5.4 Other spurious responses.20
4.6 Limitation of intermodulation effects .21
4.7 Limitation of receiver noise and internally generated spurious signals .22
4.7.1 Random noise .22
4.7.2 Continuous wave .22
4.8 Screening effectiveness .22
4.8.1 General .22
4.8.2 Limitation of radio-frequency emissions from the measuring receiver.23
4.9 Facilities for connection to a discontinuous disturbance analyzer .23
5 Measuring receivers with peak detector for the frequency range 9 kHz to 18 GHz .23
5.1 General .23
5.2 Input impedance.23
5.3 Fundamental characteristics.24
5.3.1 Bandwidth .24
5.3.2 Charge and discharge time constants ratio .24
5.3.3 Overload factor.25
5.4 Sine-wave voltage accuracy .25
5.5 Response to pulses.25
5.6 Selectivity .25
5.7 Intermodulation effects, receiver noise, and screening .26
6 Measuring receivers with average detector for the frequency range 9 kHz to
18 GHz.27
6.1 General .27
6.2 Input impedance.27
6.3 Fundamental characteristics.27
6.3.1 Bandwidth .27
6.3.2 Overload factor.27
6.4 Sine-wave voltage accuracy .28
6.5 Response to pulses.28
6.5.1 General .28
CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010 – 3 –
6.5.2 Amplitude relationship .28
6.5.3 Variation with repetition frequency.29
6.5.4 Response to intermittent, unsteady and drifting narrowband
disturbances.29
6.6 Selectivity .31
6.7 Intermodulation effects, receiver noise, and screening .31
7 Measuring receivers with rms-average detector for the frequency range 9 kHz to
18 GHz.31
7.1 General .31
7.2 Input impedance.31
7.3 Fundamental characteristics.32
7.3.1 Bandwidth .32
7.3.2 Overload factor.32
7.4 Sine-wave voltage accuracy .33
7.5 Response to pulses.33
7.5.1 Construction details.33
7.5.2 Amplitude relationship .33
7.5.3 Variation with repetition frequency.34
7.5.4 Response to intermittent, unsteady and drifting narrowband
disturbances.34
7.6 Selectivity .35
7.7 Intermodulation effects, receiver noise, and screening .35
8 Measuring receivers for the frequency range 1 GHz to 18 GHz with amplitude
probability distribution (APD) measuring function.35
9 Disturbance analyzers .36
9.1 General .36
9.2 Fundamental characteristics.37
9.3 Test method for the validation of the performance check for the click
analyzer .43
9.3.1 Basic requirements.43
9.3.2 Additional requirements .44
Annex A (normative) Determination of response to repeated pulses of quasi-peak and
rms-average measuring receivers (See 3.6, 4.4.2, 7.3.2 and 7.5.1) .45
Annex B (normative) Determination of pulse generator spectrum (See 4.4, 5.5, 6.5,
7.5).51
Annex C (normative) Accurate measurements of the output of nanosecond pulse
generators (See 4.4, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5) .53
Annex D (normative) Influence of the quasi-peak measuring receiver characteristics
on its pulse response (See 4.4.2).55
Annex E (normative) Response of average and peak measuring receivers (See 6.3.1) .56
Annex F (normative) Performance check of the exceptions from the definitions of a
click according to 4.2.3 of CISPR 14-1.65
Annex G (informative) Rationale for the specifications of the APD measuring function .72
Annex H (informative) Characteristics of a quasi-peak measuring receiver.75
Annex I (informative) Example of EMI receiver and swept spectrum analyzer
architecture.76
Bibliography.78
Figure 1 – Pulse response curves .17
– 4 – CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010
Figure 2 – Limits of overall selectivity .20
Figure 3 – Arrangement for testing intermodulation effects .21
Figure 4 – Limits for the overall selectivity – pass band (Band E).26
Figure 5 – Block diagram of an average detector. .30
Figure 6 – Screenshot showing response of the meter-simulating network to an
intermittent narrowband signal .30
Figure 7 – Example of a disturbance analyzer.38
Figure 8 – A graphical presentation of test signals used in the test of the analyzer for
the performance check against the definition of a click according to Table 14 .39
Figure E.1 – Correction factor for estimating the ratio B /B for other tuned circuits .57
imp 6
Figure E.2 – Pulse rectification coefficient P .59
Figure E.3 – Example (spectrum screenshot) of a pulse-modulated signal with a pulse
width of 200 ns .60
Figure E.4 – Pulse-modulated RF signal applied to a measuring receiver .61
Figure E.5 – Filtering with a B much smaller than the prf .61
imp
Figure E.6 – Filtering with a B much wider than the prf .62
imp
Figure E.7 – Calculation of the impulse bandwidth .62
Figure E.8 – Example of a normalized linear selectivity function .64
Figure F.1 – A graphical presentation of the test signals used for the performance
check of the analyzer with the additional requirements according to Table F.1.71
Figure G.1 – Block diagram of APD measurement circuit without A/D converter.73
Figure G.2 – Block diagram of APD measurement circuit with A/D converter.73
Figure G.3 – Example of display of APD measurement .74
Figure I.1 – Example block diagram of EMI receiver consisting of swept spectrum
analyzer with added preselector, preamplifier and quasi-peak/average detector .76
Table 1 – Test pulse characteristics for quasi-peak measuring receivers (see 4.4.1) .13
Table 2 – Pulse response of quasi-peak measuring receivers .18
Table 3 – Combined selectivity of CISPR measuring receiver and high-pass filter.19
Table 4 – Bandwidth characteristics for intermodulation test of quasi-peak measuring
receivers (see 4.6).22
Table 5 – VSWR requirements for receiver input impedance.24
Table 6 – Bandwidth requirements for measuring receivers with peak detector .24
Table 7 – Relative pulse response of peak and quasi-peak measuring receivers for the
same bandwidth (frequency range 9 kHz to 1 000 MHz).25
Table 8 – Bandwidth requirements for measuring receivers with average detector .27
Table 9 – Relative pulse response of average and quasi-peak measuring receivers for
the same bandwidth (frequency range 9 kHz to 1 GHz).28
Table 10 – Maximum reading of average measuring receivers for a pulse-modulated
sine-wave input in comparison with the response to a continuous sine wave having the
same amplitude .30
Table 11 – VSWR requirements of input impedance.32
Table 12 – Bandwidth requirements for measuring receivers with rms-average detector .32
Table 13 – Minimum pulse repetition rate without overload .32
Table 14 – Relative pulse response of rms-average and quasi-peak measuring
receivers.33
CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010 – 5 –
Table 15 – Pulse response of rms-average measuring receiver .34
Table 16 – Maximum reading of rms-average measuring receivers for a pulse-
modulated sine-wave input in comparison with the response to a continuous sine wave
having the same amplitude .35
Table 17 – Disturbance analyzer performance test – Test signals used for the check
against the definition of a click.40
Table B.1 – Pulse generator characteristics .51
Table E.1 – B and A values for a peak measuring receiver .58
imp imp
Table E.2 – Carrier level for pulse-modulated signal of 1,4 nVs .60
a
Table F.1 – Disturbance analyzer test signals .66
Table H.1 – Characteristics of quasi-peak measuring receivers .75
– 6 – CISPR 16-1-1 IEC:2010
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
___________
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY
MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –
Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus –
Measuring apparatus
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
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5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
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services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
International Standard CISPR 16-1-1 has been prepared by CISPR subcommittee A: Radio-
interference measurements and statistical methods.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2006, and its
Amendments 1 (2006) and 2 (2007). It is a technical revision.
This main technical change with respect to the previous edition consists of the addition of new
provisions for the use of spectrum analyzers for compliance measurements.
It has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107,
Electromagnetic compatibility – Guide to the drafting of electromagnetic compatibility
publications.
CISPR 16-1-1 IEC:2010 – 7 –
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
CISPR/A/867/FDIS CISPR/A/881/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts of the CISPR 16 series can be found, under the general title Specification for
radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods, on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in
the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed;
• withdrawn;
• replaced by a revised edition; or
• amended.
The contents of the corrigenda 1 (October 2010) and 2 (October 2011) have been included
in this copy.
IMPORTANT – The “colour inside” logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this publication using a colour printer.
– 8 – CISPR 16-1-1 IEC:2010
INTRODUCTION
The CISPR 16 series, published under the general title Specification for radio disturbance and
immunity measuring apparatus and methods, is comprised of the following sets of standards
and reports:
CISPR 16-1 – five parts covering measurement instrumentation specifications;
CISPR 16-2 – five parts covering methods of measurement;
CISPR 16-3 – a single publication containing various technical reports (TRs) with
further information and background on CISPR and radio disturbances in general;
CISPR 16-4 – five parts covering uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling.
CISPR 16-1 consists of the following parts, under the general title Specification for radio
disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods – Radio disturbance and
immunity measuring apparatus:
– Part 1-1: Measuring apparatus
– Part 1-2: Ancillary equipment – Conducted disturbances
– Part 1-3: Ancillary equipment – Disturbance power
– Part 1-4: Ancillary equipment – Radiated disturbances
– Part 1-5: Antenna calibration test sites for 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) draws attention to the fact that it is
claimed that compliance with this document may involve the use of a patent concerning the
measuring receiver with rms-average detector (patent no DE 10126830) given in Clause 7.
IEC takes no position concerning the evidence, validity and scope of this patent right.
The holder of this patent right has assured the IEC that he/she is willing to negotiate licences
either free of charge or under reasonable and non-discriminatory terms and conditions with
applicants throughout the world. In this respect, the statement of the holder of this patent
right is registered with IEC. Information may be obtained from:
Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG
Muehldorfstrasse 15
81671 Muenchen
Germany
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the
subject of patent rights other than those identified above. IEC shall not be held responsible for
identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO (www.iso.org/patents) and IEC (http://www.iec.ch/tctools/patent_decl.htm) maintain on-
line data bases of patents relevant to their standards. Users are encouraged to consult the
data bases for the most up to date information concerning patents.
CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010 – 9 –
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY
MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –
Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus –
Measuring apparatus
1 Scope
This part of CISPR 16 specifies the characteristics and performance of equipment for the
measurement of radio disturbance in the frequency range 9 kHz to 18 GHz. In addition,
requirements are provided for specialized equipment for discontinuous disturbance
measurements.
NOTE In accordance with IEC Guide 107, CISPR 16-1-1 is a basic EMC standard for use by product committees
of the IEC. As stated in Guide 107, product committees are responsible for determining the applicability of the
EMC standard. CISPR and its sub-committees are prepared to co-operate with product committees in the
evaluation of the value of particular EMC tests for specific products.
The specifications in this standard apply to EMI receivers and spectrum analyzers. The term
“measuring receiver” used in this standard refers to both EMI receivers and spectrum
analyzers.
Further guidance on the use of use of spectrum analyzers and scanning receivers can be
found in Annex B of any one of the following standards: CISPR 16-2-1, CISPR 16-2-2 or
CISPR 16-2-3.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
CISPR 11:2009, Industrial, scientific and medical equipment – Radio-frequency disturbance
characteristics – Limits and methods of measurement
CISPR 14-1:2005, Electromagnetic compatibility – Requirements for household appliances,
electric tools and similar apparatus – Part 1: Emission
Amendment 1 (2008)
CISPR 16-2-1:2008, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 2-1: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Conducted
disturbance measurements
CISPR 16-2-2:2003, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 2-2: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity –
Measurement of disturbance power
Amendment 1 (2004)
Amendment 2 (2005)
CISPR 16-2-3:2006, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Radiated
disturbance measurements
– 10 – CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010
CISPR/TR 16-3:2003, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 3: CISPR technical reports
Amendment 1 (2005)
Amendment 2 (2006)
IEC 60050-161:1990, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 161:
Electromagnetic compatibility
Amendment 1 (1997)
Amendment 2 (1998)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050-161, and the
following apply.
3.1
bandwidth
B
n
width of the overall selectivity curve of the receiver between two points at a stated
attenuation, below the midband response
NOTE n is the stated attenuation in dB.
3.2
CISPR indication range
range specified by the manufacturer which gives the maximum and the minimum meter
indications within which the measuring receiver meets the requirements of this part of
CISPR 16
3.3
electrical charge time constant
T
C
time needed after the instantaneous application of a constant sine-wave voltage to the stage
immediately preceding the input of the detector for the output voltage of the detector to reach
63 % of its final value
NOTE This time constant is determined as follows: a sine-wave signal of constant amplitude and having a
frequency equal to the mid-band frequency of the IF amplifier is applied to the input of the stage immediately
preceding the detector. The indication, D, of an instrument having no inertia (e.g. an oscilloscope) connected to a
terminal in the d.c. amplifier circuit so as not to affect the behaviour of the detector, is noted.
The level of the signal is chosen such that the response of the stages concerned remains within the linear
operating range. A sine-wave signal of this level, applied for a limited time only and having a wave train of
rectangular envelope is gated such that the deflection registered is 0,63 D. The duration of this signal is equal to
the charge time of the detector.
3.4
electrical discharge time constant
T
D
time needed after the instantaneous removal of a constant sine-wave voltage applied to the
stage immediately preceding the input of the detector for the output of the detector to fall to
37 % of its initial value
NOTE The method of measurement is analogous to that for the charge time constant, but instead of a signal
being applied for a limited time, the signal is interrupted for a definite time. The time taken for the deflection to fall
to 0,37 D is the discharge time constant of the detector.
3.5
impulse area
A
imp
voltage-time area of a pulse defined by the integral:
CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010 – 11 –
+∞
A = Vd(t)t (1)
imp
∫
−∞
NOTE 1 Impulse area, sometimes referred to as impulse strength, is typically expressed in μVs or dB(μVs).
NOTE 2 Spectral density (D) is related to impulse area and expressed in μV/MHz or dB(μV/MHz). For rectangular
impulses of pulse duration T at frequencies f << 1/T, the relationship D (μV/MHz) = 2 ×10 A (μVs) applies.
imp
3.6
impulse bandwidth
B
imp
A(t)
max
B =
imp (2)
2G × A
0 imp
where
A(t)
is the peak of the envelope at the IF output of the receiver with an impulse area A applied at
max imp
the receiver input;
G
is the gain of the circuit at the centre frequency.
o
Specifically for two critically-coupled tuned transformers,
B = 1,05 × B = 1,31 × B (3)
imp 6 3
where B and B are respectively the bandwidths at the –6 dB and –3 dB points
6 3
NOTE See A.2 for further information.
3.7
measuring receiver
instrument, such as a tunable voltmeter, an EMI receiver or a spectrum analyzer with or
without preselection, that meets the requirements of the relevant parts of this standard
NOTE 1 The term “measuring receiver” used in this standard refers to both EMI receivers and spectrum
analyzers.
NOTE 2 See Annex I for further information.
3.8
mechanical time constant of a critically damped indicating instrument
T
M
T
L
(4)
T =
M
2π
where T is the period of free oscillation of the instrument with all damping removed.
L
NOTE 1 For a critically damped instrument, the equation of motion of the system may be written as:
⎛ ⎞
d α dα
⎜ ⎟ (5)
T + 2T + α = ki
M M
⎜ ⎟
dt
dt
⎝ ⎠
where
α
is the deflection;
i
is the current through the instrument; and
k
is a constant.
– 12 – CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010
It can be deduced from this relation that this time constant is also equal to the duration of a rectangular pulse (of
constant amplitude) that produces a deflection equal to 35 % of the steady deflection produced by a continuous
current having the same amplitude as that of the rectangular pulse.
NOTE 2 The methods of measurement and adjustment are deduced from one of the following:
a) the period of free oscillation having been adjusted to 2πT , damping is added so that αT = 0,35α .
M max
b) when the period of oscillation cannot be measured, the damping is adjusted to be just below critical such that
the overswing is not greater than 5 % and the moment of inertia of the movement is such that αT = 0,35α .
max
3.9
overload factor
ratio of the level that corresponds to the range of practical linear function of a circuit (or a
group of circuits) to the level that corresponds to full-scale deflection of the indicating
instrument
NOTE The maximum level at which the steady-state response of a circuit (or group of circuits) does not depart by
more than 1 dB from ideal linearity defines the range of practical linear function of the circuit (or group of circuits).
3.10
symmetric voltage
radio-frequency disturbance voltage appearing between the two wires in a two-wire circuit,
such as a single-phase mains supply. This is sometimes called the differential mode voltage.
If V is the vector voltage between one of the mains terminals and earth and V is the vector
a b
voltage between the other mains terminal and earth, the symmetric voltage is the vector
difference (V -V )
a b
3.11
weighting (of e.g. impulsive disturbance)
pulse-repetition-frequency (PRF) dependent conversion (mostly reduction) of a peak-detected
impulse voltage level to an indication that corresponds to the interference effect on radio
reception
NOTE 1 For the analogue receiver, the psychophysical annoyance of the interference is a subjective quantity
(audible or visual, usually not a certain number of misunderstandings of a spoken text)
NOTE 2 For the digital receiver, the interference effect is an objective quantity that may be defined by the critical
bit error ratio (BER) or bit error probability (BEP) for which perfect error correction can still occur or by another,
objective and reproducible parameter
3.11.1
weighted disturbance measurement
measurement of disturbance using a weighting detector
3.11.2
weighting characteristic
peak voltage level as a function of PRF for a constant effect on a specific radiocommunication
system, i.e. the disturbance is weighted by the radiocommunication system itself
3.11.3
weighting detector
detector which provides an agreed weighting function
3.11.4
weighting factor
value of the weighting function relative to a reference PRF or relative to the peak value
NOTE Weighting factor is expressed in dB.
CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010 – 13 –
3.11.5
weighting function
weighting curve
relationship between input peak voltage level and PRF for constant level indication of a
measuring receiver with a weighting detector, i.e. the curve of response of a measuring
receiver to repeated pulses
4 Quasi-peak measuring receivers for the frequency range 9 kHz to 1 000 MHz
4.1 General
The receiver specification depends on the frequency of operation. There is one receiver
specification covering the frequency range 9 kHz to 150 kHz (Band A), one covering 150 kHz
to 30 MHz (Band B), one covering 30 MHz to 300 MHz (Band C), and one covering 300 MHz
to 1 000 MHz (Band D). Fundamental characteristics of a quasi-peak measuring instrument
are provided in Annex H.
4.2 Input impedance
The input circuit of measuring receivers shall be unbalanced. For receiver control settings
within the CISPR indication range, the input impedance shall be nominally 50 Ω with a voltage
standing wave ratio (VSWR) not to exceed 2,0:1 when the radio frequency (RF) attenuation is
0 dB and 1,2:1 when the RF attenuation is 10 dB or greater.
Symmetric input impedance in the frequency range 9 kHz to 30 MHz: to permit symmetrical
measurements a balanced input transformer is used. The preferred input impedance for the
frequency range 9 kHz to 150 kHz is 600 Ω. This symmetric input impedance may be
incorporated either in the relevant symmetrical artificial network necessary to couple to the
receiver or optionally in the measuring receiver.
4.3 Sine-wave voltage accuracy
The accuracy of measurement of sine-wave voltages shall be better than ±2 dB when the
instrument measures a sine-wave signal with 50 Ω resistive source impedance.
4.4 Response to pulses
4.4.1 Amplitude relationship (absolute calibration)
Referring to Table 1, the response of the measuring receiver to pulses of impulse area of
a) μVs (microvolt second) e.m.f. at 50 Ω source impedance, having a uniform spectrum up to
at least b) MHz, repeated at a frequency of c) Hz shall, for all frequencies of tuning, be equal
to the response to an unmodulated sine-wave signal at the tuned frequency having an e.m.f.
of rms value 2 mV [66 dB(μV)].
The source impedances of the pulse generator and the signal generator shall both be the
same. A tolerance of ±1,5 dB shall be permitted on the sine-wave voltage level.
Table 1 – Test pulse characteristics for quasi-peak
measuring receivers (see 4. 4 . 1)
Frequency range b) MHz c) Hz
a) μVs
9 kHz to 150 kHz 13,5 0,15 25
0,15 MHz to 30 MHz 0,316 30 100
30 MHz to 300 MHz 0,044 300 100
300 MHz to 1 000 MHz 0,044 1 000 100
– 14 – CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010
NOTE Annexes B and C describe methods for determining the output characteristics of a pulse generator for use
in testing the requirements of this subclause.
4.4.2 Variation with repetition frequency (relative calibration)
The response of the measuring receiver to repeated pulses shall be such that for a constant
indication on the measuring receiver, the relationship between amplitude and repetition
frequency is in accordance with Figure 1. The response of a spectrum analyzer without
preselection to repeated pulses shall be identical to Figure 1 for pulse repetition frequencies
equal to or greater than 20 Hz.
CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010 – 15 –
Pulse repetition frequency (Hz)
IEC 2376/09
Figure 1a) – Pulse response curve (Band A)
– 16 – CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010
E
E RC = 0,316 μVs C
R
R
α
R
E U
E = 66 dB (μV) eff.
α1 = α2 ± 1,5 dB
U = 60 dB (μV) eff.
Pulse repetition frequency (Hz)
IEC 2377/09
Figure 1b) – Pulse response curve (Band B)
E
C
R
E0RC = 0,044 μVs
Freq. = 100 imp./ms
R
α
R
U
E
E = 66 dB (μV) eff.
α1 = α2 ± 1,5 dB
U = 60 dB (μ
...
CISPR 16-1-1 ®
Edition 3.2 2014-06
CONSOLIDATED
VERSION
VERSION
CONSOLIDÉE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Measuring
apparatus
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 1-1: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de
l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques – Appareils de mesure
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CISPR 16-1-1 ®
Edition 3.2 2014-06
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Measuring
apparatus
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 1-1: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de
l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques – Appareils de mesure
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 33.100.10 ISBN 978-2-8322-1684-2
CISPR 16-1-1 ®
Edition 3.2 2014-06
REDLINE VERSION
VERSION REDLINE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Measuring
apparatus
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 1-1: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de
l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques – Appareils de mesure
– 2 – CISPR 16-1-1:2010
+AMD1:2010+AMD2:2014 IEC 2014
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 6
INTRODUCTION . 8
INTRODUCTION to Amendment 1 . 9
1 Scope . 10
2 Normative references . 10
3 Terms and definitions . 11
4 Quasi-peak measuring receivers for the frequency range 9 kHz to 1 000 MHz . 14
4.1 General . 14
4.2 Input impedance . 14
4.3 Sine-wave voltage accuracy . 14
4.4 Response to pulses . 14
4.4.1 Amplitude relationship (absolute calibration) . 14
4.4.2 Variation with repetition frequency (relative calibration) . 15
4.5 Selectivity . 19
4.5.1 Overall selectivity (passband) . 19
4.5.2 Intermediate frequency rejection ratio . 20
4.5.3 Image frequency rejection ratio . 20
4.5.4 Other spurious responses . 21
4.6 Limitation of intermodulation effects . 22
4.7 Limitation of receiver noise and internally generated spurious signals . 23
4.7.1 Random noise . 23
4.7.2 Continuous wave . 23
4.8 Screening effectiveness . 23
4.8.1 General . 23
4.8.2 Limitation of radio-frequency emissions from the measuring receiver . 24
4.9 Facilities for connection to a discontinuous disturbance analyzer . 24
5 Measuring receivers with peak detector for the frequency range 9 kHz to 18 GHz . 24
5.1 General . 24
5.2 Input impedance . 24
5.3 Fundamental characteristics . 25
5.3.1 Bandwidth . 25
5.3.2 Charge and discharge time constants ratio . 25
5.3.3 Overload factor . 26
5.4 Sine-wave voltage accuracy . 26
5.5 Response to pulses . 26
5.6 Selectivity . 26
5.7 Intermodulation effects, receiver noise, and screening . 27
6 Measuring receivers with average detector for the frequency range 9 kHz to
18 GHz . 28
6.1 General . 28
6.2 Input impedance . 28
6.3 Fundamental characteristics . 28
6.3.1 Bandwidth . 28
6.3.2 Overload factor . 28
6.4 Sine-wave voltage accuracy . 29
+AMD1:2010+AMD2:2014 IEC 2014
6.5 Response to pulses . 29
6.5.1 General . 29
6.5.2 Amplitude relationship . 29
6.5.3 Variation with repetition frequency . 30
6.5.4 Response to intermittent, unsteady and drifting narrowband
disturbances . 30
6.6 Selectivity . 32
6.7 Intermodulation effects, receiver noise, and screening . 32
7 Measuring receivers with rms-average detector for the frequency range 9 kHz to
18 GHz . 32
7.1 General . 32
7.2 Input impedance . 32
7.3 Fundamental characteristics . 33
7.3.1 Bandwidth . 33
7.3.2 Overload factor . 33
7.4 Sine-wave voltage accuracy . 34
7.5 Response to pulses . 34
7.5.1 Construction details . 34
7.5.2 Amplitude relationship . 34
7.5.3 Variation with repetition frequency . 35
7.5.4 Response to intermittent, unsteady and drifting narrowband
disturbances . 35
7.6 Selectivity . 36
7.7 Intermodulation effects, receiver noise, and screening . 36
8 Measuring receivers for the frequency range 1 GHz to 18 GHz with amplitude
probability distribution (APD) measuring function . 36
9 Disturbance analyzers . 37
9.1 General . 37
9.2 Fundamental characteristics . 38
9.3 Test method for the validation of the performance check for the click
analyzer . 44
9.3.1 Basic requirements . 44
9.3.2 Additional requirements . 45
Annex A (normative) Determination of response to repeated pulses of quasi-peak and
rms-average measuring receivers (See 3.6, 4.4.2, 7.3.2 and 7.5.1) . 46
Annex B (normative) Determination of pulse generator spectrum (See 4.4, 5.5, 6.5,
7.5) 52 . 52
Annex C (normative) Accurate measurements of the output of nanosecond pulse
generators (See 4.4, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5) . 54
Annex D (normative) Influence of the quasi-peak measuring receiver characteristics
on its pulse response (See 4.4.2). 56
Annex E (normative) Response of average and peak measuring receivers (See 6.3.1) . 57
Annex F (normative) Performance check of the exceptions from the definitions of a
click according to 4.2.3 of CISPR 14-1 . 66
Annex G (informative) Rationale for the specifications of the APD measuring function . 73
Annex H (informative) Characteristics of a quasi-peak measuring receiver. 76
Annex I (informative) Example of EMI receiver and swept spectrum analyzer
architecture. 77
– 4 – CISPR 16-1-1:2010
+AMD1:2010+AMD2:2014 IEC 2014
Annex J (normative) Requirements when using an external preamplifier with a
measuring receiver . 79
Bibliography . 90
Figure 1 – Pulse response curves . 18
Figure 2 – Limits of overall selectivity . 21
Figure 3 – Arrangement for testing intermodulation effects . 22
Figure 4 – Limits for the overall selectivity – pass band (Band E) . 27
Figure 5 – Block diagram of an average detector. . 31
Figure 6 – Screenshot showing response of the meter-simulating network to an
intermittent narrowband signal . 31
Figure 7 – Example of a disturbance analyzer . 39
Figure 8 – A graphical presentation of test signals used in the test of the analyzer for
the performance check against the definition of a click according to Table 14 . 40
Figure E.1 – Correction factor for estimating the ratio B /B for other tuned circuits . 58
imp 6
Figure E.2 – Pulse rectification coefficient P . 60
Figure E.3 – Example (spectrum screenshot) of a pulse-modulated signal with a pulse
width of 200 ns . 61
Figure E.4 – Pulse-modulated RF signal applied to a measuring receiver . 62
Figure E.5 – Filtering with a B much smaller than the prf . 62
imp
Figure E.6 – Filtering with a B much wider than the prf . 63
imp
Figure E.7 – Calculation of the impulse bandwidth . 63
Figure E.8 – Example of a normalized linear selectivity function . 65
Figure F.1 – A graphical presentation of the test signals used for the performance
check of the analyzer with the additional requirements according to Table F.1 . 72
Figure G.1 – Block diagram of APD measurement circuit without A/D converter . 74
Figure G.2 – Block diagram of APD measurement circuit with A/D converter . 74
Figure G.3 – Example of display of APD measurement . 75
Figure I.1 – Example block diagram of EMI receiver consisting of swept spectrum
analyzer with added preselector, preamplifier and quasi-peak/average detector . 77
Figure J.1 – Receiver with preamplifier . 81
Figure J.2 – Transfer function of an amplifier . 83
Figure J.3 – Response for a sinusoidal signal . 83
Figure J.4 – Response for an impulse . 83
Figure J.5 – Deviation from linear gain for an unmodulated sine wave (example) . 84
Figure J.6 – Deviation from linear gain for a broadband impulsive signal as measured
with the quasi-peak detector (example) . 85
Figure J.7 – Screenshot of a band-stop filter test for a preamplifier at around 818 MHz . 86
Figure J.8 – Band-stop filter test result with the measuring receiver at 818 MHz . 86
Figure J.9 – Band-stop filter test results for the same 10 dB preamplifier but a different
receiver with preselection (black) and without preselection (blue) . 87
Figure J.10 – Band-stop filter test results for the same 10 dB preamplifier but with the
receiver of Figure J.9 with preselection (black) and without preselection (green) . 87
Figure J.11 – Weighting functions of the various CISPR detectors with a noise curve to
illustrate the remaining operating ranges for broadband impulsive signals (example) . 88
+AMD1:2010+AMD2:2014 IEC 2014
Table 1 – Test pulse characteristics for quasi-peak measuring receivers (see 4.4.1) . 15
Table 2 – Pulse response of quasi-peak measuring receivers . 19
Table 3 – Combined selectivity of CISPR measuring receiver and high-pass filter . 20
Table 4 – Bandwidth characteristics for intermodulation test of quasi-peak measuring
receivers (see 4.6) . 23
Table 5 – VSWR requirements for receiver input impedance . 25
Table 6 – Bandwidth requirements for measuring receivers with peak detector . 25
Table 7 – Relative pulse response of peak and quasi-peak measuring receivers for the
same bandwidth (frequency range 9 kHz to 1 000 MHz) . 26
Table 8 – Bandwidth requirements for measuring receivers with average detector . 28
Table 9 – Relative pulse response of average and quasi-peak measuring receivers for
the same bandwidth (frequency range 9 kHz to 1 GHz) . 29
Table 10 – Maximum reading of average measuring receivers for a pulse-modulated
sine-wave input in comparison with the response to a continuous sine wave having the
same amplitude . 31
Table 11 – VSWR requirements of input impedance. 33
Table 12 – Bandwidth requirements for measuring receivers with rms-average detector . 33
Table 13 – Minimum pulse repetition rate without overload . 33
Table 14 – Relative pulse response of rms-average and quasi-peak measuring
receivers . 34
Table 15 – Pulse response of rms-average measuring receiver . 35
Table 16 – Maximum reading of rms-average measuring receivers for a pulse-
modulated sine-wave input in comparison with the response to a continuous sine wave
having the same amplitude . 36
Table 17 – Disturbance analyzer performance test – Test signals used for the check
against the definition of a click . 41
Table B.1 – Pulse generator characteristics . 52
Table E.1 – B and A values for a peak measuring receiver . 59
imp imp
Table E.2 – Carrier level for pulse-modulated signal of 1,4 nVs . 61
a
Table F.1 – Disturbance analyzer test signals . 67
Table H.1 – Characteristics of quasi-peak measuring receivers . 76
Table J.1 – Examples of preamplifier and measuring receiver data and resulting
system noise figures . 82
– 6 – CISPR 16-1-1:2010
+AMD1:2010+AMD2:2014 IEC 2014
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
___________
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY
MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –
Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus –
Measuring apparatus
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services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
This Consolidated version of CISPR 16-1-1 bears the edition number 3.2. It consists of
the third edition (2010-01) [documents CISPR/A/867/FDIS and CISPR/A/881/RVD], its
amendment 1 (2010-06) [documents CISPR/A/876/CDV and CISPR/A/893/RVC] and its
amendment 2 (2014-06) [documents CIS/A/1070/FDIS and CIS/A/1075/RVD]. The
technical content is identical to the base edition and its amendments.
In this Redline version, a vertical line in the margin shows where the technical content
is modified by amendments 1 and 2. Additions and deletions are displayed in red, with
deletions being struck through. A separate Final version with all changes accepted is
available in this publication.
This publication has been prepared for user convenience.
+AMD1:2010+AMD2:2014 IEC 2014
International Standard CISPR 16-1-1 has been prepared by CISPR subcommittee A: Radio-
interference measurements and statistical methods.
This main technical change with respect to the previous edition consists of the addition of new
provisions for the use of spectrum analyzers for compliance measurements.
It has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107,
Electromagnetic compatibility – Guide to the drafting of electromagnetic compatibility
publications.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts of the CISPR 16 series can be found, under the general title Specification for
radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods, on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of the base publication and its amendments will
remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under
"http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the
publication will be
reconfirmed,
withdrawn,
replaced by a revised edition, or
amended.
The contents of the corrigenda 1 (October 2010) and 2 (October 2011) have been included
in this copy.
IMPORTANT – The “colour inside” logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this publication using a colour printer.
– 8 – CISPR 16-1-1:2010
+AMD1:2010+AMD2:2014 IEC 2014
INTRODUCTION
The CISPR 16 series, published under the general title Specification for radio disturbance and
immunity measuring apparatus and methods, is comprised of the following sets of standards
and reports:
• CISPR 16-1 – five parts covering measurement instrumentation specifications;
• CISPR 16-2 – five parts covering methods of measurement;
• CISPR 16-3 – a single publication containing various technical reports (TRs) with
further information and background on CISPR and radio disturbances in general;
• CISPR 16-4 – five parts covering uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling.
CISPR 16-1 consists of the following parts, under the general title Specification for radio
disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods – Radio disturbance and
immunity measuring apparatus:
– Part 1-1: Measuring apparatus
– Part 1-2: Ancillary equipment – Conducted disturbances
– Part 1-3: Ancillary equipment – Disturbance power
– Part 1-4: Ancillary equipment – Radiated disturbances
– Part 1-5: Antenna calibration test sites for 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) draws attention to the fact that it is
claimed that compliance with this document may involve the use of a patent concerning the
measuring receiver with rms-average detector (patent no DE 10126830) given in Clause 7.
IEC takes no position concerning the evidence, validity and scope of this patent right.
The holder of this patent right has assured the IEC that he/she is willing to negotiate licences
either free of charge or under reasonable and non-discriminatory terms and conditions with
applicants throughout the world. In this respect, the statement of the holder of this patent
right is registered with IEC. Information may be obtained from:
Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG
Muehldorfstrasse 15
81671 Muenchen
Germany
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the
subject of patent rights other than those identified above. IEC shall not be held responsible for
identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO (www.iso.org/patents) and IEC (http://www.iec.ch/tctools/patent_decl.htm) maintain on-
line data bases of patents relevant to their standards. Users are encouraged to consult the
data bases for the most up to date information concerning patents.
+AMD1:2010+AMD2:2014 IEC 2014
INTRODUCTION to Amendment 1
CISPR 16-1-1 uses a “black box” approach to define specifications for test instrumentation.
All stated specifications in CISPR 16-1-1 are met by an instrument independent of the
selected implementation or technology in order to be considered suitable for measurements in
accordance with CISPR standards. The addition of FFT-based measuring instrumentation
requires further specifications as addressed in this amendment.
– 10 – CISPR 16-1-1:2010
+AMD1:2010+AMD2:2014 IEC 2014
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY
MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –
Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus –
Measuring apparatus
1 Scope
This part of CISPR 16 specifies the characteristics and performance of equipment for the
measurement of radio disturbance in the frequency range 9 kHz to 18 GHz. In addition,
requirements are provided for specialized equipment for discontinuous disturbance
measurements.
NOTE In accordance with IEC Guide 107, CISPR 16-1-1 is a basic EMC standard for use by product committees
of the IEC. As stated in Guide 107, product committees are responsible for determining the applicability of the
EMC standard. CISPR and its sub-committees are prepared to co-operate with product committees in the
evaluation of the value of particular EMC tests for specific products.
The specifications in this standard apply to EMI receivers and spectrum analyzers. The term
“measuring receiver” used in this standard refers to both EMI receivers and spectrum
analyzers.
Further guidance on the use of use of spectrum analyzers and scanning receivers can be
found in Annex B of any one of the following standards: CISPR 16-2-1, CISPR 16-2-2 or
CISPR 16-2-3.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
CISPR 11:2009, Industrial, scientific and medical equipment – Radio-frequency disturbance
characteristics – Limits and methods of measurement
CISPR 14-1:2005, Electromagnetic compatibility – Requirements for household appliances,
electric tools and similar apparatus – Part 1: Emission
Amendment 1 (2008)
CISPR 16-2-1:2008, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 2-1: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Conducted
disturbance measurements
CISPR 16-2-2:2003, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 2-2: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity –
Measurement of disturbance power
Amendment 1 (2004)
Amendment 2 (2005)
CISPR 16-2-3:2006, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Radiated
disturbance measurements
+AMD1:2010+AMD2:2014 IEC 2014
CISPR/TR 16-3:2003, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 3: CISPR technical reports
Amendment 1 (2005)
Amendment 2 (2006)
IEC 60050-161:1990, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 161:
Electromagnetic compatibility
Amendment 1 (1997)
Amendment 2 (1998)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050-161, and the
following apply.
3.1
bandwidth
B
n
width of the overall selectivity curve of the receiver between two points at a stated
attenuation, below the midband response
NOTE n is the stated attenuation in dB.
3.2
CISPR indication range
range specified by the manufacturer which gives the maximum and the minimum meter
indications within which the measuring receiver meets the requirements of this part of
CISPR 16
3.3
electrical charge time constant
T
C
time needed after the instantaneous application of a constant sine-wave voltage to the stage
immediately preceding the input of the detector for the output voltage of the detector to reach
63 % of its final value
NOTE This time constant is determined as follows: a sine-wave signal of constant amplitude and having a
frequency equal to the mid-band frequency of the IF amplifier is applied to the input of the stage immediately
preceding the detector. The indication, D, of an instrument having no inertia (e.g. an oscilloscope) connected to a
terminal in the d.c. amplifier circuit so as not to affect the behaviour of the detector, is noted.
The level of the signal is chosen such that the response of the stages concerned remains within the linear
operating range. A sine-wave signal of this level, applied for a limited time only and having a wave train of
rectangular envelope is gated such that the deflection registered is 0,63 D. The duration of this signal is equal to
the charge time of the detector.
3.4
electrical discharge time constant
T
D
time needed after the instantaneous removal of a constant sine-wave voltage applied to the
stage immediately preceding the input of the detector for the output of the detector to fall to
37 % of its initial value
NOTE The method of measurement is analogous to that for the charge time constant, but instead of a signal
being applied for a limited time, the signal is interrupted for a definite time. The time taken for the deflection to fall
to 0,37 D is the discharge time constant of the detector.
3.5
impulse area
A
imp
voltage-time area of a pulse defined by the integral:
– 12 – CISPR 16-1-1:2010
+AMD1:2010+AMD2:2014 IEC 2014
+∞
A = V(t) dt (1)
imp
∫
−∞
NOTE 1 Impulse area, sometimes referred to as impulse strength, is typically expressed in µVs or dB(µVs).
NOTE 2 Spectral density (D) is related to impulse area and expressed in µV/MHz or dB(µV/MHz). For rectangular
impulses of pulse duration T at frequencies f << 1/T, the relationship D (µV/MHz) = 2 ×10 A (µVs) applies.
imp
3.6
impulse bandwidth
B
imp
A(t)
max
B =
imp (2)
2G × A
0 imp
where
A(t)
is the peak of the envelope at the IF output of the receiver with an impulse area A applied at
max imp
the receiver input;
G
is the gain of the circuit at the centre frequency.
o
Specifically for two critically-coupled tuned transformers,
B = 1,05 × B = 1,31 × B (3)
imp 6 3
where B and B are respectively the bandwidths at the –6 dB and –3 dB points
6 3
NOTE See A.2 for further information.
3.7
measuring receiver
instrument such as a tunable voltmeter, an EMI receiver, or a spectrum analyzer or a FFT-
based measuring instrument, with or without preselection, that meets the requirements of the
relevant parts of this standard
NOTE 1 The term “measuring receiver” used in this standard refers to both EMI receivers and spectrum
analyzers.
NOTE 2 See Annex I for further information.
3.8
mechanical time constant of a critically damped indicating instrument
T
M
T
L
T = (4)
M
2π
where T is the period of free oscillation of the instrument with all damping removed.
L
NOTE 1 For a critically damped instrument, the equation of motion of the system may be written as:
d α dα
(5)
T + 2T + α = ki
M M
dt
dt
where
α
is the deflection;
i
is the current through the instrument; and
k
is a constant.
+AMD1:2010+AMD2:2014 IEC 2014
It can be deduced from this relation that this time constant is also equal to the duration of a rectangular pulse (of
constant amplitude) that produces a deflection equal to 35 % of the steady deflection produced by a continuous
current having the same amplitude as that of the rectangular pulse.
NOTE 2 The methods of measurement and adjustment are deduced from one of the following:
a) the period of free oscillation having been adjusted to 2πT , damping is added so that αT = 0,35α .
M max
b) when the period of oscillation cannot be measured, the damping is adjusted to be just below critical such that
the overswing is not greater than 5 % and the moment of inertia of the movement is such that αT = 0,35α .
max
3.9
overload factor
ratio of the level that corresponds to the range of practical linear function of a circuit (or a
group of circuits) to the level that corresponds to full-scale deflection of the indicating
instrument
NOTE The maximum level at which the steady-state response of a cir
...
CISPR 16-1-1 ®
Edition 3.0 2010-01
REDLINE VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
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INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Measuring
apparatus
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CISPR 16-1-1 ®
Edition 3.0 2010-01
REDLINE VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Measuring
apparatus
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 33.100.10 ISBN 978-2-8891-0010-1
CISPR 16-1-1 ®
Edition 3.0 2010-01
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Measuring
apparatus
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 1-1: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de
l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques – Appareils de mesure
CISPR 16-1-1:2009
– 2 – CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.6
INTRODUCTION.8
1 Scope.9
2 Normative references .9
3 Terms and definitions .10
4 Quasi-peak measuring receivers for the frequency range 9 kHz to 1 000 MHz .13
4.1 General .13
4.2 Input impedance.13
4.3 Sine-wave voltage accuracy .13
4.4 Response to pulses.13
4.4.1 Amplitude relationship (absolute calibration).13
4.4.2 Variation with repetition frequency (relative calibration) .14
4.5 Selectivity .18
4.5.1 Overall selectivity (passband).18
4.5.2 Intermediate frequency rejection ratio.19
4.5.3 Image frequency rejection ratio.19
4.5.4 Other spurious responses.20
4.6 Limitation of intermodulation effects .21
4.7 Limitation of receiver noise and internally generated spurious signals .22
4.7.1 Random noise .22
4.7.2 Continuous wave .22
4.8 Screening effectiveness .22
4.8.1 General .22
4.8.2 Limitation of radio-frequency emissions from the measuring receiver.23
4.9 Facilities for connection to a discontinuous disturbance analyzer .23
5 Measuring receivers with peak detector for the frequency range 9 kHz to 18 GHz .23
5.1 General .23
5.2 Input impedance.23
5.3 Fundamental characteristics.24
5.3.1 Bandwidth .24
5.3.2 Charge and discharge time constants ratio .24
5.3.3 Overload factor.25
5.4 Sine-wave voltage accuracy .25
5.5 Response to pulses.25
5.6 Selectivity .25
5.7 Intermodulation effects, receiver noise, and screening .26
6 Measuring receivers with average detector for the frequency range 9 kHz to
18 GHz.27
6.1 General .27
6.2 Input impedance.27
6.3 Fundamental characteristics.27
6.3.1 Bandwidth .27
6.3.2 Overload factor.27
6.4 Sine-wave voltage accuracy .28
6.5 Response to pulses.28
6.5.1 General .28
CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010 – 3 –
6.5.2 Amplitude relationship .28
6.5.3 Variation with repetition frequency.29
6.5.4 Response to intermittent, unsteady and drifting narrowband
disturbances.29
6.6 Selectivity .31
6.7 Intermodulation effects, receiver noise, and screening .31
7 Measuring receivers with rms-average detector for the frequency range 9 kHz to
18 GHz.31
7.1 General .31
7.2 Input impedance.31
7.3 Fundamental characteristics.32
7.3.1 Bandwidth .32
7.3.2 Overload factor.32
7.4 Sine-wave voltage accuracy .33
7.5 Response to pulses.33
7.5.1 Construction details.33
7.5.2 Amplitude relationship .33
7.5.3 Variation with repetition frequency.34
7.5.4 Response to intermittent, unsteady and drifting narrowband
disturbances.34
7.6 Selectivity .35
7.7 Intermodulation effects, receiver noise, and screening .35
8 Measuring receivers for the frequency range 1 GHz to 18 GHz with amplitude
probability distribution (APD) measuring function.35
9 Disturbance analyzers .36
9.1 General .36
9.2 Fundamental characteristics.37
9.3 Test method for the validation of the performance check for the click
analyzer .43
9.3.1 Basic requirements.43
9.3.2 Additional requirements .44
Annex A (normative) Determination of response to repeated pulses of quasi-peak and
rms-average measuring receivers (See 3.6, 4.4.2, 7.3.2 and 7.5.1) .45
Annex B (normative) Determination of pulse generator spectrum (See 4.4, 5.5, 6.5,
7.5).51
Annex C (normative) Accurate measurements of the output of nanosecond pulse
generators (See 4.4, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5) .53
Annex D (normative) Influence of the quasi-peak measuring receiver characteristics
on its pulse response (See 4.4.2).55
Annex E (normative) Response of average and peak measuring receivers (See 6.3.1) .56
Annex F (normative) Performance check of the exceptions from the definitions of a
click according to 4.2.3 of CISPR 14-1.65
Annex G (informative) Rationale for the specifications of the APD measuring function .72
Annex H (informative) Characteristics of a quasi-peak measuring receiver.75
Annex I (informative) Example of EMI receiver and swept spectrum analyzer
architecture.76
Bibliography.78
Figure 1 – Pulse response curves .17
– 4 – CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010
Figure 2 – Limits of overall selectivity .20
Figure 3 – Arrangement for testing intermodulation effects .21
Figure 4 – Limits for the overall selectivity – pass band (Band E).26
Figure 5 – Block diagram of an average detector. .30
Figure 6 – Screenshot showing response of the meter-simulating network to an
intermittent narrowband signal .30
Figure 7 – Example of a disturbance analyzer.38
Figure 8 – A graphical presentation of test signals used in the test of the analyzer for
the performance check against the definition of a click according to Table 14 .39
Figure E.1 – Correction factor for estimating the ratio B /B for other tuned circuits .57
imp 6
Figure E.2 – Pulse rectification coefficient P .59
Figure E.3 – Example (spectrum screenshot) of a pulse-modulated signal with a pulse
width of 200 ns .60
Figure E.4 – Pulse-modulated RF signal applied to a measuring receiver .61
Figure E.5 – Filtering with a B much smaller than the prf .61
imp
Figure E.6 – Filtering with a B much wider than the prf .62
imp
Figure E.7 – Calculation of the impulse bandwidth .62
Figure E.8 – Example of a normalized linear selectivity function .64
Figure F.1 – A graphical presentation of the test signals used for the performance
check of the analyzer with the additional requirements according to Table F.1.71
Figure G.1 – Block diagram of APD measurement circuit without A/D converter.73
Figure G.2 – Block diagram of APD measurement circuit with A/D converter.73
Figure G.3 – Example of display of APD measurement .74
Figure I.1 – Example block diagram of EMI receiver consisting of swept spectrum
analyzer with added preselector, preamplifier and quasi-peak/average detector .76
Table 1 – Test pulse characteristics for quasi-peak measuring receivers (see 4.4.1) .13
Table 2 – Pulse response of quasi-peak measuring receivers .18
Table 3 – Combined selectivity of CISPR measuring receiver and high-pass filter.19
Table 4 – Bandwidth characteristics for intermodulation test of quasi-peak measuring
receivers (see 4.6).22
Table 5 – VSWR requirements for receiver input impedance.24
Table 6 – Bandwidth requirements for measuring receivers with peak detector .24
Table 7 – Relative pulse response of peak and quasi-peak measuring receivers for the
same bandwidth (frequency range 9 kHz to 1 000 MHz).25
Table 8 – Bandwidth requirements for measuring receivers with average detector .27
Table 9 – Relative pulse response of average and quasi-peak measuring receivers for
the same bandwidth (frequency range 9 kHz to 1 GHz).28
Table 10 – Maximum reading of average measuring receivers for a pulse-modulated
sine-wave input in comparison with the response to a continuous sine wave having the
same amplitude .30
Table 11 – VSWR requirements of input impedance.32
Table 12 – Bandwidth requirements for measuring receivers with rms-average detector .32
Table 13 – Minimum pulse repetition rate without overload .32
Table 14 – Relative pulse response of rms-average and quasi-peak measuring
receivers.33
CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010 – 5 –
Table 15 – Pulse response of rms-average measuring receiver .34
Table 16 – Maximum reading of rms-average measuring receivers for a pulse-
modulated sine-wave input in comparison with the response to a continuous sine wave
having the same amplitude .35
Table 17 – Disturbance analyzer performance test – Test signals used for the check
against the definition of a click.40
Table B.1 – Pulse generator characteristics .51
Table E.1 – B and A values for a peak measuring receiver .58
imp imp
Table E.2 – Carrier level for pulse-modulated signal of 1,4 nVs .60
a
Table F.1 – Disturbance analyzer test signals .66
Table H.1 – Characteristics of quasi-peak measuring receivers .75
– 6 – CISPR 16-1-1 IEC:2010
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
___________
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY
MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –
Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus –
Measuring apparatus
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
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5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
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6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
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expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
International Standard CISPR 16-1-1 has been prepared by CISPR subcommittee A: Radio-
interference measurements and statistical methods.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2006, and its
Amendments 1 (2006) and 2 (2007). It is a technical revision.
This main technical change with respect to the previous edition consists of the addition of new
provisions for the use of spectrum analyzers for compliance measurements.
It has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107,
Electromagnetic compatibility – Guide to the drafting of electromagnetic compatibility
publications.
CISPR 16-1-1 IEC:2010 – 7 –
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
CISPR/A/867/FDIS CISPR/A/881/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts of the CISPR 16 series can be found, under the general title Specification for
radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods, on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in
the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed;
• withdrawn;
• replaced by a revised edition; or
• amended.
The contents of the corrigenda 1 (October 2010) and 2 (October 2011) have been included
in this copy.
IMPORTANT – The “colour inside” logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this publication using a colour printer.
– 8 – CISPR 16-1-1 IEC:2010
INTRODUCTION
The CISPR 16 series, published under the general title Specification for radio disturbance and
immunity measuring apparatus and methods, is comprised of the following sets of standards
and reports:
CISPR 16-1 – five parts covering measurement instrumentation specifications;
CISPR 16-2 – five parts covering methods of measurement;
CISPR 16-3 – a single publication containing various technical reports (TRs) with
further information and background on CISPR and radio disturbances in general;
CISPR 16-4 – five parts covering uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling.
CISPR 16-1 consists of the following parts, under the general title Specification for radio
disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods – Radio disturbance and
immunity measuring apparatus:
– Part 1-1: Measuring apparatus
– Part 1-2: Ancillary equipment – Conducted disturbances
– Part 1-3: Ancillary equipment – Disturbance power
– Part 1-4: Ancillary equipment – Radiated disturbances
– Part 1-5: Antenna calibration test sites for 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) draws attention to the fact that it is
claimed that compliance with this document may involve the use of a patent concerning the
measuring receiver with rms-average detector (patent no DE 10126830) given in Clause 7.
IEC takes no position concerning the evidence, validity and scope of this patent right.
The holder of this patent right has assured the IEC that he/she is willing to negotiate licences
either free of charge or under reasonable and non-discriminatory terms and conditions with
applicants throughout the world. In this respect, the statement of the holder of this patent
right is registered with IEC. Information may be obtained from:
Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG
Muehldorfstrasse 15
81671 Muenchen
Germany
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the
subject of patent rights other than those identified above. IEC shall not be held responsible for
identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO (www.iso.org/patents) and IEC (http://www.iec.ch/tctools/patent_decl.htm) maintain on-
line data bases of patents relevant to their standards. Users are encouraged to consult the
data bases for the most up to date information concerning patents.
CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010 – 9 –
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY
MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –
Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus –
Measuring apparatus
1 Scope
This part of CISPR 16 specifies the characteristics and performance of equipment for the
measurement of radio disturbance in the frequency range 9 kHz to 18 GHz. In addition,
requirements are provided for specialized equipment for discontinuous disturbance
measurements.
NOTE In accordance with IEC Guide 107, CISPR 16-1-1 is a basic EMC standard for use by product committees
of the IEC. As stated in Guide 107, product committees are responsible for determining the applicability of the
EMC standard. CISPR and its sub-committees are prepared to co-operate with product committees in the
evaluation of the value of particular EMC tests for specific products.
The specifications in this standard apply to EMI receivers and spectrum analyzers. The term
“measuring receiver” used in this standard refers to both EMI receivers and spectrum
analyzers.
Further guidance on the use of use of spectrum analyzers and scanning receivers can be
found in Annex B of any one of the following standards: CISPR 16-2-1, CISPR 16-2-2 or
CISPR 16-2-3.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
CISPR 11:2009, Industrial, scientific and medical equipment – Radio-frequency disturbance
characteristics – Limits and methods of measurement
CISPR 14-1:2005, Electromagnetic compatibility – Requirements for household appliances,
electric tools and similar apparatus – Part 1: Emission
Amendment 1 (2008)
CISPR 16-2-1:2008, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 2-1: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Conducted
disturbance measurements
CISPR 16-2-2:2003, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 2-2: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity –
Measurement of disturbance power
Amendment 1 (2004)
Amendment 2 (2005)
CISPR 16-2-3:2006, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Radiated
disturbance measurements
– 10 – CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010
CISPR/TR 16-3:2003, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 3: CISPR technical reports
Amendment 1 (2005)
Amendment 2 (2006)
IEC 60050-161:1990, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 161:
Electromagnetic compatibility
Amendment 1 (1997)
Amendment 2 (1998)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050-161, and the
following apply.
3.1
bandwidth
B
n
width of the overall selectivity curve of the receiver between two points at a stated
attenuation, below the midband response
NOTE n is the stated attenuation in dB.
3.2
CISPR indication range
range specified by the manufacturer which gives the maximum and the minimum meter
indications within which the measuring receiver meets the requirements of this part of
CISPR 16
3.3
electrical charge time constant
T
C
time needed after the instantaneous application of a constant sine-wave voltage to the stage
immediately preceding the input of the detector for the output voltage of the detector to reach
63 % of its final value
NOTE This time constant is determined as follows: a sine-wave signal of constant amplitude and having a
frequency equal to the mid-band frequency of the IF amplifier is applied to the input of the stage immediately
preceding the detector. The indication, D, of an instrument having no inertia (e.g. an oscilloscope) connected to a
terminal in the d.c. amplifier circuit so as not to affect the behaviour of the detector, is noted.
The level of the signal is chosen such that the response of the stages concerned remains within the linear
operating range. A sine-wave signal of this level, applied for a limited time only and having a wave train of
rectangular envelope is gated such that the deflection registered is 0,63 D. The duration of this signal is equal to
the charge time of the detector.
3.4
electrical discharge time constant
T
D
time needed after the instantaneous removal of a constant sine-wave voltage applied to the
stage immediately preceding the input of the detector for the output of the detector to fall to
37 % of its initial value
NOTE The method of measurement is analogous to that for the charge time constant, but instead of a signal
being applied for a limited time, the signal is interrupted for a definite time. The time taken for the deflection to fall
to 0,37 D is the discharge time constant of the detector.
3.5
impulse area
A
imp
voltage-time area of a pulse defined by the integral:
CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010 – 11 –
+∞
A = Vd(t)t (1)
imp
∫
−∞
NOTE 1 Impulse area, sometimes referred to as impulse strength, is typically expressed in μVs or dB(μVs).
NOTE 2 Spectral density (D) is related to impulse area and expressed in μV/MHz or dB(μV/MHz). For rectangular
impulses of pulse duration T at frequencies f << 1/T, the relationship D (μV/MHz) = 2 ×10 A (μVs) applies.
imp
3.6
impulse bandwidth
B
imp
A(t)
max
B =
imp (2)
2G × A
0 imp
where
A(t)
is the peak of the envelope at the IF output of the receiver with an impulse area A applied at
max imp
the receiver input;
G
is the gain of the circuit at the centre frequency.
o
Specifically for two critically-coupled tuned transformers,
B = 1,05 × B = 1,31 × B (3)
imp 6 3
where B and B are respectively the bandwidths at the –6 dB and –3 dB points
6 3
NOTE See A.2 for further information.
3.7
measuring receiver
instrument, such as a tunable voltmeter, an EMI receiver or a spectrum analyzer with or
without preselection, that meets the requirements of the relevant parts of this standard
NOTE 1 The term “measuring receiver” used in this standard refers to both EMI receivers and spectrum
analyzers.
NOTE 2 See Annex I for further information.
3.8
mechanical time constant of a critically damped indicating instrument
T
M
T
L
(4)
T =
M
2π
where T is the period of free oscillation of the instrument with all damping removed.
L
NOTE 1 For a critically damped instrument, the equation of motion of the system may be written as:
⎛ ⎞
d α dα
⎜ ⎟ (5)
T + 2T + α = ki
M M
⎜ ⎟
dt
dt
⎝ ⎠
where
α
is the deflection;
i
is the current through the instrument; and
k
is a constant.
– 12 – CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010
It can be deduced from this relation that this time constant is also equal to the duration of a rectangular pulse (of
constant amplitude) that produces a deflection equal to 35 % of the steady deflection produced by a continuous
current having the same amplitude as that of the rectangular pulse.
NOTE 2 The methods of measurement and adjustment are deduced from one of the following:
a) the period of free oscillation having been adjusted to 2πT , damping is added so that αT = 0,35α .
M max
b) when the period of oscillation cannot be measured, the damping is adjusted to be just below critical such that
the overswing is not greater than 5 % and the moment of inertia of the movement is such that αT = 0,35α .
max
3.9
overload factor
ratio of the level that corresponds to the range of practical linear function of a circuit (or a
group of circuits) to the level that corresponds to full-scale deflection of the indicating
instrument
NOTE The maximum level at which the steady-state response of a circuit (or group of circuits) does not depart by
more than 1 dB from ideal linearity defines the range of practical linear function of the circuit (or group of circuits).
3.10
symmetric voltage
radio-frequency disturbance voltage appearing between the two wires in a two-wire circuit,
such as a single-phase mains supply. This is sometimes called the differential mode voltage.
If V is the vector voltage between one of the mains terminals and earth and V is the vector
a b
voltage between the other mains terminal and earth, the symmetric voltage is the vector
difference (V -V )
a b
3.11
weighting (of e.g. impulsive disturbance)
pulse-repetition-frequency (PRF) dependent conversion (mostly reduction) of a peak-detected
impulse voltage level to an indication that corresponds to the interference effect on radio
reception
NOTE 1 For the analogue receiver, the psychophysical annoyance of the interference is a subjective quantity
(audible or visual, usually not a certain number of misunderstandings of a spoken text)
NOTE 2 For the digital receiver, the interference effect is an objective quantity that may be defined by the critical
bit error ratio (BER) or bit error probability (BEP) for which perfect error correction can still occur or by another,
objective and reproducible parameter
3.11.1
weighted disturbance measurement
measurement of disturbance using a weighting detector
3.11.2
weighting characteristic
peak voltage level as a function of PRF for a constant effect on a specific radiocommunication
system, i.e. the disturbance is weighted by the radiocommunication system itself
3.11.3
weighting detector
detector which provides an agreed weighting function
3.11.4
weighting factor
value of the weighting function relative to a reference PRF or relative to the peak value
NOTE Weighting factor is expressed in dB.
CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010 – 13 –
3.11.5
weighting function
weighting curve
relationship between input peak voltage level and PRF for constant level indication of a
measuring receiver with a weighting detector, i.e. the curve of response of a measuring
receiver to repeated pulses
4 Quasi-peak measuring receivers for the frequency range 9 kHz to 1 000 MHz
4.1 General
The receiver specification depends on the frequency of operation. There is one receiver
specification covering the frequency range 9 kHz to 150 kHz (Band A), one covering 150 kHz
to 30 MHz (Band B), one covering 30 MHz to 300 MHz (Band C), and one covering 300 MHz
to 1 000 MHz (Band D). Fundamental characteristics of a quasi-peak measuring instrument
are provided in Annex H.
4.2 Input impedance
The input circuit of measuring receivers shall be unbalanced. For receiver control settings
within the CISPR indication range, the input impedance shall be nominally 50 Ω with a voltage
standing wave ratio (VSWR) not to exceed 2,0:1 when the radio frequency (RF) attenuation is
0 dB and 1,2:1 when the RF attenuation is 10 dB or greater.
Symmetric input impedance in the frequency range 9 kHz to 30 MHz: to permit symmetrical
measurements a balanced input transformer is used. The preferred input impedance for the
frequency range 9 kHz to 150 kHz is 600 Ω. This symmetric input impedance may be
incorporated either in the relevant symmetrical artificial network necessary to couple to the
receiver or optionally in the measuring receiver.
4.3 Sine-wave voltage accuracy
The accuracy of measurement of sine-wave voltages shall be better than ±2 dB when the
instrument measures a sine-wave signal with 50 Ω resistive source impedance.
4.4 Response to pulses
4.4.1 Amplitude relationship (absolute calibration)
Referring to Table 1, the response of the measuring receiver to pulses of impulse area of
a) μVs (microvolt second) e.m.f. at 50 Ω source impedance, having a uniform spectrum up to
at least b) MHz, repeated at a frequency of c) Hz shall, for all frequencies of tuning, be equal
to the response to an unmodulated sine-wave signal at the tuned frequency having an e.m.f.
of rms value 2 mV [66 dB(μV)].
The source impedances of the pulse generator and the signal generator shall both be the
same. A tolerance of ±1,5 dB shall be permitted on the sine-wave voltage level.
Table 1 – Test pulse characteristics for quasi-peak
measuring receivers (see 4. 4 . 1)
Frequency range b) MHz c) Hz
a) μVs
9 kHz to 150 kHz 13,5 0,15 25
0,15 MHz to 30 MHz 0,316 30 100
30 MHz to 300 MHz 0,044 300 100
300 MHz to 1 000 MHz 0,044 1 000 100
– 14 – CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010
NOTE Annexes B and C describe methods for determining the output characteristics of a pulse generator for use
in testing the requirements of this subclause.
4.4.2 Variation with repetition frequency (relative calibration)
The response of the measuring receiver to repeated pulses shall be such that for a constant
indication on the measuring receiver, the relationship between amplitude and repetition
frequency is in accordance with Figure 1. The response of a spectrum analyzer without
preselection to repeated pulses shall be identical to Figure 1 for pulse repetition frequencies
equal to or greater than 20 Hz.
CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010 – 15 –
Pulse repetition frequency (Hz)
IEC 2376/09
Figure 1a) – Pulse response curve (Band A)
– 16 – CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010
E
E RC = 0,316 μVs C
R
R
α
R
E U
E = 66 dB (μV) eff.
α1 = α2 ± 1,5 dB
U = 60 dB (μV) eff.
Pulse repetition frequency (Hz)
IEC 2377/09
Figure 1b) – Pulse response curve (Band B)
E
C
R
E0RC = 0,044 μVs
Freq. = 100 imp./ms
R
α
R
U
E
E = 66 dB (μV) eff.
α1 = α2 ± 1,5 dB
U = 60 dB (μV) eff.
Pulse repetition frequency (Hz)
IEC 2378/09
Figure 1c) – Pulse response curve (Bands C and D)
CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010 – 17 –
E
C
E RC = IS μVs R
R
α
R
E
U
E = 66 dB (μV) eff. α = α
1 2
U = 60 dB (μV) eff.
IEC 2379/09
NOTE ‘IS’ is the abbreviation used for A in previous editions
imp
Figure 1d) – Theoretical pulse response curve of quasi-peak detector receivers
and average detector receiver (see 6.5.4)
Figure 1 – Pulse response curves
– 18 – CISPR 16-1-1 © IEC:2010
The response curve for a particular measuring receiver shall lie between the limits defined in
the appropriate figure and quantified in Table 2. For spectrum analyzers without preselection,
the requirements in Table 2 for pulse repetition frequencies less than 20 Hz are not
applicable. The use of such instruments for compliance testing is conditional. If such
spectrum analyzers are used for measurements, the user shall verify and document that the
equipment under test does not emit broadband signals of pulse repetition frequencies of
20 Hz or lower. A determination of the suitability of a spectrum analyzer for testing shall be
made by performing the procedure documented in Annex B of CISPR 16-2-1, Annex B of
CISPR 16-2-2, or Annex B of CISPR 16-2-3.
The pulse response is restricted due to overload at th
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