IEC 60953-0:2022
(Main)Rules for steam turbine thermal acceptance tests - Part 0: Wide range of accuracy for various types and sizes of turbines
Rules for steam turbine thermal acceptance tests - Part 0: Wide range of accuracy for various types and sizes of turbines
IEC 60953-0:2022 constitutes a technical revision.This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) IEC 60953-2:1990 has been used as the basis to develop IEC 60953-0;
b) Outdated measuring techniques have been updated and the corresponding reduction of the expected test result measuring uncertainty indicated;
c) Guarantee of power output at specified steam flow has been included;
d) A proposal for assignment of unaccounted for leakages has been included;
e) Correction methods and guarantee comparisons are updated;
f) Various appendices deleted:
- Appendix B (flow nozzle)
- Appendix E (generalized correction curves)
- Appendix G (power measurement uncertainty)
g) Annex added:
- Annex E (Temperature variation method) taken over from IEC 60953-3:2002,Annex L
The rules given in this document are applicable to thermal acceptance tests covering a wide range of accuracy on steam turbines of every type, rating and application. Only the relevant portion of these rules will apply to any individual case.
The rules provide for the testing of turbines, whether operating with either superheated or saturated steam. They include measurements and procedures required to determine specific enthalpy within the moisture region and describe precautions necessary to permit testing while respecting radiological safety rules in nuclear plants.
Uniform rules for the preparation, carrying out, evaluation, comparison with guarantee and calculation of measuring uncertainty of acceptance tests are defined in this standard. Details of the conditions under which the acceptance test can take place are included.
Should any complex or special case arise which is not covered by these rules, appropriate agreement is to be reached by manufacturer and purchaser before the contract is signed.
This first edition cancels and replaces IEC 60953-2, published in 1990.
Règles pour les essais thermiques de réception des turbines à vapeur - Partie 0: Plage de précision étendue pour différents types et dimensions de turbines
IEC 60953-0:2022 Cette édition constitue une révision technique. Cette édition comprend les modifications techniques importantes suivantes par rapport à l’édition précédente :
a) IEC 60953-2:1990 a servi de base à l’élaboration de la IEC 60953-0;
b) Des techniques de mesure obsolètes ont été mises à jour et la réduction correspondante de l’incertitude de mesure des résultats d’essai attendus a été indiquée;
c) La garantie de la puissance de sortie au débit de vapeur spécifié a été incluse;
d) Une proposition d’attribution des fuites non comptabilisées a été incluse;
e) les méthodes de correction et les comparaisons de garantie sont mises à jour;
f) Diverses annexes supprimées:
- Annexe B (buse d’écoulement)
- Annexe E (courbes de correction généralisées)
- Annexe G (incertitude de mesure de la puissance)
g) Annexe ajoutée:
- Annexe E (Méthode de variation de température) reprise de la IEC 60953-3:2002, Annexe L
Les règles données dans le présent document sont applicables aux essais d’acceptation thermique couvrant un large éventail de précision sur les turbines à vapeur de tout type, de toute puissance nominale et de toute application. Seule la partie pertinente de ces règles s’appliquera à un cas individuel.
Les règles prévoient l’essai des turbines, qu’elles fonctionnent à la vapeur surchauffée ou saturée. Ils comprennent les mesures et les procédures requises pour déterminer l’enthalpie spécifique dans la région humide et décrivent les précautions nécessaires pour permettre les essais tout en respectant les règles de sûreté radiologique dans les centrales nucléaires.
Des règles uniformes pour la préparation, la réalisation, l’évaluation, la comparaison avec la garantie et le calcul de l’incertitude de mesure des essais de réception sont définies dans cette norme. Les détails des conditions dans lesquelles l’essai d’acceptation peut avoir lieu sont inclus.
En cas de cas complexe ou particulier qui n’est pas couvert par ces règles, un accord approprié doit être conclu entre le fabricant et l’acheteur avant la signature du contrat.
Cette première édition annule et remplace la CEI 60953-2, publiée en 1990.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
IEC 60953-0 ®
Edition 1.0 2022-05
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Rules for steam turbine thermal acceptance tests –
Part 0: Wide range of accuracy for various types and sizes of turbines
Règles pour les essais thermiques de réception des turbines à vapeur –
Partie 0: Plage de précision étendue pour différents types et dimensions de
turbines
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IEC 60953-0 ®
Edition 1.0 2022-05
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Rules for steam turbine thermal acceptance tests –
Part 0: Wide range of accuracy for various types and sizes of turbines
Règles pour les essais thermiques de réception des turbines à vapeur –
Partie 0: Plage de précision étendue pour différents types et dimensions de
turbines
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 27.040 ISBN 978-2-8322-0938-7
– 2 – IEC 60953-0:2022 © IEC 2022
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 7
INTRODUCTION . 9
1 Scope . 11
1.1 General . 11
1.2 Object . 11
1.3 Matters to be considered in the contract . 12
2 Normative references . 12
3 Units, symbols, terms and definitions . 12
3.1 General . 12
3.2 Symbols, units . 13
3.3 Subscripts, superscripts and definitions . 14
3.4 Definition of guarantee values and test results . 16
3.4.1 Guidance on guarantee parameters . 16
3.4.2 Thermal efficiency . 16
3.4.3 Heat rate . 18
3.4.4 Thermodynamic efficiency . 18
3.4.5 Steam rate . 19
3.4.6 Main steam flow capacity . 19
3.4.7 Power output . 19
3.4.8 Guarantee values for extraction and mixed-pressure turbines . 20
3.4.9 Thermal Load Capacity (for Nuclear applications) . 20
4 Guiding principles . 20
4.1 Advance planning for test. 20
4.2 Preparatory agreements and arrangements for tests . 21
4.3 Planning of the test . 22
4.3.1 Time for acceptance tests . 22
4.3.2 Direction of acceptance tests . 22
4.4 Preparation of the tests . 22
4.4.1 Condition of the plant . 22
4.4.2 Condition of the steam turbine . 23
4.4.3 Condition of the condenser . 23
4.4.4 Isolation of the cycle . 24
4.4.5 Checks for leakage of condenser and feed water heaters . 26
4.4.6 Cleanliness of the steam strainers . 26
4.4.7 Checking of the test measuring equipment . 26
4.5 Comparison measurements . 26
4.6 Settings for tests . 27
4.6.1 Load settings . 27
4.6.2 Special settings . 28
4.7 Preliminary tests . 28
4.8 Acceptance tests . 28
4.8.1 Constancy of test conditions . 28
4.8.2 Maximum deviation and fluctuation in test conditions . 28
4.8.3 Duration of test runs and frequency of reading. 29
4.8.4 Reading of integrating measuring instruments . 30
4.8.5 Alternative methods . 30
4.8.6 Recording of tests . 30
4.8.7 Additional measurement . 30
4.8.8 Preliminary calculations . 30
4.8.9 Consistency and number of tests . 30
4.9 Repetition of acceptance tests . 31
5 Measuring techniques and measuring instruments . 31
5.1 Overview . 31
5.1.1 Instrument accuracy requirements . 31
5.1.2 Measuring instruments . 31
5.1.3 Measuring uncertainty . 31
5.1.4 Calibration of instruments . 32
5.1.5 Alternative instrumentation . 32
5.2 Measurement of power. 36
5.2.1 Determination of mechanical turbine output . 36
5.2.2 Measurement of boiler feed pump power . 36
5.2.3 Determination of electrical power of a turbine generator . 37
5.2.4 Measurement of electrical power . 38
5.2.5 Electrical instrument connections. 38
5.2.6 Electrical instruments . 38
5.2.7 Instrument transformers . 39
5.3 Flow measurement . 39
5.3.1 Determination of flows to be measured . 39
5.3.2 Measurement of primary flow . 39
5.3.3 Installation and location of flow measuring devices . 42
5.3.4 Calibration of primary flow devices for water flow . 43
5.3.5 Inspection of flow measuring devices . 44
5.3.6 Differential pressure measurements . 45
5.3.7 Water flow fluctuation . 45
5.3.8 Secondary flow measurements . 45
5.3.9 Occasional secondary flows. 48
5.3.10 Density of water and steam . 49
5.3.11 Determination of cooling water flow of condenser . 49
5.4 Pressure measurement (excluding condensing turbine exhaust pressure) . 50
5.4.1 Pressures to be measured . 50
5.4.2 Instruments . 50
5.4.3 Main pressure measurements . 50
5.4.4 Pressure tapping holes and connecting lines . 51
5.4.5 Shut-off valves . 52
5.4.6 Calibration of pressure measuring devices . 52
5.4.7 Atmospheric pressure . 52
5.4.8 Correction of readings . 52
5.5 Condensing turbine exhaust pressure measurement . 53
5.5.1 General . 53
5.5.2 Plane of measurement . 53
5.5.3 Pressure taps . 53
5.5.4 Manifolds . 54
5.5.5 Connecting lines . 54
5.5.6 Instruments . 54
5.5.7 Calibration . 54
5.6 Temperature measurement . 54
– 4 – IEC 60953-0:2022 © IEC 2022
5.6.1 Points of temperature measurement . 54
5.6.2 Instruments . 55
5.6.3 Main temperature measurements . 55
5.6.4 Feed train temperature measurements (including bled steam) . 55
5.6.5 Condenser cooling water temperature measurement . 56
5.6.6 Thermometer wells . 56
5.6.7 Precautions to be observed in the measurement of temperature . 57
5.7 Steam quality determination . 57
5.7.1 General . 57
5.7.2 Tracer technique . 57
5.7.3 Condensing method . 58
5.7.4 Constant rate injection method . 61
5.7.5 Extraction enthalpy determined by constant rate injection method . 62
5.7.6 Tracers and their use . 64
5.8 Time measurement . 65
5.9 Speed measurement . 65
6 Evaluation of tests . 65
6.1 Preparation of evaluation . 65
6.2 Computation of results . 66
6.2.1 Calculation of average values of instrument readings . 66
6.2.2 Correction and conversion of averaged readings . 66
6.2.3 Checking of measured data . 66
6.2.4 Thermodynamic properties of steam and water . 67
6.2.5 Calculation of test results . 68
7 Correction of test results and comparison with guarantee . 68
7.1 Guarantee values and guarantee conditions . 68
7.2 Correction of initial steam flow capacity . 68
7.3 Correction of output . 69
7.3.1 Correction of maximum output . 69
7.3.2 Correction of Output with specified initial steam flow . 69
7.4 Correction of the thermal performance . 69
7.5 Definition and application of correction values . 70
7.6 Correction methods . 70
7.6.1 General . 70
7.6.2 Correction by heat balance calculation . 71
7.6.3 Correction by use of correction curves prepared by the manufacturer . 72
7.6.4 Tests to determine correction values . 72
7.7 Variables to be considered in the correction of specific turbine cycles . 72
7.7.1 Scope of corrections . 72
7.7.2 Turbines with regenerative feed-water heating . 72
7.7.3 Turbines which have no provision for the addition or extraction of steam
after partial expansion . 74
7.7.4 Turbines with steam extraction for purposes other than feed-water
heating (extraction turbines) . 74
7.7.5 Other types of turbine . 74
7.8 Guarantee comparison . 75
7.8.1 Tolerance and weighting . 75
7.8.2 Guarantee comparison with locus curve . 75
7.8.3 Guarantee comparison with guarantee point . 76
7.8.4 Guarantee comparison for turbines with throttle governing . 76
7.8.5 Guarantee comparison for extraction turbines . 76
7.9 Deterioration of turbine performance (ageing) . 77
7.9.1 Timing to minimise deterioration . 77
7.9.2 Correction with comparison tests . 77
7.9.3 Correction without comparison tests . 77
8 Measuring uncertainty . 78
8.1 General . 78
8.2 Determination of measuring uncertainty of steam and water properties . 79
8.2.1 Pressure . 79
8.2.2 Temperature . 79
8.2.3 Enthalpy and enthalpy difference . 79
8.3 Calculation of measuring uncertainty of output . 80
8.3.1 Electrical measurement . 80
8.3.2 Mechanical measurement . 82
8.3.3 Additional uncertainty allowance because of unsteady load conditions . 82
8.4 Determination of measuring uncertainty of mass flow . 82
8.4.1 Measuring uncertainty of mass flow measurements . 82
8.4.2 Measuring uncertainty of multiple measurements of primary flow . 82
8.4.3 Uncertainty allowance for cycle imperfections . 83
8.5 Calculation of measuring uncertainty of results . 83
8.5.1 General . 83
8.5.2 Measuring uncertainty of thermal efficiency . 83
8.5.3 Measuring uncertainty of thermodynamic efficiency . 84
8.5.4 Uncertainty of corrections . 84
8.5.5 Guiding values for the measuring uncertainty of results . 85
8.6 Example uncertainty calculation . 85
Annex A (normative) Feedwater heater leakage and condenser leakage tests . 87
A.1 Feedwater heater leakage tests . 87
A.2 Condenser leakage tests . 87
Annex B (normative) Evaluation of multiple measurements, compatibility . 88
Annex C (normative) Mass flow balances . 89
C.1 General . 89
C.2 Flows for further evaluations (informative) . 90
Annex D (informative) Short-statistical definition of measuring uncertainty and error
propagation in acceptance tests . 92
Annex E (informative) Temperature variation method . 96
E.1 Description of the problem . 96
E.2 Possibility to determine the leakage flow . 96
E.3 Applied example . 98
Bibliography . 102
Figure 1 – Diagrams for interpretation of symbols and subscripts . 17
Figure 2 – Diagram showing location and type of test instrumentation (fossil fuel plant) . 33
Figure 3 – Diagram showing location and type of test instrumentation (nuclear plant) . 34
Figure 4 – USM with flow conditioner or flow straightener. . 41
Figure 5 – Throttle steam quality calculations for boiling water reactor . 60
– 6 – IEC 60953-0:2022 © IEC 2022
Figure 6 – Throttle steam quality calculations for pressurized water reactor . 61
Figure 7 – Typical installation of injection and sampling points . 63
Figure 8 – Oxygen content of sample stream . 64
Figure 9 – Guarantee comparison on locus curve . 76
Figure 10 – Correction factor for steam table tolerance . 80
Figure C.1 – Diagram of cycle for plant with steam turbine with single reheating and
five stages of regenerative feedwater heating extraction . 90
Figure E.1 – IP turbine bowl expansion line depending on different labyrinth flow rates . 97
Figure E.2 – Schematic diagram of a combined HP/IP1/IP2 turbine . 98
Figure E.3 – Result of temperature variation tests. IP2 turbine bowl efficiency as a
function of the labyrinth flow rate (sealing 2) for varying live and reheat temperatures . 101
Table 1 – Maximum deviations and fluctuations in operating conditions . 29
Table 2 – Acceptable instrumentation and uncertainties for acceptance tests . 35
Table 3 – Apportionment of unaccounted leakages . 67
Table 4 – Average deterioration by ageing . 77
Table 5 – Deterioration of thermal efficiency and power output . 77
Table 6 – Guiding values for the uncertainty of test results . 85
Table 7 – Example uncertainty calculation for reheat cycle with uncalibrated primary
flows measurements . 86
Table E.1 – Measured thermodynamic parameters and calculated IP2 turbine bowl
isentropic efficiencies . 100
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
RULES FOR STEAM TURBINE THERMAL ACCEPTANCE TESTS –
Part 0: Wide range of accuracy for various types and sizes of turbines
FOREWORD
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IEC 60953-0 has been prepared by subcommittee WG 11/MT 14: Thermal Acceptance Test, of
IEC technical committee 5: Steam Turbines. It is an International Standard.
This first edition cancels and replaces IEC 60953-2, published in 1990. This edition constitutes
a technical revision.This edition includes the following significant technical changes with
respect to the previous edition:
a) IEC 60953-2:1990 has been used as the basis to develop IEC 60953-0;
b) Outdated measuring techniques have been updated and the corresponding reduction of the
expected test result measuring uncertainty indicated;
c) Guarantee of power output at specified steam flow has been included;
d) A proposal for assignment of unaccounted for leakages has been included;
e) Correction methods and guarantee comparisons are updated;
f) Various appendices deleted:
– Appendix B (flow nozzle)
– Appendix E (generalized correction curves)
– Appendix G (power measurement uncertainty)
– 8 – IEC 60953-0:2022 © IEC 2022
g) Annex added:
– Annex E (Temperature variation method) taken over from IEC 60953-3:2002,Annex L
The text of thisInternational Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
5/248/FDIS 5/250/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
A list of all parts in the IEC 60953 series, published under the general title Rules for steam
turbine thermal acceptance tests, can be found on the IEC website.
The language used for the development of thisInternational Standard is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement,available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability dateindicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates that it
contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of its
contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.
INTRODUCTION
The continuing development of measuring techniques, the increasing capacity of steam turbines
and increasing variety of steam turbine configurations has necessitated a revision of
IEC 60953:1990.
Since all the needs of the power industry could not be satisfied by one single performance test
standard covering the requirements for all of the steam turbine configurations and accuracy,
the revision to this standard is based upon one reference standard and various supplementary
parts as indicated below:
1) Basic philosophy and figures on uncertainty
IEC 60953-0 provides for acceptance tests of steam turbines of various types and capacities
with corresponding measuring uncertainty, it is based upon the Method B of IEC 60953-
2:1990. Additional and alternative guidance will be given for specific steam turbine
applications in the supplementary standards where it is required.
Instrumentation and measuring procedures are chosen accordingly from a scope specified
in the standard series which is centred mainly on standardized instrumentation and
procedures, but may extend up to high accuracy provisions requiring calibration of flow
measuring devices. The resulting measuring uncertainty of the test result is then determined
by calculating methods presented in the standard series and normally, if not stated
otherwise in the contract, taken into account in the comparison between test result and
guarantee value. The total cost of an acceptance test can therefore be maintained in
relationship with the economic value of the guarantee values to be ascertained.
When good-standardized instrumentation and procedures are applied in a test, the
measuring uncertainty given in Table 6 can be achieved. The parties to the test should reach
agreement on the measuring uncertainty desired for the acceptance tests.
2) Guiding principles
The requirements concerning the preparation and conditions of the test and especially such
conditions of the test as duration, deviations and constancy of test conditions are defined.
– 10 – IEC 60953-0:2022 © IEC 2022
The test should be conducted preferably within eight weeks after first synchronisation. It is
the intent during this period to minimize performance deterioration and risk of damage to
the turbine.
Enthalpy drop tests should be made during this period to monitor HP and IP turbine section
performance. However, these tests do not provide LP section performance and for this
reason it is imperative to conduct the acceptance tests as soon as practicable.
Adjustment of the heat rate and power output test results for the effects of aging preferably
by use of start-up enthalpy drop efficiency tests or by application of a standard allowance
according to 7.9 is to be applied unless otherwise agreed in the contract.
3) Instruments and methods of measurement
a) Measurement instruments (for electrical power, pressure, temperature)
The measuring instruments used should be individually calibrated shortly before the test.
b) Flow measurement devices
For the measurement of main flows, uncalibrated or calibrated standardized flow
measuring devices may be used.
Typically uncalibrated standardized flow measuring devices are used, however
calibration is recommended where a reduction of overall measuring uncertainty is
desirable. Double or multiple measurement of primary flow is recommended for the
reduction of measuring uncertainty and a method for checking the compatibility is
described.
4) Evaluation of tests
The preparatory work for the evaluation and calculation of the test results is covered.
Detailed methods for calculation of measuring uncertainty values of measured variables and
tests results are given.
5) Correction of test results and comparison with guarantees
The correction of test results to guarantee conditions is covered. The measuring uncertainty
of the result is taken into account in the guarantee comparison.
6) Proposals for application
Since the acceptance test method to be applied has to be considered in the details of the
plant design, it should be stated as early as possible, preferably in the turbine contract,
which method will be used.
This standard series can be applied to steam turbines of any type and any power. The
desired measuring uncertainty should be decided upon sufficiently early, so that the
necessary provisions can be included in the plant.
If the guarantee includes the complete power plant or large parts thereof, the relevant parts
of this standard series can be applied for an acceptance test in accordance with the
definition of the guarantee value.
RULES FOR STEAM TURBINE THERMAL ACCEPTANCE TESTS –
Part 0: Wide range of accuracy for various types and sizes of turbines
1 Scope
1.1 General
The rules given in this document are applicable to thermal acceptance tests covering a wide
range of accuracy on steam turbines of every type, rating and application. Only the relevant
portion of these rules will apply to any individual case.
The rules provide for the testing of turbines, whether operating with either superheated or
saturated steam. They include measurements and procedures required to determine specific
enthalpy within the moisture region and describe precautions necessary to permit testing while
respecting radiological safety rules in nuclear plants.
Uniform rules for the preparation, carrying out, evaluation, comparison with guarantee and
calculation of measuring uncertainty of acceptance tests are defined in this standard. Details
of the conditions under which the acceptance test can take place are included.
Should any complex or special case arise which is not covered by these rules, appropriate
agreement is to be reached by manufacturer and purchaser before the contract is signed.
1.2 Object
The purpose of the thermal acceptance tests of steam turbines and turbine cycles described in
this document is to verify guarantees given by the manufacturer of the equipment concerning:
Efficiency guarantees
a) Thermal efficiency;
b) Heat rate;
c) Thermodynamic efficiency;
d) Steam rate;
e) Power output.
Capacity guarantees
a) Main steam flow capacity;
b) Maximum power output at specified steam conditions according to IEC 60045-1 (other than
steam flow);
c) Nuclear: thermal load capacity of the steam turbine under defined conditions.
The guarantees with their provisions are formulated completely and without contradictions
(see 3.4). The acceptance tests may also include such measurements as are necessary for
corrections according to the conditions of the guarantee and checking of the results.
– 12 – IEC 60953-0:2022 © IEC 2022
1.3 Matters to be considered in the contract
Some matters in these rules are to be considered at an early stage. Such matters are dealt with
in the following subclauses:
Subclause
1.1 (paragraph 4)
1.2 (paragraph 2)
4.1 (paragraph 3 and 4)
4.3.2 (paragraph 1)
7.6
7.8
7.9 (paragraph 1)
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC Guide 98, Uncertainty of measurement
IEC 60045-1, Steam turbines – Part 1: Specifications
ISO 5167 (all parts), Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices
inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full.
ISO 12242, Measurement of fluid flow in conduits – ultrasonic transit-time meters for liquids
ISO 18888, Gas turbine combined cycle power plants –Thermal performance tests
ANSI/IEEE C57.13, IEEE Standard requirements for instrument transformers
3 Units, symbols, terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: availabl
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