IEC TS 61496-5:2023

Safety of machinery – Electro-sensitive protective equipment - Part 5: Particular requirements for radar-based protective devices

IEC TS 61496-5:2023 provides particular requirements for the design, construction and testing of non-contact electro-sensitive protective equipment (ESPE) designed specifically to provide whole-body detection of a person or persons as part of a safety-related system, employing radar protective devices (RPDs) responsive to diffuse reflection of radar signals for the sensing function using frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) technique. Special attention is directed to features which ensure that an appropriate safety-related performance is achieved. An ESPE can include optional safety-related functions, the requirements for which are given in Annex A of IEC 61496-1:2020 and Annex A of this document.
The requirements given in this document are related to the detection of adult persons being present in an industrial manufacturing environment.
This document does not specify the dimensions or configurations of the detection zone and its disposition in relation to hazardous parts for any particular application, nor what constitutes a hazardous state of any machine. It is restricted to the functioning of the ESPE and how it interfaces with the machine.
This document does not consider the aspects of a moving RPD application. Additional consideration can be necessary, if the RPD supplier specifies the RPD for use on moving application.
Additional requirements and tests can apply if setup of the RPD differs from Figure 2 and Figure 4.
Where this document does not contain all necessary provisions, IEC TS 62998-1 is used.
For those aspects not considered in this document it is also possible to additionally use provisions from IEC TS 62998-1.
Excluded from this document are RPDs that employ electromagnetic radiation outside the range 9 GHz to 81 GHz (identified as subset of band 10 and band 11 in accordance with ITU Radio Regulations). For sensing devices that employ electromagnetic radiation outside this range, this document can be used as a guide. National regulations can limit the available frequencies.
This document can be relevant to applications other than those for the protection of persons, for example for the protection of machinery or products from mechanical damage. In those applications, different requirements can be appropriate, for example when the materials to be recognized by the sensing function have different properties from those of persons.
This document does not deal with requirements for ESPE functions not related to the protection of persons (e.g. using sensing unit data for navigation).
While a data interface can be used to control optional safety-related ESPE functions (Annex A), this document does not provide specific requirements. Requirements for these safety-related functions can be determined by consulting other standards (for example, IEC 61508, IEC 62046, IEC 62061, and ISO 13849-1).
This document does not deal with EMC emission requirements.
The contents of the corrigendum of October 2023 have been included in this copy.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 24-Aug-2023
• ICS: 13.110 - Safety of machinery
• ICS: 29.260.99 - Other electrical equipment for working in special conditions
• Technical Committee: TC 44 - Safety of machinery - Electrotechnical aspects
• Drafting Committee: PT 61496-5 - TC 44/PT 61496-5
• Current Stage: PPUB - Publication issued
• Start Date: 25-Aug-2023
• Completion Date: 11-Aug-2023

Relations

• Corrected By: IEC TS 61496-5:2023/COR1:2023 - Corrigendum 1 - Safety of machinery – Electro-sensitive protective equipment - Part 5: Particular requirements for radar-based protective devices
• Effective Date: 06-Oct-2023

Overview

IEC TS 61496-5:2023 - Safety of machinery - Electro-sensitive protective equipment (ESPE) - Part 5 - provides particular requirements for radar-based protective devices (RPDs) that form part of safety-related systems. It supplements IEC 61496-1:2020 and focuses on non-contact ESPE using frequency‑modulated continuous‑wave (FMCW) radar responsive to diffuse reflection for whole‑body detection of adult persons in industrial manufacturing environments. The Technical Specification covers design, construction and testing to ensure appropriate safety‑related performance. It is not a specification of detection zone geometry, machine hazardous states, EMC emission limits, or RPDs operating outside 9 GHz–81 GHz.

Key topics and technical requirements

• Scope & limits: Applies to RPDs using electromagnetic radiation in the 9–81 GHz bands (ITU bands 10 and 11). Does not cover moving‑RPD applications or EMC emission requirements.
• Functional requirements: Normal operation, detection capability for adult persons, types of ESPE, and requirements for zones with limited position accuracy.
• Design requirements: Fault detection, integrity of detection capability, mechanical construction, radiation frequencies and intensity, and test targets for type testing.
• Testing and verification: Type and functional tests including sensing function, response time, sensitivity, position accuracy, interference (radio frequency, surrounding objects, manual), drift/ageing and environmental tests. Performance testing under fault conditions is defined for ESPE types.
• Optional safety functions: Guidance for optional safety‑related functions is given (refer to Annex A and IEC 61496‑1:2020 Annex A), but specific data‑interface requirements are not prescribed.
• Marking and documentation: Requirements for identification, safe use instructions and accompanying documents are included.

Practical applications and who uses this standard

• Primary applications: Safeguarding personnel around industrial machinery using radar ESPE for whole‑body detection; also relevant where radar protection is used to prevent machine or product damage (with caveats on detection material differences).
• Intended users:
  • RPD manufacturers and product designers (design, construction, type testing)
  • Machine builders and integrators (system interfaces, safety implementation)
  • Safety engineers and risk assessors (selection, installation assumptions)
  • Test laboratories and certification bodies (type and performance testing)
  • Compliance officers and procurement teams specifying ESPE for industrial safety

Related standards

• IEC 61496-1:2020 (general ESPE requirements) - primary normative reference
• IEC TS 62998-1 (additional provisions where TS 61496‑5 is silent)
• Functional safety and machine safety references: IEC 61508, IEC 62046, IEC 62061, ISO 13849-1

By following IEC TS 61496‑5:2023 together with IEC 61496‑1:2020 and relevant functional‑safety standards, stakeholders can ensure radar‑based ESPE are designed, tested and documented to achieve predictable safety performance in industrial applications.

Standards Content (Sample)

IEC TS 61496-5 ®
Edition 1.0 2023-08
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Safety of machinery – Electro-sensitive protective equipment –
Part 5: Particular requirements for radar-based protective devices

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IEC TS 61496-5 ®
Edition 1.0 2023-08
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Safety of machinery – Electro-sensitive protective equipment –

Part 5: Particular requirements for radar-based protective devices

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS  13.110; 29.260.99 ISBN 978-2-8322-7299-2

– 2 – IEC TS 61496-5:2023 © IEC 2023
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms and definitions . 8
4 Functional, design and environmental requirements . 10
4.1 Functional requirements . 10
4.1.1 Normal operation . 10
4.1.3 Types of ESPE . 10
4.1.6 Zone with limited position accuracy . 10
4.2 Design requirements . 11
4.2.2 Fault detection requirements . 11
4.2.12 Integrity of the RPD detection capability . 12
4.2.13 Test targets for type testing . 14
4.2.14 Radiation frequencies . 15
4.2.15 Radiation intensity . 15
4.2.16 Mechanical construction . 15
4.3 Environmental requirements . 15
4.3.5 Radio interference . 15
4.3.6 Pollution interference . 16
4.3.7 Interference by surrounding objects . 16
4.3.8 Manual interference . 16
4.3.9 Drift and ageing of components . 16
5 Testing . 16
5.1.2 Test conditions . 17
5.2 Functional tests . 18
5.2.1 Sensing function . 18
5.2.2 Response time . 20
5.2.3 Limited functional tests . 24
5.2.9 Test target for type testing . 25
5.2.10 Position accuracy . 25
5.2.11 Sensitivity . 25
5.2.12 Influences on detection . 26
5.2.13 Radiation frequencies . 26
5.2.14 Radiation intensity . 27
5.2.15 Mechanical construction . 27
5.3 Performance testing under fault conditions . 27
5.3.2 Type 1 ESPE . 27
5.3.3 Type 2 ESPE . 27
5.3.4 Type 3 ESPE . 27
5.3.5 Type 4 ESPE . 27
5.4 Environmental tests . 27
5.4.6 Radio frequency interference . 27
5.4.7 Interference by surrounding objects . 31
5.4.8 Manual interference . 40
6 Marking for identification and for safe use . 40

6.1 General . 40
7 Accompanying documents . 41
Annex A (normative) Optional functions of the ESPE . 42
Annex BB (informative) Relationship between resolution cell and probability of
detection . 44
Annex CC (informative) Corner reflector . 47
Bibliography . 49

Figure 1 – Definition of zones inside field of view of an RPD . 13
Figure 2 – Radial approaches . 21
Figure 3 – Picture illustrating a perpendicular approach (top view) . 22
Figure 4 – Overhead setup. 23
Figure 5 – Sensitivity test setup . 26
Figure 6 – Test setup for continuous wave interference . 29
Figure 7 – Example of placement of several additional RPDs . 30
Figure 8 – Examples of interfering by moving object setup . 32
Figure 9 – Typical installation for the static object interference test . 34
Figure 10 – Example of setup for interference in the zone with limited position
accuracy . 36
Figure 11 – Example of setup for occlusion . 38
Figure 12 – Example of detection with high RCS target test setup. 39
Figure BB.1 – Relationship between position accuracy and detection zone . 44
Figure BB.2 – Relationship between resolution cell and the probabilistic part of the
tolerance zone . 45
Figure BB.3 – Relationship between resolution cell and tolerance zone . 46
Figure CC.1 – Example of a trihedral corner reflector . 47
Figure CC.2 – Example values of σ for illuminating radars at 24 GHz and 80 GHz . 48

Table 51 – Minimum tests required for the verification of detection capability
requirements (see also 4.2.12). 19

– 4 – IEC TS 61496-5:2023 © IEC 2023
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
SAFETY OF MACHINERY –
ELECTRO-SENSITIVE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT –

Part 5: Particular requirements for radar-based protective devices

FOREWORD
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IEC TS 61496-5 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 44: Safety of machinery –
Electrotechnical aspects. It is a Technical Specification.
The text of this Technical Specification is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
44/986/DTS 44/1007/RVDTS
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this Technical Specification is English.

This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/publications.
This document is to be used in conjunction with IEC 61496-1:2020.
This document supplements or modifies the corresponding clauses in IEC 61496-1:2020 to
specify particular requirements for the design, construction and testing of electro-sensitive
protective equipment (ESPE) for the safeguarding of machinery, employing radar protective
devices (RPDs) responsive to diffuse reflection for the sensing function.
Where a particular clause or subclause of IEC 61496-1:2020 is not mentioned in this document,
that clause or subclause applies as far as is reasonable. Where this document states "Addition",
"Modification" or "Replacement", the relevant text of IEC 61496-1:2020 is adapted accordingly.
Clauses and subclauses which are additional to those of IEC 61496-1:2020 are numbered
sequentially, following on the last available number in IEC 61496-1:2020. Terminological entries
(in Clause 3) which are additional to those in IEC 61496-1:2020 are numbered starting from
3.501. Additional annexes are lettered from AA onwards and additional tables are numbered
with prefix 5.
A list of all the parts in the IEC 61496 series, published under the general title Safety of
machinery – Electro-sensitive protective equipment, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.

– 6 – IEC TS 61496-5:2023 © IEC 2023
INTRODUCTION
Electro-sensitive protective equipment (ESPE) is applied to machinery presenting a risk of
personal injury. It provides protection by causing the machine to revert to a safe condition before
a person can be placed in a hazardous situation.
Each type of machine presents its own particular hazards, and it is not the purpose of this
document to recommend the manner of application of the ESPE to any particular machine. The
application of the ESPE is a matter for agreement between the equipment supplier, the machine
user and the enforcing authority. In this context, attention is drawn to the relevant guidance
established internationally, for example, IEC 62046 and ISO 12100.
Due to the complexity of the technology, there are many issues that are highly dependent on
analysis and expertise in specific test and measurement techniques. In order to provide a high
level of confidence, independent review by relevant expertise is recommended.
Differences between worldwide frequency allocation can affect some tests due to national
regulations.
SAFETY OF MACHINERY –
ELECTRO-SENSITIVE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT –

Part 5: Particular requirements for radar-based protective devices

1 Scope
Replacement:
This part of IEC 61496 provides particular requirements for the design, construction and testing
of non-contact electro-sensitive protective equipment (ESPE) designed specifically to provide
whole-body detection of a person or persons as part of a safety-related system, employing radar
protective devices (RPDs) responsive to diffuse reflection of radar signals for the sensing
function using frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) technique. Special attention is
directed to features which ensure that an appropriate safety-related performance is achieved.
An ESPE can include optional safety-related functions, the requirements for which are given in
Annex A of IEC 61496-1:2020 and Annex A of this document.
The requirements given in this document are related to the detection of adult persons being
present in an industrial manufacturing environment.
This document does not specify the dimensions or configurations of the detection zone and its
disposition in relation to hazardous parts for any particular application, nor what constitutes a
hazardous state of any machine. It is restricted to the functioning of the ESPE and how it
interfaces with the machine.
This document does not consider the aspects of a moving RPD application. Additional
consideration can be necessary, if the RPD supplier specifies the RPD for use on moving
application.
Additional requirements and tests can apply if setup of the RPD differs from Figure 2 and
Figure 4.
NOTE The Radar cross-section stated in this document is based on measurements using horizontal arrangements.
Where this document does not contain all necessary provisions, IEC TS 62998-1 is used.
For those aspects not considered in this document it is also possible to additionally use
provisions from IEC TS 62998-1.
Excluded from this document are RPDs that employ electromagnetic radiation outside the range
9 GHz to 81 GHz (identified as subset of band 10 and band 11 in accordance with ITU Radio
Regulations). For sensing devices that employ electromagnetic radiation outside this range, this
document can be used as a guide. National regulations can limit the available frequencies.
This document can be relevant to applications other than those for the protection of persons,
for example for the protection of machinery or products from mechanical damage. In those
applications, different requirements can be appropriate, for example when the materials to be
recognized by the sensing function have different properties from those of persons.
This document does not deal with requirements for ESPE functions not related to the protection
of persons (e.g. using sensing unit data for navigation).

– 8 – IEC TS 61496-5:2023 © IEC 2023
While a data interface can be used to control optional safety-related ESPE functions (Annex A),
this document does not provide specific requirements. Requirements for these safety-related
functions can be determined by consulting other standards (for example, IEC 61508, IEC 62046,
IEC 62061, and ISO 13849-1).
This document does not deal with EMC emission requirements.
2 Normative references
Clause 2 of IEC 61496-1:2020 applies, except as follows.
Addition:
IEC 61496-1:2020, Safety of machinery – Electro-sensitive protective equipment – Part 1:
General requirements and tests
3 Terms and definitions
Clause 3 of IEC 61496-1:2020 applies, except as follows.
Replacement of 3.3 and 3.4:
3.3
detection capability
sensing function parameter limit(s) specified by the supplier that will cause actuation of the
RPD
Note 1 to entry: Detection capability of RPD is often described by the minimum detectable object radar cross
section, which refers to its size, the angle and the object properties (e.g. reflectivity, geometry, distance, velocity,
approaching angle).
Note 2 to entry: A list of influences which can affect the RPD detection capability is given in 4.2.12.1.
3.4
detection zone
zone within which the specified test target(s) is detected by the RPD with a minimum required
probability of detection
Addition:
3.501
radar protective device
RPD
device whose sensing function is performed by radio wave emitting and receiving elements that
detect the diffuse reflection of an object present in a detection zone
3.502
radar cross section
RCS
equivalent echoing area which is 4π times the ratio of the power per unit solid angle scattered
in a specified direction to the power per unit area in a plane wave incident on the scatterer from
a specified direction
Note 1 to entry: See Bibliography [1] chapter 2.
[SOURCE: ISO 8729-2:2009, 3.3, modified – Note 1 to entry has been replaced.]

3.503
FMCW
frequency-modulated continuous-wave
3.504
static residual movement
micro movement associated with a non-moving person (e.g. chest displacement during
breathing)
Note 1 to entry: For additional information, see Bibliography [2].
3.505
basic test distance
BTD
radial distance from the supplier-specified origin of distance measurement on an RPD to the
test target during the test performed
3.506
basic test angle
BTA
angle from the RPD’s centre axis, specified by the supplier, at which the test target is placed
during the tests performed
3.507
tolerance zone
zone outside of and adjacent to the detection zone and the zone with limited position accuracy
within which the specified test target(s) is detected with a probability of detection lower than
the required probability within the detection zone
Note 1 to entry: The tolerance zone is necessary to achieve the required probability of detection of the specified
test target(s) within the detection zone.
Note 2 to entry: For explanation of the concept of probability of detection and the tolerance zone, see Annex BB.
Note 3 to entry: Test targets are specified in 4.2.13.
3.508
zone with limited position accuracy
zone, between the surface of RPD and the beginning of the detection zone, where the stated
position accuracy is not ensured
[SOURCE: IEC 61496-3:2018, 3.310, modified – In the term, "detection capability" has been
replaced with "position accuracy". In the definition, "optical windows" has been replaced with
"surface of RPD", "detection capability" has been replaced with "stated position accuracy", and
"achieved" has been replaced with "ensured".]
3.509
centre axis
line through the origin of distance measurement and the centre of the maximum detection zone
stated by the supplier
[SOURCE: IEC 61496-3:2018, 3.305]

– 10 – IEC TS 61496-5:2023 © IEC 2023
4 Functional, design and environmental requirements
Clause 4 of IEC 61496-1:2020 applies, except as follows.
4.1 Functional requirements
4.1.1 Normal operation
Replacement:
Normal operation is the state of an RPD where no faults are detected and where the OSSD(s)
are allowed to be in the ON-state or the OFF-state depending on the state of the sensing
function and operating mode.
In normal operation, the RPD shall respond by giving (an) appropriate output signal(s) when a
test target representing the detection capability enters or is in the detection zone.
The RPD response time shall not exceed that stated by the supplier. No means of adjustment
of the response time shall be possible without the use of a key, keyword or tool.
4.1.3 Types of ESPE
Replacement:
In this document only a Type 3 ESPE is considered.
A Type 3 ESPE shall fulfil the fault detection requirements of 4.2.2.4 of this document. In normal
operation, the output circuit of each of at least two output signal switching devices (OSSD(s))
of the type 3 ESPE shall go to the OFF-state when the sensing function is actuated, or when
the power is removed from the device.
It is the responsibility of the machine supplier and/or the user to specify which type is required
for a particular application.
When a single safety-related data interface is used to perform the functions of the OSSD(s),
then the data interface and associated safety-related communication interface shall meet the
requirements of 4.2.4.4 of IEC 61496-1:2020. In this case, a single safety-related data interface
can substitute for two OSSD(s) in a Type 3 ESPE.
Addition:
4.1.6 Zone with limited position accuracy
The RPD may have a zone where the detection is ensured but the position accuracy is not
ensured. This zone starts at the RPD front surface and ends at the minimum detection zone
stated by the supplier.
Dimensions of the zone with limited position accuracy and appropriate information for use shall
be provided by the supplier.
The supplier shall ensure that the specified targets are detected in the zone with limited position
accuracy and that the zone with limited position accuracy shall not vary over time.
These requirements shall be verified by analysis and by tests in 5.4.7.2.1

4.2 Design requirements
4.2.2 Fault detection requirements
Replacement:
4.2.2.2 Particular requirements for a type 1 ESPE
4.2.2.2 of IEC 61496-1:2020 does not apply.
4.2.2.3 Particular requirements for a type 2 ESPE
4.2.2.3 of IEC 61496-1:2020 does not apply.
4.2.2.4 Particular requirements for a type 3 ESPE
Replacement:
A single fault in the sensing device resulting in a complete loss of the stated ESPE detection
capability shall cause the ESPE to go to a lock-out condition within the specified response time.
A single fault resulting in a deterioration of the stated ESPE detection capability shall cause the
ESPE to go to a lock-out condition within a time period of 5 s following the occurrence of that
fault.
NOTE Examples of deterioration of the ESPE detection capability can include:
– the increase of the minimum detectable radar cross section (RCS);
– the decrease of the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N);
– the decrease of position accuracy.
A single fault resulting in an increase in response time beyond the specified value or preventing
at least one OSSD going to the OFF-state shall cause the ESPE to go to a lock-out condition
within the response time, or immediately upon any of the following demand events where fault
detection requires a change in state:
– on actuation of the sensing function;
– on power off/on;
– on reset of the start interlock or the restart interlock, if available (see Clauses A.5 and A.6
of IEC 61496-1:2020);
– on the application of an external test signal, if available.
In cases where a single fault which in itself does not cause a failure to danger is not detected,
the occurrence of one additional fault shall not cause a failure to danger. For verification of this
requirement, see 5.3.4.
An external test signal can be required if, for example, in a particular application, the frequency
of actuation of the sensing function is foreseeably low and the OSSD(s) are monitored only at
the change of state.
The occurrence of single faults shall be considered by analysis and/or test with each of the
following conditions and throughout the entire detection zone:
– environmental conditions specified in 4.3;
– at the limits of alignment and/or adjustment if applicable.
4.2.2.5 Particular requirements for a type 4 ESPE
4.2.2.5 of IEC 61496-1:2020 does not apply.

– 12 – IEC TS 61496-5:2023 © IEC 2023
Replacement:
4.2.12 Integrity of the RPD detection capability
4.2.12.1 General
The design of the RPD shall ensure that the detection capability as specified by the supplier is
not degraded by any of, but not limited to, the following influences:
a) Interference with objects in the detection zone;
b) Interference with objects outside the detection zone;
c) Velocity of test target movement;
d) Size and shape of the detection zone;
e) Calibration (where applicable);
f) Properties and/or limitations of the emitting/receiving element, and signal processing, for
example the following:
1) Signal noise;
2) Dynamic range;
3) Sensitivity and uniformity;
4) Antenna pattern;
5) Change of characteristics;
g) Coexistence of several RPDs where the detection capability could be influenced by other
RPDs;
h) Component ageing;
i) Environmental factors, for example the following:
1) Humidity/condensation;
2) Moisture;
3) Dust;
4) Floor material;
5) Temperature;
j) Production wastes in the environment of use of the RPDs, for example the following:
1) Wood chips;
2) Metal chips;
3) Debris;
4) Smoke;
5) Steam;
6) Water;
k) Influence on detection capability of a single RPD due to multiple test targets inside the
configured detection zone(s).
4.2.12.2 Detection zone(s) and tolerance zone(s)
The supplier shall take into account worst-case conditions including, for example, signal-to-
noise ratio S/N and standard deviation σ considering all influences listed in this document and
any additional influences specified by the supplier (environmental influence, component faults,
multi-path reflections, etc.).
The supplier shall specify the relevant parameters of the detection zone(s), including operating
distance and angles (azimuth and elevation). The geometry shall be sufficient to ensure that a
test target is detected at the maximum operating distance.

All points on a path projected from any point on the border of the detection zone(s) to the
receiving element(s) of the RPD shall be within the detection zone or the zone with limited
position accuracy (see 4.1.6).
The supplier shall specify the position and dimension of the tolerance zone(s).
The tolerance zone depends on systematic influences, measurement faults, resolution of the
measurement values, etc. and is necessary to ensure the required detection probability within
the detection zone.
−7
The test target (see 4.2.13) shall be detected with a minimum probability of detection of 1 × 10
−7
to 2,9 × 10 throughout the detection zone(s).
To achieve this minimum probability of detection, the tolerance zones are added to the detection
zone and to the zone with limited position accuracy (see Figure 1).

Key
1 – RPD
2 – detection zone
3 – tolerance zone
4 – zone with limited position accuracy
5 – origin of distance measurement
Figure 1 – Definition of zones inside field of view of an RPD
NOTE Information on probability of detection calculation methodology is available in Annex BB.
4.2.12.3 Influence of detection
Targets of minimum detectable RCS that are either stationary or moving within the detection
zone at any speed of up to 1,6 m/s shall be detected by the RPD within the specified response
time.
This requirement is verified by the test 5.2.3.3 for moving targets and by the test 5.2.3.5 for
stationary targets.
NOTE 1 A stationary person still has static residual movement.
The response time shall be determined by the supplier, taking into account worst-case
conditions and the movement of the target. Where the supplier states that an RPD can be used
to detect the target moving at speeds greater than 1,6 m/s, the requirements shall be met at
any speed up to and including the stated maximum speed.
NOTE 2 The speed range up to 1,6 m/s is considered as being representative for a walking person.

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4.2.12.4 Minimum detection zone(s)
The supplier shall specify the minimum detection zone(s), taking into account the conditions as
described in 4.2.12.3.
4.2.12.5 Sensitivity
To verify the sensitivity, the RPD shall pass the test described in 5.2.11.
4.2.12.6 Position accuracy
The supplier shall determine the position accuracy and shall identify influences to be taken into
account; for example, algorithms; antenna design; calibration of the RPD; number of
transmitting and receiving channels; environmental conditions.
Replacement:
4.2.13 Test targets for type testing
4.2.13.1 General
The test targets are part of the RPD and shall therefore be provided by the supplier for use in
the type tests of Clause 5. They shall be marked with a type reference and identification of the
RPD with which they are intended to be used.
Other test targets may be used, providing they give equivalent results for testing detection
capability and integrity of detection.
Where the term “test piece” is referenced in IEC 61496-1:2020, a test target in accordance with
this document shall be used.
4.2.13.2 Corner reflector test target
The corner reflector test target shall be a trihedral corner reflector with an effective radar cross-
section of 0,17 m and shall be used for type testing in accordance with Clause 5.
NOTE 1 See Annex CC for more information about the manufacturing of a corner reflector.
NOTE 2 The RCS of 0,17 m is considered as being representative for the 99 percentile value of an adult human
being in accordance with ISO 7250-1 [3]. See Bibliography [4] .
4.2.13.3 Articulated pedestrian test target
The pedestrian test target shall approximate the radar cross section of an adult person with
dimensions based on ISO 7250-1 [3] and shall be used for type testing in accordance with
Clause 5.
NOTE See Bibliography [5] for more information about the characteristics of the articulated pedestrian test target.
The sizes represent a 50 % RAMSIS Bodybuilder based on the RAMSIS version 3.8.30 with a height of 1 800 mm.
4.2.13.4 Interfering test target
The interfering test target shall be a trihedral corner reflector with an effective radar cross-
section of, at least, 40 m , and shall be used for type testing in accordance with Clause 5.
NOTE 1 See Annex CC for more information about the manufacturing of a corner reflector.
___________
Numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography.

NOTE 2 The RCS of 40 m is considered as being representative of large metallic objects (e.g. forklift) or multiple
targets moving close together.
Addition:
4.2.14 Radiation frequencies
RPDs shall operate in the frequency range included between 9 GHz and 81 GHz.
4.2.15 Radiation intensity
The radiation intensity generated and emitted by the RPD shall at no time exceed the power or
energy levels corresponding to maximum human exposure to non-ionizing radiation.
NOTE 1 It is the responsibility of the user to be aware of the applicable national and local regulations concerning
the power or energy levels corresponding to maximum human exposure to non-ionizing radiation.
NOTE 2 Examples are given in IEC 62479:2010 [6] and EN 50364:2018 [7].
4.2.16 Mechanical construction
When the detection capability can be degraded below the limit stated by the supplier, as a result
of a change of position of components, the fixing of those components shall not rely solely on
friction.
NOTE The use of oblong mounting holes without additional means could lead, for example, to a change of the
position of the detection zone under mechanical influence such as shock.
4.3 Environmental requirements
4.3 of IEC 61496-1:2020 applies, except as follows.
Replacement:
4.3.5 Radio interference
4.3.5.1 Interference from other radio sources
The RPD shall not fail to danger when subject to electromagnetic disturbances in the same
frequency band.
The RPD shall not fail to danger when subject to electromagnetic disturbances in the frequency
bands of 9 GHz to 81 GHz that are shown to be critical as a result of the analysis of the design
and these frequency bands are relevant for the application.
NOTE Examples of electromagnetic disturbances in the same frequency band include:
– disturbances from other radio sources (e.g. door access points, radio link);
– interference from a continuous wave (CW) emitting source;
– interference from radar devices operating in the same occupied bandwidth but with different modulation
parameters (e.g. different chirp parameters);
– intermodulation or image frequency.
These requirements shall be verified by the tests in 5.4.6.1.
4.3.5.2 Interference from RPD of identical design
The RPD shall not fail to danger when subject to radiation from other RPDs of identical design.
NOTE This can also be referred to as coexistence of similar RPDs.

– 16 – IEC TS 61496-5:2023 © IEC 2023
These requirements shall be verified by analysis and/or by the tests in 5.4.6.2 taking into
account mounting restrictions specified by the supplier.
Addition:
4.3.6 Pollution interference
Requirement and relative test for pollution is under consideration.
4.3.7 Interference by surrounding objects
4.3.7.1 Interference by object(s) outside the detection zone
Static or moving target(s) or object(s) outside the detection zone shall not degrade the detection
capability. This requirement shall be verified by analysis and by tests in 5.4.7.1.
NOTE The background is considered as an object.
4.3.7.2 Interference by object(s) inside the detection zone
Objects in the zone with limited position accuracy of the RPD or occlusion by objects in the
detection zone of an RPD shall not degrade the detection capability. This shall be verified by
analysis and by tests in accordance with 5.4.7.2. The analysis shall include examination of any
software filtering algorithms provided.
4.3.8 Manual interference
It shall not be possible to degrade the stated detection capability by covering the housing of the
RPD or other parts (if applicable). If the detection capability is degraded, the OSSD(s) shall go
to the OFF-state within a time period of 5 s and the OSSD(s) shall remain in the OFF-state until
the manual interference is removed.
These requirements shall be verified by the tests of 5.4.8.
4.3.9 Drift and ageing of components
For a type 3 RPD drift or ageing of components that would degrade the detection capability
from the value stated shall not cause a failure to danger of the RPD and shall be detected within
a time period of 5 s and shall lead to an OFF-state.
If a reference means is used to monitor ageing and drift of components, variations in its
properties (for example reflectivity) shall not cause a failure to danger of the RPD. If a reference
means is used to monitor ageing and drift of components, it shall be considered to be part of
the RPD and shall be provided by the supplier of the RPD.
5 Testing
Clause 5 of IEC 61496-1:2020 is applicable except as follows:
5.1.1.2 Operating condition
Replace from fifth paragraph of 5.1.1.2 of IEC 61496-1:2020 with the following:
As a result of the analysis of the design and the integrity of the detection capability of the RPD,
a test plan shall be established considering the test conditions and parameters outlined in this
document. In the following tests, it shall be verified that when the OSSD(s) go to the OFF-state,
they remain in the OFF-state as long as the test target has a static residual movement in the
detection zone. The minimum test conditions shall be as specified in this document or by the
supplier, whichever is more stringent.

Tests can be omitted if an analysis can demonstrate that:
– limited intended use in application justifies omission of test (e.g. only for top-down overhead,
for use only in non-condensing environment), or
– a less stringent test is replaced by a more stringent test (e.g. test of equal detection
capability at minimum operating distance versus maximum operating distance), or
– detection capability is not affected by the environmental condition (e.g. condensation). The
analysis shall be documented in the test plan.
For some RPDs, the tests specified in 5.4.2, 5.4.3 and 5.4.4 can have limitations with respect
to test equipment and test setups. Any deviation from the test requirements given in these
clauses shall be accompanied by a full description and technical justification in the test report.
Unless otherwise stated in this document, and if the facility is provided to set the detection zone,
the zone used for the tests shall be set as follows:
– radius (range) of the detection zone of
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