IEC TS 62876-3-1:2022
(Main)Nanomanufacturing - Reliability assessment - Part 3-1: Graphene-based material - Stability: Temperature and humidity test
Nanomanufacturing - Reliability assessment - Part 3-1: Graphene-based material - Stability: Temperature and humidity test
IEC TS 62876-3-1:2022(E) establishes a standardized method to determine the
• stability
of films of graphene-based material by a
• temperature and humidity test.
It establishes a general methodology for reliability stress screening (RSS) to qualify the use of graphene-based material in its subsequent product value stage. The intention is to prepare test samples undergoing the same or similar failure mechanisms as the graphene-based material in the final product.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
IEC TS 62876-3-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2022-02
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Nanomanufacturing – Reliability assessment –
Part 3-1: Graphene-based material – Stability: Temperature and humidity test
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IEC TS 62876-3-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2022-02
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Nanomanufacturing – Reliability assessment –
Part 3-1: Graphene-based material – Stability: Temperature and humidity test
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 07.120 ISBN 978-2-8322-1082-8
– 2 – IEC TS 62876-3-1:2022 © IEC 2022
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 3
INTRODUCTION . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 7
3.1 General terms . 7
3.2 Terms regarding reliability. 7
4 General . 9
4.1 Sample under test . 9
4.2 Sample description . 10
5 Reliability stress screening . 10
5.1 General . 10
5.2 End of life criteria. 10
5.3 Acceptance criteria . 10
5.4 Environmental stress tests . 11
5.5 Sequence . 11
5.6 Severity . 11
5.7 Measurement methods . 11
6 Measurements . 11
6.1 General . 11
6.2 Measurements during the test . 12
6.3 Identification of permanent changes . 12
7 Data analysis / Interpretation of results . 12
7.1 Presentation of the results . 12
7.2 Evaluation of pass/fail criteria . 13
7.3 Calculation of the MTTF (mean time to failure) . 13
8 Test report . 13
Annex A (normative) Environmental tests . 14
Annex B (normative) Additional information regarding test conditions and procedures . 15
B.1 Test matrix for demonstrating acceleration factors . 15
B.2 Procedure to select test samples . 15
Bibliography . 17
Figure 1 – Determination of the TTF by direct reading from the experimental data or
extrapolation (arbitrary example) . 12
Table 1 – Times to failure (TTF) for devices in two life test conditions . 13
Table A.1 – Tests and their severities . 14
Table B.1 – Test matrix for temperature and humidity relation . 15
Table B.2 – Number of test samples required to achieve a specified LTPD . 16
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
NANOMANUFACTURING –
RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT –
Part 3-1: Graphene-based material –
Stability: Temperature and humidity test
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
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9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC TS 62876-3-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 113: Nanotechnology for
electrotechnical products and systems. It is a Technical Specification.
The text of this Technical Specification is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
113/592/DTS 113/616/RVDTS
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this Technical Specification is English.
– 4 – IEC TS 62876-3-1:2022 © IEC 2022
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications.
A list of all parts in the IEC TS 62876 series, published under the general title
Nanomanufacturing – Reliability assessment, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates that it
contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of its
contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.
INTRODUCTION
Graphene, a single-layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice, has a high potential
for future nanotechnology applications due to the excellent conductivity, transparency and
flexibility of the material. Many research organizations and industrial companies are developing
fabrication technologies for graphene films on substrates, as dry powders or graphene in liquid
dispersions for a wide variety of applications. Therefore, the need for a system of standardized
tests for the key control characteristics to benchmark graphene material in its different physical
and chemical modifications remains critical. The absence of such a system slows down the
development process and hinders companies to be commercially successful. To improve this
situation, IEC TC 113 is developing a comprehensive system of material specifications
(IEC 62565-3-X series) which list application relevant key control characteristics (KCCs) and
the related measurement standards (IEC 62607-6-X series) for graphene materials in general.
That includes graphene, few-layer graphene and multilayer graphene, graphene oxide and other
graphene-related materials.
In addition to the KCCs to qualify graphene material after fabrication, it is also important to
obtain information on its long-term stability. This document defines the conditions for a set of
stress tests to qualify graphene material for an acceptable level of reliability and durability in
its performance category and operating service environment.
These tests are performed using samples with graphene material layers on the same substrate
as is used in the final product. If the graphene material layer in the final product is embedded
between other materials, the test samples are prepared in the same way. The basic idea is to
prepare test samples which are representative for the application, so that the results of the
reliability screening allow the prediction of the reliability of the layer in the final product. The
results of these tests will help to establish acceptance criteria for the graphene material
including its manufacturing process. This document does not address the quantitative reliability
measures and life predictions of the product, which would involve further testing based on the
knowledge of failure mechanisms.
The objectives of this document are to:
– specify the requirements for a general reliability stress screening (RSS) standard for nano-
enabled electrotechnical products using graphene and other graphene-based materials;
– give direction to the supplier and to the end user on the production and purchase of nano-
enabled electrotechnical products to meet and verify reliability qualification standards for
certain specified service environments;
– provide a list of reliability qualification stress tests and conditions;
– establish guidance for selection of appropriate measurements and pass/fail criteria.
– give relevant references; and
– establish the minimum reporting requirements.
This document is meant to be a general document that can be applied to all modifications of
graphene materials. Even if this document focuses on graphene materials, an analogue
systematics might be useable for other 2D materials. Nevertheless, as it is expected that failure
mechanisms are material dependent, a direct comparison of time-to-failure values is not
recommended.
As such, the results of this reliability screening test give guidance to optimize graphene material
fabrication processes and the use of graphene materials in a product design.
In some cases, it may be required that prior to the tests the environmental chamber be
evacuated to vacuum so the intrinsic KCCs are measured (without influence from other
environmental contaminants).
It is the intent of this document to be compatible with and work in conjunction with the
performance standards defined in the IEC 62607 series.
– 6 – IEC TS 62876-3-1:2022 © IEC 2022
NANOMANUFACTURING –
RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT –
Part 3-1: Graphene-based material –
Stability: Temperature and humidity test
1 Scope
This part of IEC TS 62876 establishes a standardized method to determine the
• stability
of films of graphene-based material by a
• temperature and humidity test.
It establishes a general methodology for reliability stress screening (RSS) to qualify the use of
graphene-based material in its subsequent product value stage. The intention is to prepare test
samples undergoing the same or similar failure mechanisms as the graphene-based material in
the final product.
• Selected stress factors in this test to drive the failure mechanisms are low temperature, high
temperature, change of temperature and damp heat with respect to test severity, test
sequence, sample quantities and acceptance criteria.
• The RSS test procedure defined here supports reliability assessment in the design phase
of a product by providing guidelines for selecting appropriate measurement methods and
how to define specific pass/fail criteria.
• The described methodology does not replace traditional reliability tests on the final product
level and will not provide full reliability data which allow the estimation of product lifetimes.
If the samples pass the test, the design is called qualified in accordance with IEC 62876-3-1.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 60068-2-1, Environmental testing – Part 2-1: Tests – Test A: Cold
IEC 60068-2-2, Environmental testing – Part 2-2: Tests – Test B: Dry heat
IEC 60068-2-14, Environmental testing – Part 2-14: Tests – Test N: Change of temperature
IEC 60068-2-78, Environmental testing – Part 2-78: Tests – Test Cab: Damp heat, steady state
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1 General terms
3.1.1
key control characteristic
KCC
key performance indicator
material property or intermediate product characteristic which can affect safety or compliance
with regulations, fit, function, performance, quality, reliability or subsequent processing of the
final product
Note 1 to entry: The measurement of a key control characteristic is described in a standardized measurement
procedure with known accuracy and precision.
Note 2 to entry: It is possible to define more than one measurement method for a key control characteristic if the
correlation of the results is well-defined and known.
3.1.2
graphene
graphene layer
single-layer graphene
monolayer graphene
single layer of carbon atoms with each atom bound to three neighbours in a honeycomb
structure
Note 1 to entry: It is an important building block of many carbon nano-objects.
Note 2 to entry: As graphene is a single layer, it is also sometimes called monolayer graphene or single-layer
graphene and abbreviated as 1LG to distinguish it from bilayer graphene (2LG) and few-layer graphene (FLG).
Note 3 to entry: Graphene has edges and can have defects and grain boundaries where the bonding is disrupted.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-13:2017, 3.1.2.1]
3.1.3
graphene-based material
GBM
graphene material
grouping of carbon-based 2D materials that include one or more of graphene, bilayer graphene,
few-layer graphene, graphene nanoplate and functionalized variations thereof as well as
graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide
Note 1 to entry: "Graphene material" is a short name for graphene-based material.
3.2 Terms regarding reliability
3.2.1
end of life
life cycle stage of a product starting when it is removed from its intended use stage
Note 1 to entry: In the context of IEC TS 62876-3-1, "end of life" is reached when a failure is observed.
– 8 – IEC TS 62876-3-1:2022 © IEC 2022
3.2.2
failure
loss of ability to perform as required
Note 1 to entry: A failure of an item is an event that results in a fault (IEV 192-04-01) of that item.
Note 2 to entry: Qualifiers, such as catastrophic, critical, major, minor, marginal and insignificant, can be used to
categorize failures according to the severity of consequences, the choice and definitions of severity criteria
depending upon the field of application.
Note 3 to entry: Qualifiers, such as misuse, mishandling and weakness, can be used to categorize failures
according to the cause of failure.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-192:2015, 192-03-01]
3.2.3
failure
...
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