IEC 62629-22-1:2013
(Main)3D display devices - Part 22-1: Measuring methods for autostereoscopic displays - Optical
3D display devices - Part 22-1: Measuring methods for autostereoscopic displays - Optical
IEC 62629-22-1:2013 specifies optical measuring methods for autostereoscopic display devices. It defines general measuring procedures for optical characteristics of two-view and multi-view displays and integral imaging displays.
Dispositifs d'affichage 3D - Partie 22-1: Méthodes de mesure des écrans autostéréoscopiques - Optique
La CEI 62629-22-1:2013 spécifie les méthodes de mesure optique des dispositifs d'affichage autostéréoscopiques. Elle définit les procédures générales de mesure des caractéristiques optiques des écrans à deux fenêtres, multifenêtre et d'imagerie intégrale.
Telecontrol equipment and systems - Part 1: General considerations - Section 4: Basic aspects of telecontrol data transmission and organizationof standards IEC 870-5 and IEC 870-6
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IEC 62629-22-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2013-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
3D display devices –
Part 22-1: Measuring methods for autostereoscopic displays – Optical
Dispositifs d'affichage 3D –
Partie 22-1: Méthodes de mesure des écrans autostéréoscopiques – Optique
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IEC 62629-22-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2013-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
3D display devices –
Part 22-1: Measuring methods for autostereoscopic displays – Optical
Dispositifs d'affichage 3D –
Partie 22-1: Méthodes de mesure des écrans autostéréoscopiques – Optique
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
CODE PRIX V
ICS 31.120; 31.260 ISBN 978-2-83220-614-0
– 2 – 62629-22-1 © IEC:2013
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations . 7
3.1 Terms and definitions . 7
3.2 Abbreviations . 7
4 Standard measuring conditions . 8
4.1 Standard environmental conditions . 8
4.1.1 Temperature, humidity and pressure conditions . 8
4.1.2 Illumination conditions . 8
4.2 Light measuring device . 8
4.2.1 General . 8
4.2.2 Aperture size . 9
4.3 Measuring setup . 9
4.3.1 Designed viewing distance . 9
4.3.2 Measurement area . 10
4.3.3 Measuring layout . 10
4.4 Test signal . 12
4.5 Standard measuring points . 13
5 Measuring method for two-view/multi-view displays . 14
5.1 Maximum luminance direction . 14
5.1.1 General . 14
5.1.2 Measuring equipment . 14
5.1.3 Measuring conditions . 15
5.1.4 Measuring procedure . 15
5.1.5 Measurement report . 15
5.2 Lobe angle and lobe angle variation on screen . 16
5.2.1 General . 16
5.2.2 Measuring equipment . 16
5.2.3 Measuring conditions . 16
5.2.4 Measuring procedure . 16
5.2.5 Measurement report . 16
5.3 Luminance, screen luminance uniformity, and angular luminance variation . 17
5.3.1 Luminance and screen luminance uniformity . 17
5.3.2 Angular luminance variation . 19
5.4 White chromaticity, white chromaticity uniformity on screen, and white
chromaticity variation in angle . 20
5.4.1 White chromaticity and white chromaticity uniformity on screen . 20
5.4.2 White chromaticity angular variation . 21
5.5 3D crosstalk (luminance components ratio), 3D crosstalk variation on screen,
and 3D crosstalk variation in angle . 23
5.5.1 3D crosstalk (luminance components ratio) and 3D crosstalk variation
on screen . 23
5.5.2 3D crosstalk angular variation. 25
6 Standard measuring method for integral imaging displays (1-D/2-D) . 26
6.1 General . 26
6.2 Lobe angle and lobe angle variation on screen . 27
62629-22-1 © IEC:2013 – 3 –
6.3 Luminance, screen luminance uniformity, and angular luminance variation . 27
6.3.1 Luminance and screen luminance uniformity . 27
6.3.2 Angular luminance variation . 27
6.4 White chromaticity, white chromaticity uniformity on screen, and white
chromaticity variation in angle . 27
6.4.1 White chromaticity and white chromaticity uniformity on screen . 27
6.4.2 White chromaticity variation in angle. 27
Annex A (informative) Principle of autostereoscopic display . 28
Annex B (informative) Angular profile of luminance . 32
Bibliography . 33
Figure 1 – Measuring system . 9
Figure 2 – Measuring layout for centre point measurement . 10
Figure 3 – Measuring layout for multi-point measurement (side view). 11
Figure 4 – Other measuring layout for multi-point measurement (side view) . 11
Figure 5 – Measuring layout for horizontal viewing direction dependency . 12
Figure 6 – Measuring layout for vertical viewing direction dependency . 12
Figure 7 – Two examples of the relation between pixel and lenslet in multi-view display
(number of views is N) . 13
Figure 8 – Measuring points for the centre and multi-point measurement . 14
Figure 9 – Example of n by m measuring points . 14
Figure 10 – Example of measurement results for angular luminance profile . 15
Figure 11 – Example of lobe angle measurement . 17
Figure 12 – Example of 3D crosstalk variation on screen . 23
Figure 13 – Example of acquired images in multi-view display . 24
Figure 14 – Spatial luminance data acquirement (left) and example of calculated
spatial crosstalk graph (right) . 25
Figure A.1 – Structure of two-view display . 28
Figure A.2 – Basic principle of two-view display . 29
Figure A.3 – Structure of multi-view display . 29
Figure A.4 – Basic principle of multi-view display . 30
Figure A.5 – Basic principle of integral imaging display . 31
Figure B.1 – Example of angular profile of luminance. 32
Table 1 – Example of reported specification of two dimensional LMD . 9
Table 2 – Example of measurement results for maximum luminance direction . 16
Table 3 – Example of measurement results for lobe angle variation on screen . 17
Table 4 – Example of measurement results for luminance and screen luminance non-
uniformity . 18
Table 5 – Example of measurement results for angular luminance variation . 20
Table 6 – Example of measurement results for white chromaticity and white
chromaticity uniformity on screen . 21
Table 7 – Example of measurement results for white chromaticity variation in angle . 23
Table 8 – Example of measurement results for 3D crosstalk variation on screen . 25
Table 9 – Example of measurement results for 3D crosstalk angular variation . 26
– 4 – 62629-22-1 © IEC:2013
Table B.1 – Example of measurement results . 32
62629-22-1 © IEC:2013 – 5 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
3D DISPLAY DEVICES –
Part 22-1: Measuring methods for autostereoscopic displays –
Optical
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
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patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62629-22-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 110:
Electronic display devices.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
110/428/FDIS 110/455/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all the parts in the IEC 62629 series, under the general title 3D display devices, can be
found on the IEC website.
– 6 – 62629-22-1 © IEC:2013
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
62629-22-1 © IEC:2013 – 7 –
3D DISPLAY DEVICES –
Part 22-1: Measuring methods for autostereoscopic displays –
Optical
1 Scope
This part of IEC 62629-22 specifies optical measuring methods for autostereoscopic display
devices. It defines general measuring procedures for optical characteristics of two-view and
multi-view displays and integral imaging displays.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 62629-1-2, 3D display devices – Part 1-2: Generic – Terminology and letter symbols
CIE 15:2004, Colorimetry, 3rd Edition
CIE 69:1987, Methods of characterizing illuminance meters and luminance meters
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purpose of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 62629-1-2 apply.
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviations apply.
Abbreviation Definition
CCD charge-coupled device
DVD designed viewing distance
FWHM full width half maximum
FWTQM full width at three-quarter maximum
LMD light measuring device
—————————
To be published.
– 8 – 62629-22-1 © IEC:2013
4 Standard measuring conditions
4.1 Standard environmental conditions
4.1.1 Temperature, humidity and pressure conditions
Standard environmental conditions shall be applied for the measurements of autostereoscopic
display devices.
The standard environmental conditions for the measurements of autostereoscopic display
devices are (25 ± 5) °C temperature, 45 % to 75 % relative humidity, and 86 kPa to 106 kPa
pressure.
4.1.2 Illumination conditions
Standard dark room conditions shall be applied.
In standard dark room conditions, the illuminance at any position on the screen (the display
device screen) is below 0,3 lx in all directions.
NOTE Illuminance is measured without the measured display or in conditions where the display is turned off.
4.2 Light measuring device
4.2.1 General
The LMD used for measurements of the displays shall be checked for the following criteria
and specified accordingly:
• aperture size (window function of LMD) (see 4.2.2);
• sensitivity of the measured quantity;
• errors caused by veiling glare and lens flare (i.e. stray light in optical system);
• timing of data-acquisition, low-pass filtering and aliasing-effects;
• linearity of detection and data-conversion;
• resolution and moiré in the use of two-dimensional LMD.
A point-measurement LMD, such as a spot luminance meter, or a two-dimensional LMD such
as a CCD area detector shall be used for these measurements. A conoscopic type LMD can
be used for some measurements. When using a two-dimensional LMD and/or a conoscopic
type LMD, they shall be calibrated, so that the measurement results correspond to those of
the point-measurement LMD. The specification of the LMD used shall be noted in the report
as in the example shown in Table 1.
NOTE 1 The point-measurement LMD measures the luminance and/or colour coordinate at each measurement
point on the screen. A two-dimensional LMD measures the map of luminance and/or colour coordinate over the
measurement area of the screen. A conoscopic type LMD measures the directional characteristics of luminance
and/or colour coordinate at each measurement point on the screen.
NOTE 2 A point-measurement LMD usually has higher sensitivity than a two-dimensional LMD. A two-dimensional
LMD measures the uniformity of the measuring area more easily than a point-measurement LMD.
62629-22-1 © IEC:2013 – 9 –
Table 1 – Example of reported specification of two dimensional LMD
CCD resolution
4 096 × 2 048
CCD A/D dynamic range More than 12 bits = 4 096 gray scale levels
Wavelength range 380 nm to 780 nm
System accuracy Luminance variation ± 3 %
CIE 1931 chromaticity coordinates (x, y)
± 0,003
Colorimetric filters CIE 1931 colour matching functions for a 2 observer
4.2.2 Aperture size
The aperture size (entrance pupil, see CIE 69) of an LMD including point measurement and
two-dimensional type LMDs (smaller than the size of the object lens of the LMD) shall be
equal to or smaller than 8 mm. When a larger aperture LMD is used, the measurement results
shall be checked so that the results are equivalent to those of the smaller aperture LMD. The
aperture size shall be reported by the supplier (the manufacturer of the 3D display device) in
the relevant specification.
NOTE In the measurement of autostereoscopic displays, the aperture size of the LMD greatly affects the
measurement results. So the LMD aperture size is defined in this document. The aperture size similar to the size of
the pupil of an eye is ideal for the measurements (e.g. crosstalk), but smaller aperture decreases sensitivity. The
size of 8 mm is small enough for the measurement and large enough for the sensitivity. The exact value of the
aperture size of LMD used will be informed by the LMD supplier. The relation among the aperture size, measuring
area size and measuring distance is shown in Figure 1 and explained in 4.3. When a larger aperture LMD is used,
the measuring distance is increased as long as the measuring distance does not affect the measurement results by
changing the measuring distance.
Measurement area
Aperture area
(measurement field)
(acceptance area)
Angular aperture
Measurement area angle
(measurement field angle)
LMD
Measuring distance
Screen
IEC 219/13
Figure 1 – Measuring system
4.3 Measuring setup
4.3.1 Designed viewing distance
A DVD shall be defined by the supplier in the relevant specification. The DVD is the distance
from which proper stereoscopic views are intended to be observed, and/or the characteristics
of an autostereoscopic display are measured accurately.
For the measurements, the designed viewing distance shall be applied as the measuring
distance. The measuring distance shall be fixed when items planned to be evaluated are
– 10 – 62629-22-1 © IEC:2013
measured. Only one designed viewing distance shall be defined and applied to an
autostereoscopic display device.
4.3.2 Measurement area
The LMD shall be set at a proper measurement area angle (measurement field angle, see
Figure 1) less than or equal to 2 degrees, and shall have a measurement area of at least
500 pixels whose diameter is less than 10 % of the screen height. This area corresponds to
including a circular measurement area of at least 26 lines in diameter when the screen has a
square pixel consisting of 3 subpixels. If the above conditions cannot be applied, the applied
measurement area shall include as many pixels as possible. The applied measuring
conditions shall be noted in the report.
NOTE Based on the information given by the supplier, such as number of views and lobe angle, the measurement
field angle, aperture angle and measuring distance are determined. The aperture angle is small so that the angular
luminance profile can be measured precisely. In general, the more the number of views increases, the smaller the
required aperture angle is. In theory, when a smaller aperture is applied, a smaller field angle is desirable. In
addition, some autostereoscopic displays are designed so that the screen produces different distribution of light
rays to improve 3D observation. When considering these points, the field angle is introduced. The range of
measuring distance is decided by the size of aperture and measurement field. The measuring distance and the field
angle are adjusted to achieve a viewing area greater than 500 pixels, whose diameter is less than 10 % of the
screen height, if it is difficult to set the field angle above.
4.3.3 Measuring layout
4.3.3.1 Centre point measurement
The measuring layout for a centre point measurement is shown in Figure 2. The aperture of
LMD shall be set at the designed viewing distance.
Screen
Screen
LMD LMD
Screen
centre
Centre line
Measuring distance
Measuring distance
IEC 220/13 IEC 221/13
a) Side view b) Top view
Figure 2 – Measuring layout for centre point measurement
4.3.3.2 Multi-point measurement
The measuring layout for a multi-point measurement is shown in Figure 3. When a multi-point
measurement is carried out using the two-dimensional LMD, the measuring layout shown in
Figure 2 shall be applied. In this case the measurement result shall be confirmed to be the
same as that measured by the multi-point measurement shown in Figure 3.
62629-22-1 © IEC:2013 – 11 –
Measuring point
LMD
Screen centre
Tilt (and rotation)
Centre line
Screen
Measuring distance
IEC 222/13
NOTE A similar layout is applied to the measurement with rotation.
Figure 3 – Measuring layout for multi-point measurement (side view)
The measuring layout shown in Figure 4 can also be applied to certain measuring items. This
layout is suitable for certain measuring items where the display does not strongly depend on
LMD positions (i.e. integral imaging display). The layout used for the measurement shall be
noted in the report. When a different measuring layout is used, this shall be noted in the
report.
LMD
Measuring point
Screen centre
Centre line
Screen
Measuring distance
IEC 223/13
Figure 4 – Other measuring layout for multi-point measurement (side view)
4.3.3.3 Measurement of viewing direction dependency
To measure viewing direction dependency, the characteristics at the centre of the screen are
measured from the vertical or horizontal viewing directions defined in each measurement
method or relevant specification as shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6. Instead of moving the
LMD, the autostereoscopic display can be tilted vertically or turned horizontally to be
measured as shown in Figure 5 b) and Figure 6 b). The horizontal and vertical measuring
– 12 – 62629-22-1 © IEC:2013
angular ranges and pitch shall be defined by the supplier in the relevant specification, and
shall be noted in the report.
Screen
Screen
θ
θ
LMD
Measuring
Measuring distance
distance
LMD
IEC 225/13
IEC 224/13
b) Rotation of display (top view)
a) Move of LMD (top view)
Figure 5 – Measuring layout for horizontal viewing direction dependency
LMD
Screen
Screen
Measuring distance
LMD
θ
Screen centre
θ
Screen centre
Measuring distance
IEC 226/13 IEC 227/13
a) Move of LMD (side view) b) Tilt of display (side view)
Figure 6 – Measuring layout for vertical viewing direction dependency
4.4 Test signal
th
All pixel white signal, all pixel black signal, and i pixel white signal are defined below:
a) Im : all pixel white signal (at 100 % level) or all pixel white
all white
NOTE 1 All pixel white signal denotes that all pixels on the screen are activated by the input of level 100 %.
b) Im : all pixel black signal (at 0 % level) or all pixel black
all black
NOTE 2 All pixel black signal denotes that all pixels on the screen are suppressed by the input of level 0 %.
th th
c) Im : i pixel white signal (at 100 % level) with the other pixel blackened or i pixel
i
white,where i is 1 to N (see Figure 7). And N is the number of views (multi-views). For
th
temporal use, i light ray white signal (at 100 % level) with the other light rays blackened
th
or i light ray white can be used.
62629-22-1 © IEC:2013 – 13 –
th th
NOTE 3 i pixel white signal indicates that only i pixels in the group are activated by the input of 100 %
level.
NOTE 4 Light ray is explained in Annex A.
th
The signal details of signals for i pixel white signal, or the details of the pixels and lenslet as
shown in Figure 7 shall be described by the supplier in the relevant specification.
th
st
N pixel (the left end
1 pixel (the right
in the group)
end in the group)
Group pixels
Group pixels attached to
attached to a lenslet
a lenslet
Screen
Lens sheet
Lenslet
st
th
1 light rays
N light rays
Light direction Light direction
IEC 228/13
IEC 229/13
a) Test image (Im ) b) Test image (Im )
1 N
st th
Key : pixel at level 100 %, : pixel at level 0 %, Im1 and ImN are 1 and N pixel white signals
st
NOTE As shown in a), every pixel at the right end in the group (every 1 pixel) is at level 100 %, and as shown in
th
b), so is every pixel on the left end in the group (every N pixel).
Figure 7 – Two examples of the relation between pixel
and lenslet in multi-view display (number of views is N)
4.5 Standard measuring points
The centre point (one-point) and multi-point (three-point, five-point or nine-point)
measurements are applied. The measuring points are shown in Figure 8. The measuring point
of one-point measurement is named P . In multi-point measurements the three points are P ,
0 0
P and P , the five points and nine points are, from P to P and from P to P , respectively.
6 8 0 4 0 8
The n by m points for 3D crosstalk variation on screen are shown in Figure 9. The applied
number of measuring points (n by m) shall be defined by the supplier in relevant specification.
Applied measuring points are defined in each measurement item. If other measuring points
are applied, this shall be defined by the supplier in the relevant specification.
NOTE One-point measurement is carried out to obtain the typical characteristics at the centre of the screen.
Others are carried out to obtain deviations, averages and uniformities.
– 14 – 62629-22-1 © IEC:2013
H/2
V/10
P1 P5 P2
V/2
P P P
8 0 6
V
P4 P7 P
H/10
H
IEC 230/13
Key V is the short side width of the screen (usually screen height). H is the long side width of the screen (usually
screen width). P , P , P , P , P , P , P , P and P show measuring points.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 8 – Measuring points for the centre and multi-point measurement
P(1, 1) P(1, m)
H/10
V/10
m
…
V
P(n, 1)
…
H
P(n,m)
IEC 231/13
Key V is the short side width of the screen (usually screen height). H is the long side width of the screen (usually
screen width). P(a,b), where a = 1 to n and b = 1 to m, show the measuring points.
Figure 9 – Example of n by m measuring points
5 Measuring method for two-view/multi-view displays
5.1 Maximum luminance direction
5.1.1 General
The purpose of this measurement is to measure the angular luminance profile and to obtain a
maximum luminance direction. The maximum luminance direction is calculated as an angular
position where the luminance is the highest on the angular luminance profile.
5.1.2 Measuring equipment
The following equipment shall be used:
n
…
…
62629-22-1 © IEC:2013 – 15 –
a) driving power source;
b) driving signal equipment; and
c) LMD.
5.1.3 Measuring conditions
The following detailed conditions shall be applied:
th
a) test signal: i pixel white (see 4.4);
b) measuring point: the centre point (see Figure 2);
c) measuring angular range: the supplier specifies the measuring angular range and
resolution (see Figure 5);
d) measuring distance: designed viewing distance (see 4.3.1).
5.1.4 Measuring procedure
The following measuring procedure shall be carried out:
a) after warming up the display, apply the test signal Im ;
b) measure the angular luminance profile at each selected angle and record the luminance
values;
c) change the test signal, and repeat b) until all tests (test signals Im to Im ) are carried out.
1 N
5.1.5 Measurement report
The following measurement report shall be written:
a) plot the angular luminance profiles as shown in Figure 10;
b) report the angular position of each maximum luminance θ (Im ) in a table. Table 2
Lmax i
shows an example.
The angular position of each maximum luminance θ (Im ) is the angle of each maximum
Lmax i
luminance value of the closest peak from the perpendicular of the display.
When the angular luminance profile does not show a clear peak, the center of FWHM can be
applied (see Annex B).
Luminance
Angular luminance profile (Im )
i
L (Im )
max i
θ (Im )
Lmax i
Angle
IEC 232/13
Key
L (Im ): maximum luminance of the angular luminance profile (Im ) θ (Im ): angular position of L (Im )
max i i Lmax i max i
Figure 10 – Example of measurement results for angular luminance profile
– 16 – 62629-22-1 © IEC:2013
Table 2 – Example of measurement results for maximum luminance direction
Test signal θ (Im )
Lmax i
degree
Im -12,2
Im -8,6
Im -4,5
5.2 Lobe angle and lobe angle variation on screen
5.2.1 General
The purpose of this measurement is to measure lobe angle and lobe angle variation on screen.
NOTE 1 In general, autostereoscopic displays form the group of pixels corresponding to each lens/slit. The light
rays from each pixel group form a lobe. When the light rays go through the corresponding lens/slit, they form the
main lobe, or side lobes in other cases. On the boundary of the lobes, pseudostereoscopy or image breaking is
perceived. A wider lobe angle can reduce these phenomena.
NOTE 2 In this document, the term of “lobe” means the bundle of light rays emitted from each pixel group going
through the corresponding lens/slit. However, note that the term of “lobe” is sometimes used as a different meaning.
5.2.2 Measuring equipment
The following equipment shall be used:
a) driving power source;
b) driving signal equipment; and
c) LMD.
5.2.3 Measuring conditions
The following detailed conditions shall be applied:
st th
pixel white and N pixel white are applied (see 4.4);
a) test signal: 1
b) measuring points: the multi-point measurements are applied (see Figure 8). The applied
number of measuring points (nine points) shall be noted on the report. Three points
measurement may be used, when it is enough for characterization;
c) measuring directions: the supplier specifies measuring directions;
d) measuring distance: designed viewing distance (see 4.3.1).
5.2.4 Measuring procedure
The following measuring procedure shall be carried out:
a) after warming up the display, apply the test signals for Im ;
b) measure the angular luminance profile at each selected angle at each selected point and
record the luminance values;
c) change the test signal to Im , and repeat b).
N
5.2.5 Measurement report
The following measurement report shall be written:
a) at each measuring point, plot the angular luminance profiles;
b) find the maximum luminance angles θ (Im ) and θ (Im ) of lm and lm profiles
aLmax 1 aLmax N 1 N
of each measuring point P (see Figure 10), and then calculate the lobe angle θ (see
a aLA
Figure 11)
62629-22-1 © IEC:2013 – 17 –
θ = |θ (Im ) - θ (Im ) |
aLA aLmax 1 aLmax N
where
th
θ (Im ) is the maximum luminance angle of lm of i ray at the measuring point P ;
i
aLmax i a
c) report the angles in a table. Table 3 shows an example.
NOTE This measurement can be applied not only to the main lobe, but also to side lobes.
Luminance
Angular luminance profile (Im )
i
θ
aLA
θ (Im ) θ (Im )
Lmax 1 Lmax 4
Angle
IEC 233/13
Figure 11 – Example of lobe angle measurement
Table 3 – Example of measurement results for lobe angle variation on screen
Measuring point θ
θ (Im ) θ (Im )
aLA
aLmax 1 aLmax N
P -15,2 15,4 30,6
P -15,3 15,2 30,5
P -15,0 15,4 30,4
P -15,5 15,0 30,5
P -15,7 14,8 30,5
P -14,8 15,8 30,6
P -15,2 15,6 30,8
P -15,7 14,6 30,3
P -14,7 15,5 30,2
5.3 Luminance, screen luminance uniformity, and angular luminance variation
5.3.1 Luminance and screen luminance uniformity
5.3.1.1 General
The purpose of this measurement is to measure the luminance and luminance uniformity of
the screen. The measurement of screen luminance uniformity is related to luminance moiré
due to the structure of autostereoscopic displays. Low-frequency moiré can be observed as
screen non-uniformity. When luminance moiré occurs, luminance uniformity will be degraded.
– 18 – 62629-22-1 © IEC:2013
5.3.1.2 Measuring equipment
The following equipment shall be used:
a) driving power source;
b) driving signal equipment; and
c) LMD.
5.3.1.3 Measuring conditions
The following detailed conditions shall be applied:
a) test signal: all pixel white are applied (see 4.4);
b) measuring points: the multi-point measurements are applied (see Figure 8). The applied
number of measuring points (five points or nine points) shall be noted on the report;
c) measuring direction: perpendicular to the display is applied (see Figure 4);
d) measuring distance: designed viewing distance is applied (see 4.3.1).
5.3.1.4 Measuring procedure
The following measuring procedure shall be carried out:
a) after warming up the display, apply all pixel white test signal ( Im );
all white
b) measure the luminance at each selected point and record the luminance values;
c) calculate average luminance L , and luminance deviation ΔL as follows:
sav si
for five-point measurement:
L = (L +L +L +L +L ) / 5
sav s0 s1 s2 s3 s4
or for nine-point measurement:
L = (L +L +L +L +L +L +L +L +L ) / 9
sav s0 s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 s7 s8
ΔL = L – L
si si sav
where
L is luminance measured at the measuring point P , and
si i
i = 0 to 4 for five-point measurement, and
i = 0 to 8 for the nine-point measurement.
5.3.1.5 Measurement report
The measurement result shall be reported in a table. Table 4 shows an example. Luminance
uniformity shall be reported as a list of luminance non-uniformity.
Table 4 – Example of measurement results for luminance
and screen luminance non-uniformity
Measuring point Luminance Luminance non-uniformity
L ΔL / L x 100
si si sav
cd/m %
P 115 3,9
P 107 -3,3
P 111 0,3
P 108 -2,4
62629-22-1 © IEC:2013 – 19 –
Measuring point Luminance Luminance non-uniformity
L ΔL / L x 100
si si sav
cd/m %
P 106 -4,2
P 113 2,1
P 115 3,9
P 110 -0,6
P 111 0,3
Average luminance L : 111cd/m
sav
5.3.2 Angular luminance variation
5.3.2.1 General
The purpose of this measurement is to measure angular luminance variations. Angular
luminance variation is related to luminance moiré due to the unique optical structure of
autostereoscopic displays. When the angular luminance variation is large, luminance moiré
may occur.
5.3.2.2 Measuring equipment
The following equipment shall be used:
a) driving power source;
b) driving signal equipment, and
c) LMD.
5.3.2.3 Measuring conditions
The following detailed conditions shall be applied:
a) test signal: all pixel white are applied (see 4.4);
b) measuring point: the centre point is applied (see Figure 2);
c) measuring directions: maximum luminance directions (see 5.1) and middles of
neighbouring maximum luminance directions are applied. The measuring angular range
shall contain the main lobe. When more detail of angular luminance variation is needed,
extra measuring directions can be added. The applied measuring directions shall be
described in the relevant specification;
d) measuring distance: designed viewing distance shall be applied (see 4.3.1).
5.3.2.4 Measuring procedure
The following measuring procedure shall be carried out:
a) after warming up the display, apply the test signal Im ;
all white
b) measure luminance at each selected direction and record the luminance values;
c) calculate angular luminance variation ΔL ,ΔL as follows:
Hi0,5 Hi
ΔL = L – L
Hi0,5 Hi Hi-0,5
ΔL = L – L
Hi Hi Hi-1
where
th
L is the luminance measured in i measuri
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-avgust-1997
Telecontrol equipment and systems - Part 1: General considerations - Section 4:
Basic aspects of telecontrol data transmission and organizationof standards IEC
870-5 and IEC 870-6
Telecontrol equipment and systems - Part 1: General considerations - Section 4: Basic
aspects of telecontrol data transmission and organization of standards IEC 870-5 and
IEC 870-6
Matériels et systèmes de téléconduite - Partie 1: Considérations générales - Section 4:
Aspects fondamentaux de la transmission de données de téléconduite et organisation
des normes CEI 870-5 et CEI 870-6
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: IEC/TR 60870-1-4
ICS:
33.200 Daljinsko krmiljenje, daljinske Telecontrol. Telemetering
meritve (telemetrija)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
RAPPORT CEI
TECHNIQUE -TYPE 3 IEC
870-1-4
TECHNICAL
Première
REPORT -TYPE 3
First edition
1994-07
Matériels et systèmes de téléconduite —
Partie 1:
Considérations générales —
Section 4: Aspects fondamentaux
de la transmission de données de téléconduite
et organisation des normes CEI 870-5 et CEI 870-6
Telecontrol equipment and systems —
Part 1:
—
General considerations
4: Basic aspects of telecontrol
Section
data transmission and organization
of standards IEC 870-5 and IEC 870-6
de reproduction réservés—Copyright — all rights reserved
© CEI 1994 Droits
No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in
Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni
utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun pro- any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying and microfilm, without permission
cédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et
in writing from the publisher.
les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur.
Suisse
Bureau Central de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale 3, rue de Varembé Genève,
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
CODE PRIX
International Electrotechnical Commission
PRICE CODE
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• Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur
•
For price, see current catalogue
870-1-4 © IEC:1994 – 3 –
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD 5
INTRODUCTION 9
Clause
1 11
Scope and object
2 Reference documents
3 Definition of technical terms
4 Basic communication structures and protocol models
5 Data communication principles ,
43 6 Introduction to IEC 870-5 and IEC 870-6
870-1-4 © IEC:1994 – 5 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS –
TELECONTROL
Part 1: General considerations –
Section 4: Basic aspects of telecontrol data transmission
and organization of standards IEC 870-5 and IEC 870-6
FOREWORD
The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a world-wide organization for standardization
1)
comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to
promote international cooperation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic
fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt
with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations
liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the
two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters, prepared by technical committees on
which all the National Committees having a special interest therein are represented, express, as nearly as
possible, an international consensus of opinion on the subjects dealt with.
They have the form of recommendations for international use published in the form of standards, technical
3)
reports or guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that sense.
In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International
4)
Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any
divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly
indicated in the latter.
The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepare International Standards in
exceptional circumstances, a technical committee may propose the publication of a
technical report of one of the following types:
type 1, when the required support cannot be obtained for the publication of an
•
International Standard, despite repeated efforts;
type 2, when the subject is still under technical development or where for any other
•
reason there is the future but not immediate possibility of an agreement on an
International Standard;
type 3, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that
•
which is normally published as an International Standard, for example "state of the art".
Technical reports of types 1 and 2 are subject to review within three years of publication to
decide whether they can be transfomed into International Standards. Technical reports of
type 3 do not necessarily have to be reviewed until the data they provide are considered to
be no longer valid or useful.
– 7 –
870-1-4 © IEC:1994
IEC 870-1-4, which is a technical report of type 3, has been prepared by IEC technical
committee 57: Power system control and associated communications.
The text of this technical report is based on the following documents:
Committee draft Report on voting
57(SEC)162
57(SEC)128
Full information on the voting for the approval of this technical report can be found in the
report on voting indicated in the above table.
– 9 –
870-1-4 © I EC:1994
INTRODUCTION
In the area of process control, especially in the area of telecontrol and SCADA systems,
there is an increasing demand for real-time data transmission. Inherent in this type of
application are requirements with respect to data integrity and guaranteed transmission
time.
The applicability of a particular type of communication network with its associated
protocols depends upon its ability to fulfil these requirements. This is a function of a
number of factors, including:
– bandwidth;
– traffic load (normal and avalanche conditions);
– transmission quality;
– coding and encryption schemes;
– computing power of communication front-ends and nodes.
Each candidate system should be evaluated in the light of all of these factors.
In particular, approaches to telecontrol data communication based on the OSI (open-
system interconnection) family of protocols (which were conceived originally for application
to inter-computer communication and not for telecontrol) should be examined very carefully
from this point of view.
IEC 1085 deals with the totality of telecommunications as applied to the administration and
operation of electric power systems. It does not go into detail on the specific needs of
telecontrol.
IEC 870-1-1 describes the general principles of the layout and the functions of telecontrol
systems. Clause 6 of that publication gives already some overviews on the transmission of
telecontrol data, but both the complexity of the data transmission systems, as well as their
numerous applications need a closer look. Due to this fact, a large number of different
publications dealing with standardization of telecontrol protocols will be published.
Therefore, it is necessary to give an overview in this report relating to the basic aspects of
telecontrol data transmission.
870-1-4 © IEC:1994 –11 –
TELECONTROL EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS –
Part 1: General considerations –
Section 4: Basic aspects of telecontrol data transmission
and organization of standards IEC 870-5 and IEC 870-6
1 Scope and object
This technical report applies to telecontrol equipment and systems with coded bit serial
data transmission for monitoring and control of geographically widespread processes.
This report is intended as a brief tutorial on transmission techniques, equipment and
protocols in view of their use in telecontrol systems. It is thus intended as a guide to orient
those using the standards defined in the series of IEC 870-5 and IEC 870-6. More
precisely, it gives a frame of reference for evaluating solutions as well as defining and
describing the key technical terms. Terms that are defined in IEC 50(371) and in
IEC 870-1-3 are complemented by further definitions in clause 3 of this repo rt .
It further provides:
– descriptions of applicable basic communication technologies;
– basic rules as to how different system layers (see clause 3) can be used together
(i.e. which combinations of standards in different layers are technically coherent and
which are not).
It is not intended to recommend or impose solutions, this being the role of IEC 870-5 and
IEC 870-6.
2 Reference documents
IEC 50(371): 1984, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 371:
Telecontrol
International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 721:
IEC 50(721): 1991,
Telegraphy, facsimile and data communication
IEC 870-1-1: 1988, Telecontrol equipment and systems – Part 1: General considerations –
Section One: General principles
Telecontrol equipment and systems – Part 1: General considerations –
IEC 870-1-2: 1989,
Section Two: Guide for specifications
IEC 870-1-3: 1990, Telecontrol equipment and systems – Part 1: General considerations –
Section Three: Glossary
IEC 870-5-1: 1990, Telecontroi equipment and systems – Part 5: Transmission protocols –
Section One: Transmission frame formats
870-1-4 © IEC:1994 –13 –
IEC 870-5-2: 1992, Telecontrol equipment and systems – Part 5: Transmission protocols –
Section 2: Link transmission procedures
Telecontro! equipment and systems – Part 5: Transmission protocols –
IEC 870-5-3: 1992,
Section 3: General structure of application data
rt 5: Transmission protocols –
IEC 870-5-4: 1993, Telecontrol equipment and systems – Pa
Section 4: Definition and coding of application information elements
IEC 870-5-5: 199x, Telecontrol equipment and systems – Part 5: Transmission protocols –
Section 5: Basic application functions (under consideration)
5: Transmission protocols –
IEC 870-5-x: 199x, Telecontrol equipment and systems – Part
Section x: Telecontrol companion standards and profiles (under consideration)
IEC 870-6-1: 199x, Telecontrol equipment and systems – Part 6: Telecontrol protocols
compatible with ISO and CCITT standards – Section 1: Application context and
organization of standards (under consideration)
IEC 870-6-2: 199x, Telecontrol equipment and systems – Part 6: Telecontrol protocols
compatible with ISO and CCITT standards – Section 2: Use of base standards (OSI
layers 1-4) (under consideration)
Telecontrol equipment and systems – Part 6: Telecontrol protocols
IEC 870-6-3: 199x,
compatible with ISO and CCITT standards – Section 3: Use of base standards (OSI layers
5-7)
(under consideration)
IEC 870-6-4: 199x, Telecontrol equipment and systems – Part 6: Telecontrol protocols
(under
compatible with ISO and CCITT standards – Section 4: Network management
consideration)
IEC 870-6-x: 199x, Telecontrol equipment and systems – Part 6: Telecontrol protocols
(under
compatible with ISO and CCITT standards – Section x: Functional profiles
consideration)
ISO 2382: Information technology – Vocabulary
ISO 7498: 1984, Information processing systems – Open Systems Interconnection – Basic
reference model
ISO 8072: 1986, Information processing systems – Open Systems Interconnection –
Transport service definition
ISO/IEC 8073: 1992, Information technology – Telecommunications and information
exchange betweeen systems – Open Systems Interconnection – Protocol for providing the
connection-mode transport service
Information processing systems – Open Systems Interconnection – Basic
ISO 8326: 1987,
connection oriented session service definition
870-1-4 © IEC:1994 –.15 –
ISO 8327: 1987, Information processing systems – Open Systems Interconnection – Basic
connection oriented session protocol specification
ISO 8509: 1987, Information processing systems – Open Systems Interconnection –
Service conventions
Information processing systems – Open Systems Interconnection –
ISO 8822: 1988,
Connection oriented presentation service definition
ISO 8823: 1988, Information processing systems – Open Systems Interconnection –
Connection oriented presentation protocol specification
Standardization of FMVFT
CCITT Recommendation R 35: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle VII.1,
systems for a modulation rate of 50 bauds
CCITT Recommendation R 36: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle VII.1, Coexistence of 50-
baud/120-Hz channels, 100-baud/240-Hz channels, 200-baud/360-Hz or 480-Hz channels
on the same voice-frequency telegraph system
Standardization of FMVFT
CCITT Recommendation R 37: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle VII.1,
bauds
systems for a modulation rate of 100
A: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle VII.1, Standardization of
CCITT Recommendation R 38
bauds with channels spaced at 480 Hz
FMVFT systems for a modulation rate of 200
Electrical characteristics
CCITT Recommendation V 11: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle VIII.1,
for balanced double-current interchange circuits for general use with integrated circuit
equipment in the field of data communications
300 bits per second
CCITT Recommendation V 21: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle VIII.1,
duplex modem standardized for use in the general switched telephone network
CCITT Recommendation V 22: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle VIII.1, 1 200 bits per second
duplex modem standardized for use in the general switched telephone network and on
point-to-point 2-wire leased telephone-type circuits
600/1 200-baud modem
CCITT Recommendation V 23: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle VIII.1,
standardized for use in the general switched telephone network
List of definitions for
CCITT Recommendation V 24: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle V111.1,
interchange circuits between data terminal equipment (DTE) and data circuit-terminating
equipment (DCE)
2 400 bits per second
CCITT Recommendation V 26: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle VIII.1,
modem standardized for use on 4-wire leased telephone-type circuits
870-1-4 © IEC:1994 – 17 –
CCITT Recommendation V 27: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle VIII.1, 4 800 bits per second
modem with manual equalizer standardized for use on leased telephone-type circuits
CCITT Recommendation V 28: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle VIII.1, Electrical characteristics
for unbalanced double-current interchange circuits
CCITT Recommendation V 29: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle VIII.1, 9 600 bits per second
modem standardized for use on point-to-point 4-wire leased telephone-type circuits
CCITT Recommendation V 32: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle VIII.1, A family of 2-wire, duplex
modems operating at data signalling rates of up to 9 600 bits/s for use on the general
switched telephone network and on leased telephone-type circuits
CCITT Recommendation X 3: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle VIII.2, Packet assembly/
disassembly facility (PAD) in a public data network
CCITT Recommendation X 20: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle VIII.2, Interface between data
terminal equipment (DTE) and data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) for start-stop
transmission services on public data networks
CCITT Recommendation X 21: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle VIII.2, Interface between data
terminal equipment (DTE) and data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) for synchronous
operation on public data networks
CCITT Recommendation X 21bis: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle VIII.2, Use on public data
networks of data terminal equipment (DTE) which is designed for interfacing to
asynchronous duplex V-series modems
CCITT Recommendation X 22: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle VllI.2, Multiplex DTE/DCE
interface for user classes 3-6
List of definitions for
CCITT Recommendation X 24: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle VIII.2,
interchange circuits between data terminal equipment (DTE) and data circuit-terminating
equipment (DCE) on public data networks
CCITT Recommendation X 25: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle VIII.2, Interface between data
terminal equipment (DTE) and data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) for terminals
operating in the packet mode and connected to public data networks by dedicated circuit
CCITT Recommendation X 28: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle VIII.2, DTE/DCE interface for a
start-stop mode data terminal equipment accessing the packet assembly/disassembly
facility (PAD) in a public data network situated in the same country
CCITT Recommendation X 29: 1989, Blue Book, Fascicle VIII.2, Procedures for the
exchange of control information and user data between a packet assembly/disassembly
facility (PAD) and a packet mode DTE or another PAD
870-1-4 © I EC:1994 –19 –
3 Definition of technical terms
3.1 balanced transmission: Transmission method by which either data terminal
equipment (DTE) of two connected stations may initiate a message transmission at any
time.
3.2 call establishment: Sequence of events for the establishment of a data connection.
[CCITT X.15/1,4]
3.3 call release: Sequence of events for the release of a data connection.
3.4 circuit-switched network: Arrangement of dedicated (time-division or space-division)
switching facilities to provide telecommunication service based on circuit-switching
methods. These could be a circuit-switched data network or switched telephone network.
Process that, on demand, connects two or more data terminal
3.5 circuit switching:
equipments and permits the exclusive use of a data circuit between them until the
connection is released. [ISO 2382/09.05.09]
Group of binary digits formed by an n-byte augmented by a number of
3.6 envelope:
additional bits which are required for the operation of the data network. [IEV 721-19-25]
3.7 node: In a data network, point where one or more functional units interconnect
channels or data circuits. [ISO 2382/09.02.02]
3.8 packet: Sequence of binary digits, including data and control signals, that is
transmitted and switched as a composite whole.
NOTE — The data, control signals and possibly error control information are arranged in a specific format.
[ISO 2382/09.06.26]
3.9 packet assembler/disassembler (PAD): Functional unit that enables data terminal
equipments not equipped for packet switching to access a packet-switched network. [ISO
2382/09.07.20]
3.10 packet-switched network: Arrangement of dedicated switching facilities to provide
telecommunication service based on packet-switching methods.
3.11 packet switching: Process of routing and transferring data by means of addressed
packets so that a channel is occupied only during the transmission of a packet; upon
completion of the transmission, the channel is made available for the transfer of other
packets. [ISO 2382/09.05.08]
3.12 peer-to-peer protocol: Protocol between entities within the same layer of an open
system.
3.13 periodic data transmission: Transmission of sets of data that are repeated at equal
time intervals.
– 21 –
870-1-4 ©IEC:1994
3.14 service primitive: An abstract, implementation-independent representation of an
interaction between the service user and the se rvice provider. [ISO TR 8509]
Code that provides special symbols for frame synchronization.
3.15 structured code:
Delay time which occurs between the data input to the application
3.16 transit delay T,,:
layer of the sending station and the data output to the application process of the receiving
station. (The transit delay T„ is one component of the overall transfer time.)
Term specifying some quality description of a
3.17 transmission quality:
communication network, e.g. bit error rate, availability of a dedicated channel, probability
of bit error bursts, signal-to-noise ratio, amplitude and phase distortion, non-linearities,
inter-channel interference.
Code without restrictions on bit
transparent code/bit oriented code:
3.18
combinations.
Transmission method by which only the DTE of the
3.19 unbalanced transmission:
primary station may initiate message transfers. The secondary station transmits only after
request from the primary station.
The window size describes how many unterminated se rvices at a
3.20 window size:
rt layers).
time are handled by the protocol (notion used by the data link, network and transpo
4 Basic communication structures and protocol models
The basic classification of functions of a communication system follows that of the ISO
seven-layer OSI model. This model is for descriptive purposes and it is not required that a
given system be actually implemented in this way.
For a detailed description of this model and the functions of the different layers, the reader
is referred to the relevant ISO and CCITT documents (especially ISO 7498).
Description of the components of a transmission network
4.1
Figure 1 shows the general structure of a communication network. The different
components of the network have the following essential features.
Transmission network
The transmission network consists of transmission channels between stations and
nodes that may have packet-switching or circuit-switching facilities.
DCE (data circuit terminating equipment)
The DCE represents the network entrance point. The interface between the DCE that
usually belongs to the network and the DTE (data terminal equipment) is defined, for
example, by CCITT Recommendations V.11, V.24, V.28, X.21 etc.
870-1-4 © IEC:1994 – 23 –
These standards offer different options on the interface between DTE and DCE. This
interface may carry, in addition to the data stream, various supervisory and control
signals of the data traffic, such as information on signal element timing (clock
frequency), information on the channel quality, calling indicators, selections of
transmission frequencies, etc.
The DCE can be a modem or a multiplexer and is standardized in the CCITT:
– R series: low-speed telegraph modems and multiplexers e.g. R.35, R.36, R.37,
R.38A;
V series: asynchronous and synchronous modems e.g. V.22, V.26, V.27, V.29,
–
V.32;
– X series: interfaces to digital networks e.g. X.20, X.21.
DTE (data terminal equipment)
In telecontrol applications, this equipment is the telecontrol equipment which can be, for
example, an outstation (RTU), telecontrol equipment in a DCC (district control centre),
RCC (regional control centre) or MCC (main control centre).
4.2 OSI seven-layer model
In the OSI model, the functions of the DTE are divided into seven layers as shown in
figure 2 (this figure shows the standards applicable to each layer but does not give
functional profiles).
The different layers are introduced below. The descriptions present each layer very
succinctly and give the essential functions only. For complete and definitive information,
the reader is referred to ISO 7498.
(1) – concerns the physical, electrical, functional and procedural
Physical layer
characteristics to establish, maintain and disconnect the physical link. It manages the
transmission of bits.
(2) – concerns the reliable sending of blocks of data (frames) over a
Data link layer
physical link. It is concerned with:
– block coding;
– detection of transmission errors;
error recovery;
–
– controlling the access of several stations to a single physical link;
– data link addressing.
Network layer (3) – concerns the transmission of blocks of data (packets) into and
through a transmission network. It manages:
–
network addressing;
– virtual circuits;
– subdividing packets if required by the transmission network;
assuring that packets are delivered in sequence (when requested by an entity in
–
the transport layer);
– packet routing.
870-1-4 © I EC:1994 – 25 –
(4) – concerns providing the transparent, reliable and cost-effective
Transport layer
communication of messages between end users. It manages:
– end-to-end control to prevent loss or duplication of messages;
– flow control;
– end-to-end sequence control;
– addressing of transport service user;
– multiplexing transport connections;
– dissassembly and reassembly of messages into packets.
Layer 4 is designed to provide a standard interface to users of the transport service.
(5) – standardizes the process of setting up a communication session
Session layer
between two users. It deals with:
establishing the dialogue ru
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