IEC/IEEE 65700-19-03:2025
(Main)Bushings for DC application
Bushings for DC application
IEC/IEEE 65700-19-03:2025 applies to outdoor and indoor bushings of any voltage used on DC systems, of capacitance graded or gas insulated types for use as components of liquid-filled converter transformers and smoothing reactors, as well as air-to-air DC bushings. It applies to both line commutated converter (LCC), as well as voltage source converter (VSC) technologies. This document does not apply to the following:
- cable terminations (potheads);
- bushings for instrument transformers;
- bushings for test power supplies;
- bushings applied with gaseous insulation (other than air at atmospheric pressure) external to the bushing;
- bushings for industrial application;
- bushings for traction application;
- bushings for distribution class transformers.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2014. This edition constitutes a technical revision and includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- service experiences as well as established market requirements have been harmonized with existing IEC and IEEE standards, primarily IEC 60137, Insulated bushings for alternating voltages above 1 000 V, and IEEE Std C57.19.00™, IEEE Standard General Requirements and Test Procedures for Outdoor Power Apparatus Bushings;
- inclusion of voltage source converter (VSC) technologies.
Traversées pour application en courant continu
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Standards Content (Sample)
IEC/IEEE 65700-19-03
Edition 2.0 2025-07
REDLINE VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
REDLINE VERSION
Bushings for DC application
ICS 29.080.20 ISBN 978-2-8327-0585-8
EC/IEEE 65700-19-03:2025-07 RLV(en)
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© IEC/IEEE 2025
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 7
INTRODUCTION . 9
1 Scope . 11
2 Normative references . 11
3 Terms, definitions, acronyms and symbols variables . 13
3.1 Terms and definitions . 13
3.2 List of acronyms and variables . 16
4 Profiles and use of normative references . 17
5 Ratings . 17
5.1 Rated voltages . 17
5.1.1 Rated continuous DC voltage . 17
5.1.2 Rated peak voltage . 18
5.1.3 Rated harmonic voltages . 18
5.2 Insulation levels . 18
5.3 Rated currents . 18
5.3.1 General . 18
5.3.2 Pure DC voltage applications . 18
5.3.3 Combined voltage applications . 19
5.4 Rated frequency . 19
4.5 Pollution parameters .
5.5 Unified Specific Creepage Distance . 20
6 Operating conditions . 22
6.1 Electrical requirements .
6.2 Mechanical requirements .
6.1 General . 22
6.2 Factors affecting design, testing and application . 23
6.3 Altitude correction . 24
6.4 Interchangeability . 27
6.5 Transformer insulating liquid . 27
7 General requirements . 27
7.1 Nameplate markings . 27
8 Test requirements . 28
8.1 General requirements . 28
8.2 Test conditions . 29
8.2.1 Air temperature . 29
8.2.2 Humidity . 29
8.2.3 Correction factors . 29
8.3 Test classification . 29
8.3.1 Type (or design) tests . 29
8.3.2 Routine tests . 30
8.3.3 Special tests . 30
9 Type (design) tests . 30
9.1 Dry power-frequency voltage withstand test with partial discharge
measurement . 30
9.1.1 Applicability . 30
9.1.2 Test method and requirements . 31
© IEC/IEEE 2025
9.1.3 Acceptance . 31
9.2 Dry lightning impulse voltage withstand test (LI or BIL) . 31
9.2.1 Applicability . 31
9.2.2 Test method and requirements . 31
9.2.3 Acceptance . 31
9.3 Dry or wet switching impulse voltage withstand test (SILSI or BSL) . 31
9.3.1 Applicability . 31
9.3.2 Test method and requirements . 32
9.3.3 Acceptance . 32
9.4 Electromagnetic compatibility tests (EMC) . 32
9.4.1 Emission test . 32
8.4.2 Immunity test .
9.5 Temperature rise test . 33
9.5.1 Applicability . 33
9.5.2 Test method and requirements . 33
9.5.3 Acceptance . 34
9.6 Cantilever load withstand test . 34
9.6.1 Applicability . 34
9.6.2 Test method and requirements . 34
9.6.3 Acceptance . 35
9.7 Tightness test on liquid-filled, compound-filled and liquid-insulated bushings . 36
9.8 Internal pressure test on gas-filled, gas-insulated and gas-impregnated
bushings . 36
9.9 Verification of dimensions . 36
9.10 Draw-lead bushing cap pressure test . 36
9.10.1 Applicability . 36
9.10.2 Test method and requirements . 36
9.10.3 Acceptance . 36
10 Routine tests . 36
10.1 Measurement of dielectric dissipation factor (tan δ) and capacitances . 36
10.1.1 Applicability . 36
10.1.2 Test method and requirements . 36
10.1.3 Acceptance . 36
10.2 Dry lightning impulse voltage withstand test (LI or BIL) . 37
10.2.1 Applicability . 37
10.2.2 Test method and requirements . 37
10.2.3 Acceptance . 37
10.3 Dry power-frequency voltage withstand test with partial discharge
measurement . 37
10.3.1 Applicability . 37
10.3.2 Test method and requirements . 37
10.3.3 Acceptance . 38
10.4 DC applied voltage withstand test with partial discharge measurement . 39
10.4.1 Applicability . 39
10.4.2 Test method and requirements . 39
10.4.3 Acceptance . 40
10.5 Polarity reversal test with partial discharge measurement . 40
10.5.1 Applicability . 40
10.5.2 Test method and requirements . 40
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© IEC/IEEE 2025
10.5.3 Acceptance . 42
10.6 Dry switching impulse voltage withstand test . 42
10.6.1 Applicability . 42
10.6.2 Test method and requirements . 43
10.6.3 Acceptance . 43
10.7 Test of tap insulation. 43
10.8 Internal pressure test on gas-filled, gas-insulated, and gas-impregnated
bushings . 43
10.9 Tightness test on liquid-filled, compound-filled and liquid-insulated bushings . 43
10.10 Tightness test on gas-filled, gas-insulated and gas-impregnated bushings . 43
10.11 Tightness test at the flange or other fixing device . 43
10.12 Visual inspection and dimensional check . 43
11 Special tests . 43
11.1 General . 43
11.2 Artificial pollution test . 44
11.2.1 Applicability . 44
11.2.2 Test method and requirements . 44
11.2.3 Acceptance . 44
11.3 Even wetting DC voltage test . 44
11.3.1 Applicability . 44
11.3.2 Test method and requirements . 44
11.3.3 Acceptance . 45
10.3 Uneven wetting DC voltage test .
12 Recommendations for transport, storage, erection, operation, and maintenance . 46
12.1 General . 46
12.2 Conditions during transport, storage, and installation . 46
12.3 Installation . 46
12.4 Unpacking and lifting . 46
12.5 Assembly . 46
12.5.1 General . 46
12.5.2 Mounting . 47
12.5.3 Connections . 47
12.5.4 Final installation inspection . 47
12.6 Operation . 48
12.7 Maintenance . 48
12.7.1 General . 48
12.7.2 Recommendation for the manufacturer . 48
12.7.3 Recommendations for the user . 48
12.7.4 Failure report . 49
13 Safety . 50
13.1 General . 50
13.2 Electrical aspects . 50
13.3 Mechanical aspects . 50
13.4 Thermal aspects . 50
14 Environmental aspects . 51
Annex A (informative) Bushings used in voltage source converters (VSC) HVDC
schemes . 52
A.1 Introduction Overview . 52
A.2 Design . 54
© IEC/IEEE 2025
A.1.3 Tests .
A.1.4 Supporting Published Material .
Annex B (informative) Temperature rise test methods for the determination of the
equivalent test current circuit . 56
B.1 Introduction Overview . 56
B.2 Basics concerning the losses in distorted operation . 56
B.3 Analytical calculation . 57
B.4 Finite element method calculation . 57
B.5 Calculation by enhancement factors as described in IEC 61378-1 . 58
B.6 Examples of calculation based on different approaches . 59
B.6.1 General . 59
B.6.2 Calculation based on the Analytical method . 60
B.6.3 Calculation based on the Finite Element Method. 62
B.6.4 Calculation based on the Enhancement factor according to
IEC 61378–1. 63
B.7 References .
Annex C (informative) Typical HVDC topologies. 65
C.1 Overview. 65
C.2 Typical LCC topologies . 65
C.3 Typical VSC topologies . 68
Annex D (informative) Uneven wetting DC voltage test . 70
D.1 Overview. 70
D.2 Historical background to uneven wetting DC voltage test . 70
D.3 Test description . 70
D.3.1 Test method and requirements . 70
D.3.2 Acceptance . 71
Annex E (informative) Examples of calculation of minimum creepage and arcing
distances under polluted conditions . 72
E.1 General . 72
E.2 Transformer and wall bushings for combined voltage applications . 72
E.3 Wall bushings for pure DC voltage application . 76
Annex F (informative) IEC / IEEE cross references . 80
Bibliography . 82
Figure 1 – Altitude correction factor .
Figure 1 – Factor m on the coordination switching impulse withstand voltage . 26
Figure 2 – Polarity reversal test profile . 41
Figure A.1 – Two-level VSC HVDC converter station applied in a bipolar scheme with
DC cable transmission . 53
Figure A.2 – Multi-level VSC HVDC converter station applied in a monopolar scheme
with DC overhead line transmission . 54
Figure C.1 – Explanation of symbols . 65
Figure C.2 – Bipolar LCC configuration with two 6-pulse bridges per pole . 66
Figure C.3 – Bipolar LCC configuration with four 6-pulse bridges per pole. Only one
pole is shown but that pole follows the same principle . 67
Figure C.4 – Mid-point earthed LCC converter configuration with two 6-pulse bridges
per converter. Often used for Back-to-Back configurations . 68
Figure C.5 – Symmetric VSC converter configuration . 68
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© IEC/IEEE 2025
Figure C.6 – Asymmetric VSC converters forming a bipolar configuration . 69
Figure E.1 – Composite insulator real geometry . 77
Figure E.2 – Composite insulator simplified geometry . 78
Table 1 – Temperature of ambient air and immersion media . 23
Table 2 – Type, routine, and special tests . 30
Table 3 – Minimum values of cantilever withstand load . 35
Table 4 – Maximum values of tan δ and tan δ increase . 37
Table 5 – Maximum values of partial discharge quantity. 39
Table B.1 – Valve side connected bushing current harmonic spectrum . 60
Table B.2 – Calculation based on the analytical method . 61
Table B.3 – Calculation based on Finite Element Method . 62
Table B.4 – Calculation based on IEC 61378-1 enhancement factor F . 63
CE
© IEC/IEEE 2025
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
BUSHINGS FOR DC APPLICATION
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
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IEEE Standards documents are developed within IEEE Societies and Standards Coordinating Committees of the
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IEC collaborates closely with IEEE in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two
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of that agreement.
2) The formal decisions of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of
opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC
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8) Attention is drawn to the normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that implementation of this IEC/IEEE Publication may require use of material
covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or
validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. IEC or IEEE shall not be held responsible for identifying
Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or
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Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility.
– 8 – IEC/IEEE 65700-19-03:2025 RLV
© IEC/IEEE 2025
This redline version of the official IEC Standard allows the user to identify the changes made
to the previous edition IEC/IEEE 65700-19-03:2014. A vertical bar appears in the margin
wherever a change has been made. Additions are in green text, deletions are in strikethrough
red text.
IEC/IEEE 65700-19-03 has been prepared by a joint working group of sub-committee 36A:
Insulated bushings, of IEC technical committee 36: Insulators and Bushing, in cooperation with
subcommittee of the IEEE-PES transformer committee, under the IEC/IEEE Dual Logo
Agreement between IEC and IEEE. It is an International Standard.
This document is published as an IEC/IEEE Dual Logo standard.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2014. This edition
constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) service experiences as well as established market requirements have been harmonized with
existing IEC and IEEE standards, primarily IEC 60137, Insulated bushings for alternating
voltages above 1 000 V, and IEEE Std C57.19.00™, IEEE Standard General Requirements
and Test Procedures for Outdoor Power Apparatus Bushings;
b) inclusion of voltage source converter (VSC) technologies
The text of this International Standard is based on the following IEC documents:
Draft Report on voting
36A/255/FDIS 36A/260/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2,
available at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC
are described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/publications/.
The IEC Technical Committee and IEEE Technical Committee have decided that the contents
of this document will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC website
under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the specific document. At this date, the document
will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn, or
• revised.
© IEC/IEEE 2025
INTRODUCTION
In this first second edition of IEC/IEEE 65700-19-03, service experiences as well as established
market requirements have been harmonized with existing IEC and IEEE standards, primarily:
IEC 60137, Insulated bushings for alternating voltages above 1 000 V
IEC 62199, Bushings for DC application
IEEE Std C57.19.00™, IEEE Standard General Requirements and Test Procedures for Outdoor
Power Apparatus Bushings
Voltage source converter (VSC) technologies have also been included.
IEEE Std C57.19.03™, IEEE Standard Requirements, Terminology and Test Code for Bushings
for DC Application
This dual numbered standard replaces the previous IEC and IEEE DC bushing standards.
Where applicable, reference is also made to the following standards:
IEC 61462, Composite insulators – Hollow insulators for use in outdoor and indoor electrical
equipment; and
IEC 62155, Hollow pressurized and unpressurized ceramic and glass insulators for use in
electrical equipment with rated voltages greater than 1 000 V.
Non-ceramic bushing insulators are widely used in DC applications and this standard applies
to similar qualification procedures on all types of insulators, except for the artificial pollution
test. Preparation of a bushing for an artificial pollution test destroys the surface of a composite
insulator and therefore cannot be performed on such bushings.
The range of type tests and routine tests has been carefully planned, considering that high
voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission is a mature technology, but still with limited
service experience compared to AC systems and voltage coordination may vary with different
system HVDC design practices.
Work on IEEE Std C57.19.03 edition 1 was started in 1988 within the Working Group on
Bushings for DC Applications of the Bushing Subcommittee of the IEEE Transformers
Committee. The working group decided to address requirements for these bushings in a self-
standing document because many problems specific to this type of bushing were being
experienced within the industry and other available standards on bushings were inadequate for
this purpose. The main reference for the resulting document was its counterpart for ac bushings,
IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991 and IEC 60137. Requirements were also coordinated with the CIGRE
Joint Working Group 12/14.10 as well as with the HVDC Converter Transformer and Smoothing
Reactor Subcommittee of the IEEE Transformers Committee, which developed standards for
these HVDC apparatus during the same time frame.
IEEE Std C57.19.03:1996 was approved by the IEEE-SA Standards Board on 20 June 1996
and published on 6 January 1997. During the reaffirmation process for this document in 2002,
several errors in the document were reported. All known errors were corrected in a corrigendum
in December 2005. This revised standard includes the corrections made in the corrigendum.
Work on IEC 62199 started in 2000 by IEC SC 36A, the insulated bushings subcommittee of
IEC TC 36, the insulators technical committee, and was largely based on IEEE Std C57.19.03.
Edition 1 was published in 2004.
– 10 – IEC/IEEE 65700-19-03:2025 RLV
© IEC/IEEE 2025
After work on the revision of IEEE Std C57.19.03 was started by IEEE it was agreed at a meeting
of IEC TC36 in Sao Paulo in 2008 to approach IEEE to establish a Joint Maintenance Team
under the Dual Logo Standard procedure. This was agreed and work on the new document
IEC/IEEE 65700-19-03 was started in 2009.
© IEC/IEEE 2025
BUSHINGS FOR DC APPLICATION
1 Scope
This International Standard applies to outdoor and indoor bushings of any voltage used on DC
systems, of capacitance graded or gas insulated types for use as components of oil liquid-filled
converter transformers and smoothing reactors, as well as air-to-air DC bushings. It applies to
both line commutated converter (LCC), as well as voltage source converter (VSC) technologies.
This document does not apply to the following:
• cable terminations (potheads);
• bushings for instrument transformers;
• bushings for test power supplies;
• bushings applied with gaseous insulation (other than air at atmospheric pressure) external
to the bushing;
• bushings for industrial application;
• bushings for traction application;
• bushings for distribution class transformers.
This document refers to IEC 60137 for general terms and conditions and defines the special
terms used, operating conditions, ratings, test procedures as well as general mechanical and
electrical requirements for bushings for DC application.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
NOTE For this document, bushings complying with IEC standards (IEC profile, 3.1.20) refer to IEC documents, and
bushings complying with IEEE standards (IEEE profile, 3.1.21) refer to IEEE documents, unless stated otherwise. A
cross-reference list is given in Annex F.
IEC 60050, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV). Available from:
http://www.electropedia.org/
IEC 60060-1:2010, High-voltage test techniques – Part 1: General definitions and test
requirements
IEC 60071-1, Insulation co-ordination – Part 1: Definitions, principles and rules
IEC 60071-5, Insulation co-ordination – Part 5: Procedures for high-voltage direct current
(HVDC) converter stations
IEC 60071-11, Insulation co-ordination – Part 11：Definitions, principles and rules for HVDC
system
IEC 60076-1, Power transformers – Part 1: General
IEC 60076-2, Power transformers – Part 2: Temperature rise for liquid-immersed transformers
– 12 – IEC/IEEE 65700-19-03:2025 RLV
© IEC/IEEE 2025
IEC 60076-7, Power transformers – Part 7: Loading guide for mineral-oil-immersed power
transformers
IEC 60137:20082017, Insulated bushings for alternating voltages above 1 000 V
IEC 60270, High-voltage test techniques – Partial discharge measurements
IEC 60296, Fluids for electrotechnical applications – Unused Mineral insulating oils for
transformers and switchgear electrical equipment
IEC 60376, Specification of technical grade sulphur hexafluoride (SF ) and complementary
gases to be used in its mixtures for use in electrical equipment
IEC 60422, Mineral insulating oils in electrical equipment – Supervision and maintenance
guidance
IEC 60480, Guidelines for the checking and treatment of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) taken from
electrical equipment and specification for its re-use
IEC TS 60815-1, Selection and dimensioning of high-voltage insulators intended for use in
polluted conditions – Part 1: Definitions, information and general principles
IEC TS 60815-2, Selection and dimensioning of high-voltage insulators intended for use in
polluted conditions – Part 2: Ceramic and glass insulators for a.c. systems
IEC TS 60815-3, Selection and dimensioning of high-voltage insulators intended for use in
polluted conditions – Part 3: Polymer insulators for a.c. systems
IEC TS 60815-4, Selection and dimensioning of high-voltage insulators intended for use in
polluted conditions – Part 4: Insulators for d.c. systems
IEC 60836, Specifications for unused silicone insulating liquids for electrotechnical purposes
IEC 60867, Insulating liquids - Specifications for unused liquids based on synthetic aromatic
hydrocarbons
IEC TS 61245, Artificial pollution tests on high-voltage ceramic and glass insulators to be used
on d.c. systems
IEC 61378-2, Converter transformers – Part 2: Transformers for HVDC Applications
IEC 61462, Composite hollow insulators – Pressurized and unpressurized insulators for use in
electrical equipment with AC rated voltage greater than 1 000 V AC and D.C. voltage greater
than 1 500 V – Definitions, test methods, acceptance criteria and design recommendations
IEC 62155, Hollow pressurized and unpressurized ceramic and glass insulators for use in
electrical equipment with rated voltages greater than 1 000 V
IEC/IEEE 60076-57-129:2017, Power transformers – Part 57-129: Transformers for HVDC
applications
IEEE Std 4™, IEEE Standard Techniques for High-Voltage Testing
IEEE Std 430™, IEEE Standard Procedures for the Measurement of Radio Noise from Overhead
Power Lines and Substations
© IEC/IEEE 2025
IEEE Std C37.123™, IEEE Guide to Specifications for Gas-Insulated, Electric Power Substation
Equipment
IEEE Std C62.82.1™, IEEE Standard for Insulation Coordination – Definitions, Principles, and
Rules
IEEE Std C62.82.2™, IEEE Guide for the Application of Insulation Coordination
IEEE Std C57.106™, IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Insulating Oil in
Equipment
IEEE Std C57.113™, IEEE Recommended Practice for Partial Discharge Measurement in
Liquid-Filled Power Transformers and Shunt Reactors
IEEE Std
...
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