IEC 61400-1:2005

Wind turbines - Part 1: Design requirements

Specifies essential design requirements to ensure the engineering integrity of wind turbines. Provides an appropriate level of protection against damage from all hazards during the planned lifetime. Is concerned with all subsystems of wind turbines such as control and protection mechanisms, internal electrical systems, mechanical systems and support structures. Applies to wind turbines of all sizes. See IEC 61400-2 for small wind turbines.
This publication is of high relevance for Smart Grid.

Eoliennes - Partie 1: Exigences de conception

Spécifie les exigences de conception essentielles pour assurer l'intégrité technique des éoliennes. A pour objet de fournir un niveau de protection approprié contre les dommages causés par tous les risques pendant la durée de vie prévue. Concerne tous les sous-systèmes des éoliennes tels que les mécanismes de commande et de protection, les systèmes électriques internes, les systèmes mécaniques et les structures de soutien. Pour les petites éoliennes, la CEI 61400-2 s'applique.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Aug-2005
• ICS: 27.180 - Wind turbine energy systems
• Technical Committee: TC 88 - Wind energy generation systems
• Drafting Committee: MT 1 - TC 88/MT 1
• Current Stage: DELPUB - Deleted Publication
• Completion Date: 08-Feb-2019

Relations

• Amended By: IEC 61400-1:2005/AMD1:2010 - Amendment 1 - Wind turbines - Part 1: Design requirements
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023
• Revised: IEC 61400-1:2019 - Wind energy generation systems - Part 1: Design requirements
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023
• Revises: IEC 61400-1:1999 - Wind turbine generator systems - Part 1: Safety requirements
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL IEC
STANDARD 61400-1
Third edition
2005-08
Wind turbines –
Part 1:
Design requirements
Reference number
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60000 series. For example, IEC 34-1 is now referred to as IEC 60034-1.

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edition numbers 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2 refer, respectively, to the base publication, the

base publication incorporating amendment 1 and the base publication incorporating

amendments 1 and 2.
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INTERNATIONAL IEC
STANDARD 61400-1
Third edition
2005-08
Wind turbines –
Part 1:
Design requirements
 IEC 2005  Copyright - all rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Varembé, PO Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
Telephone: [phone] Telefax: [phone] E-mail: [e-mail] Web: www.iec.ch
PRICE CODE
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International Electrotechnical Commission
МеждународнаяЭлектротехническаяКомиссия
For price, see current catalogue

– 2 – 61400-1  IEC:2005
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.5

INTRODUCTION.7

1 Scope.8

2 Normative references.8

3 Terms and definitions .9

4 Symbols and abbreviated terms .17
4.1 Symbols and units .17
4.2 Abbreviations.19
5 Principal elements .19
5.1 General .19
5.2 Design methods.19
5.3 Safety classes .20
5.4 Quality assurance.20
5.5 Wind turbine markings .20
6 External conditions .21
6.1 General .21
6.2 Wind turbine classes .21
6.3 Wind conditions .22
6.4 Other environmental conditions.31
6.5 Electrical power network conditions.32
7 Structural design.33
7.1 General .33
7.2 Design methodology .33
7.3 Loads .33
7.4 Design situations and load cases .34
7.5 Load calculations.39
7.6 Ultimate limit state analysis.39
8 Control and protection system.45
8.1 General .45
8.2 Control functions .45

8.3 Protection functions .46
8.4 Braking system .47
9 Mechanical systems.47
9.1 General .47
9.2 Errors of fitting.48
9.3 Hydraulic or pneumatic systems.48
9.4 Main gearbox.48
9.5 Yaw system .49
9.6 Pitch system .49
9.7 Protection function mechanical brakes .49
9.8 Rolling bearings.49

61400-1  IEC:2005 − 3 −
10 Electrical system.50

10.1 General .50

10.2 General requirements for the electrical system .50

10.3 Protective devices.50

10.4 Disconnect devices .50

10.5 Earth system.50

10.6 Lightning protection.51

10.7 Electrical cables.51

10.8 Self-excitation.51

10.9 Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse .51
10.10 Power quality .51
10.11 Electromagnetic compatibility.51
11 Assessment of a wind turbine for site-specific conditions.52
11.1 General .52
11.2 Assessment of the topographical complexity of the site .52
11.3 Wind conditions required for assessment .52
11.4 Assessment of wake effects from neighbouring wind turbines.53
11.5 Assessment of other environmental conditions .54
11.6 Assessment of earthquake conditions .54
11.7 Assessment of electrical network conditions.55
11.8 Assessment of soil conditions .55
11.9 Assessment of structural integrity by reference to wind data .56
11.10 Assessment of structural integrity by load calculations with reference to site
specific conditions .57
12 Assembly, installation and erection .57
12.1 General .57
12.2 Planning .58
12.3 Installation conditions.58
12.4 Site access .58
12.5 Environmental conditions .58
12.6 Documentation.59
12.7 Receiving, handling and storage.59
12.8 Foundation/anchor systems.59
12.9 Assembly of wind turbine .59

12.10 Erection of wind turbine.59
12.11 Fasteners and attachments .59
12.12 Cranes, hoists and lifting equipment.60
13 Commissioning, operation and maintenance .60
13.1 General .60
13.2 Design requirements for safe operation, inspection and maintenance .60
13.3 Instructions concerning commissioning .61
13.4 Operator’s instruction manual.62
13.5 Maintenance manual.63

– 4 – 61400-1  IEC:2005
Annex A (normative) Design parameters for describing wind turbine class S .65

Annex B (informative) Turbulence models .66

Annex C (informative) Assessment of earthquake loading.72

Annex D (informative) Wake and wind farm turbulence .73

Annex E (informative) Prediction of wind distribution for wind turbine sites by measure-
correlate-predict (MCP) methods.76

Annex F (informative) Statistical extrapolation of loads for ultimate strength analysis .78

Annex G (informative) Fatigue analysis using Miner’s rule with load extrapolation .81

Bibliography .85

Figure 1a –Turbulence standard deviation for the Normal Turbulence Model (NTM) .25
Figure 1b – Turbulence intensity for the Normal Turbulence Model (NTM).25
Figure 2 – Example of extreme operating gust.27
Figure 3 – Example of extreme direction change magnitude .28
Figure 4 – Examp
...

IEC 61400-1 ®
Edition 3.1 2014-04
CONSOLIDATED
VERSION
colour
inside
Wind turbines –
Part 1: Design requirements
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form

or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or

your local IEC member National Committee for further information.

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Switzerland www.iec.ch
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.

About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published.

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documents. Available for PC, Mac OS, Android Tablets and additional languages. Also known as the International
iPad. Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) online.

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variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical English and French extracted from the Terms and Definitions
committee,…). It also gives information on projects, replaced clause of IEC publications issued since 2002. Some entries
and withdrawn publications. have been collected from earlier publications of IEC TC 37,

77, 86 and CISPR.
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IEC 61400-1 ®
Edition 3.1 2014-04
CONSOLIDATED
VERSION
colour
inside
Wind turbines –
Part 1: Design requirements
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 27.180 ISBN 978-2-8322-1525-8

IEC 61400-1 ®
Edition 3.1 2014-04
REDLINE VERSION
colour
inside
Wind turbines –
Part 1: Design requirements
– 2 – IEC 61400-1:2005
+AMD1:2010 CSV  IEC 2014
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5

INTRODUCTION . 7

1 Scope . 8

2 Normative references . 8

3 Terms and definitions . 9

4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 17

4.1 Symbols and units . 17
4.2 Abbreviations . 19
5 Principal elements . 20
5.1 General . 20
5.2 Design methods . 20
5.3 Safety classes . 20
5.4 Quality assurance . 20
5.5 Wind turbine markings . 21
6 External conditions . 21
6.1 General . 21
6.2 Wind turbine classes . 21
6.3 Wind conditions . 23
6.4 Other environmental conditions . 31
6.5 Electrical power network conditions . 33
7 Structural design . 33
7.1 General . 33
7.2 Design methodology . 33
7.3 Loads . 33
7.4 Design situations and load cases . 34
7.5 Load calculations . 39
7.6 Ultimate limit state analysis . 40
8 Control and protection system . 47
8.1 General . 47
8.2 Control functions . 47

8.3 Protection functions . 48
8.4 Braking system . 49
9 Mechanical systems . 49
9.1 General . 49
9.2 Errors of fitting . 49
9.3 Hydraulic or pneumatic systems . 50
9.4 Main gearbox . 50
9.5 Yaw system . 50
9.6 Pitch system . 51
9.7 Protection function mechanical brakes . 51
9.8 Rolling bearings . 51

+ AMD1:2010 CSV  IEC 2014
10 Electrical system . 52

10.1 General . 52

10.2 General requirements for the electrical system . 52

10.3 Protective devices . 52

10.4 Disconnect devices . 52

10.5 Earth system . 53

10.6 Lightning protection . 53

10.7 Electrical cables . 53

10.8 Self-excitation . 53

10.9 Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse . 53
10.10 Power quality . 53
10.11 Electromagnetic compatibility . 54
11 Assessment of a wind turbine for site-specific conditions . 54
11.1 General . 54
11.2 Assessment of the topographical complexity of the site . 54
11.3 Wind conditions required for assessment . 55
11.4 Assessment of wake effects from neighbouring wind turbines . 56
11.5 Assessment of other environmental conditions . 56
11.6 Assessment of earthquake conditions . 57
11.7 Assessment of electrical network conditions . 58
11.8 Assessment of soil conditions . 58
11.9 Assessment of structural integrity by reference to wind data . 58
11.10 Assessment of structural integrity by load calculations with reference to
site specific conditions . 60
12 Assembly, installation and erection . 60
12.1 General . 60
12.2 Planning . 61
12.3 Installation conditions . 61
12.4 Site access . 61
12.5 Environmental conditions . 61
12.6 Documentation . 62
12.7 Receiving, handling and storage . 62
12.8 Foundation/anchor systems . 62
12.9 Assembly of wind turbine . 62

12.10 Erection of wind turbine . 62
12.11 Fasteners and attachments . 62
12.12 Cranes, hoists and lifting equipment . 63
13 Commissioning, operation and maintenance . 63
13.1 General . 63
13.2 Design requirements for safe operation, inspection and maintenance . 63
13.3 Instructions concerning commissioning . 64
13.4 Operator’s instruction manual . 65
13.5 Maintenance manual . 66

– 4 – IEC 61400-1:2005
+AMD1:2010 CSV  IEC 2014
Annex A (normative) Design parameters for describing wind turbine class S . 68

Annex B (informative) Turbulence models . 69

Annex C (informative) Assessment of earthquake loading . 74

Annex D (informative) Wake and wind farm turbulence . 75

Annex E (informative) Prediction of wind distribution for wind turbine sites by
measure-correlate-predict (MCP) methods . 78

Annex F (informative) Statistic
...

COR1:2016  IEC 2016
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

COMMISSION ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE

____________
IEC 61400-1 IEC 61400-1
Edition 3.1  2014-04 Edition 3.1  2014-04

Wind turbines – Eoliennes –
Part 1: Design requirements Partie 1: Exigences de conception

CO RRI G ENDU M 1
NOTE This corrigendum concerns only NOTE Ce corrigendum ne concerne que
the Final version of IEC 61400-1 CSV, la Version finale de l’IEC 61400-1 CSV,
which was published in 2014-04. publiée en 2014-04.

7.6.2.1 Partial safety factors for loads 7.6.2.1 Facteurs de sécurité partielle
des charges
In the
...

IEC 61400-1
Edition 3.0 2005-08
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Wind turbines –
Part 1: Design requirements
Eoliennes –
Partie 1: Exigences de conception

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by

any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either IEC or

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International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.

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IEC 61400-1
Edition 3.0 2005-08
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Wind turbines –
Part 1: Design requirements
Eoliennes –
Partie 1: Exigences de conception

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
XC
CODE PRIX
ICS 27.180 ISBN 2-8318-8161-7
– 2 – 61400-1 © IEC:2005
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.5

INTRODUCTION.7

1 Scope.8

2 Normative references.8

3 Terms and definitions .9

4 Symbols and abbreviated terms .17

4.1 Symbols and units .17
4.2 Abbreviations.19
5 Principal elements .20
5.1 General .20
5.2 Design methods.20
5.3 Safety classes .20
5.4 Quality assurance.21
5.5 Wind turbine markings .21
6 External conditions .21
6.1 General .21
6.2 Wind turbine classes .22
6.3 Wind conditions .23
6.4 Other environmental conditions.31
6.5 Electrical power network conditions.33
7 Structural design.33
7.1 General .33
7.2 Design methodology .34
7.3 Loads .34
7.4 Design situations and load cases .34
7.5 Load calculations.40
7.6 Ultimate limit state analysis.41
8 Control and protection system.47
8.1 General .47
8.2 Control functions .48

8.3 Protection functions .48
8.4 Braking system .49
9 Mechanical systems.50
9.1 General .50
9.2 Errors of fitting.50
9.3 Hydraulic or pneumatic systems.51
9.4 Main gearbox.51
9.5 Yaw system .51
9.6 Pitch system .52
9.7 Protection function mechanical brakes .52
9.8 Rolling bearings.52

61400-1 © IEC:2005 – 3 –
10 Electrical system.53

10.1 General .53

10.2 General requirements for the electrical system .53

10.3 Protective devices.53

10.4 Disconnect devices .53

10.5 Earth system.53

10.6 Lightning protection.54

10.7 Electrical cables.54

10.8 Self-excitation.54

10.9 Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse .54
10.10 Power quality .54
10.11 Electromagnetic compatibility.55
11 Assessment of a wind turbine for site-specific conditions.55
11.1 General .55
11.2 Assessment of the topographical complexity of the site .55
11.3 Wind conditions required for assessment .56
11.4 Assessment of wake effects from neighbouring wind turbines.57
11.5 Assessment of other environmental conditions .57
11.6 Assessment of earthquake conditions .58
11.7 Assessment of electrical network conditions.59
11.8 Assessment of soil conditions .59
11.9 Assessment of structural integrity by reference to wind data .59
11.10 Assessment of structural integrity by load calculations with reference to site
specific conditions .60
12 Assembly, installation and erection .61
12.1 General .61
12.2 Planning .62
12.3 Installation conditions.62
12.4 Site access.62
12.5 Environmental conditions .62
12.6 Documentation.63
12.7 Receiving, handling and storage.63
12.8 Foundation/anchor systems.63
12.9 Assembly of wind turbine .63

12.10 Erection of wind turbine.63
12.11 Fasteners and attachments .63
12.12 Cranes, hoists and lifting equipment.64
...

IEC 61400-1 ®
Edition 3.1 2014-04
CONSOLIDATED
VERSION
VERSION
CONSOLIDÉE
colour
inside
Wind turbines –
Part 1: Design requirements
Eoliennes –
Partie 1: Exigences de conception

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form

or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or

your local IEC member National Committee for further information.

Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf indication contraire, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite
ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie

et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'IEC ou du Comité national de l'IEC du pays du demandeur. Si vous avez des

questions sur le copyright de l'IEC ou si vous désirez obtenir des droits supplémentaires sur cette publication, utilisez
les coordonnées ci-après ou contactez le Comité national de l'IEC de votre pays de résidence.

IEC Central Office Tel.: [phone]
3, rue de Varembé Fax: [phone]
CH-1211 Geneva 20 [e-mail]
Switzerland www.iec.ch
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.

About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published.

IEC Catalogue - webstore.iec.ch/catalogue Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
The stand-alone application for consulting the entire The world's leading online dictionary of electronic and
bibliographical information on IEC International Standards, electrical terms containing more than 30 000 terms and
Technical Specifications, Technical Reports and other definitions in English and French, with equivalent terms in 15
documents. Available for PC, Mac OS, Android Tablets and additional languages. Also known as the International
iPad. Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) online.

IEC publications search - www.iec.ch/searchpub IEC Glossary - std.iec.ch/glossary
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a More than 60 000 electrotechnical terminology entries in
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical English and French extracted from the Terms and Definitions
committee,…). It also gives information on projects, replaced clause of IEC publications issued since 2002. Some entries
and withdrawn publications. have been collected from earlier publications of IEC TC 37,

77, 86 and CISPR.
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A propos de l'IEC
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Normes internationales pour tout ce qui a trait à l'électricité, à l'électronique et aux technologies apparentées.

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IEC 61400-1 ®
Edition 3.1 2014-04
CONSOLIDATED
VERSION
VERSION
CONSOLIDÉE
colour
inside
Wind turbines –
Part 1: Design requirements
Eoliennes –
Partie 1: Exigences de conception

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 27.180 ISBN 978-2-8322-2262-1

IEC 61400-1 ®
Edition 3.1 2014-04
REDLINE VERSION
VERSION REDLINE
colour
inside
Wind turbines –
Part 1: Design requirements
Eoliennes –
Partie 1: Exigences de conception

– 2 – IEC 61400-1:2005
+AMD1:2010 CSV  IEC 2014
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5

INTRODUCTION . 7

1 Scope . 8

2 Normative references . 8

3 Terms and definitions . 9

4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 17

4.1 Symbols and units . 17
4.2 Abbreviations . 19
5 Principal elements . 20
5.1 General . 20
5.2 Design methods . 20
5.3 Safety classes . 20
5.4 Quality assurance . 20
5.5 Wind turbine markings . 21
6 External conditions . 21
6.1 General . 21
6.2 Wind turbine classes . 21
6.3 Wind conditions . 23
6.4 Other environmental conditions . 31
6.5 Electrical power network conditions . 33
7 Structural design . 33
7.1 General . 33
7.2 Design methodology . 33
7.3 Loads . 33
7.4 Design situations and load cases . 34
7.5 Load calculations . 39
7.6 Ultimate limit state analysis . 40
8 Control and protection system . 47
8.1 General . 47
8.2 Control functions . 47

8.3 Protection functions . 48
8.4 Braking system . 49
9 Mechanical systems . 49
9.1 General . 49
9.2 Errors of fitting . 49
9.3 Hydraulic or pneumatic systems . 50
9.4 Main gearbox . 50
9.5 Yaw system . 50
9.6 Pitch system . 51
9.7 Protection function mechanical brakes . 51
9.8 Rolling bearings . 51
10 Electrical system . 52
10.1 General . 52

+ AMD1:2010 CSV  IEC 2014
10.2 General requirements for the electrical system. 52

10.3 Protective devices . 52

10.4 Disconnect devices . 52

10.5 Earth system . 53

10.6 Lightning protection . 53

10.7 Electrical cables . 53

10.8 Self-excitation . 53

10.9 Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse . 53

10.10 Power quality . 53

10.11 Electromagnetic compatibility . 54
11 Assessment of a wind turbine for site-specific conditions . 54
11.1 General . 54
11.2 Assessment of the topographical complexity of the site . 54
11.3 Wind conditions required for assessment . 55
11.4 Assessment of wake effects from neighbouring wind turbines . 56
11.5 Assessment of other environmental conditions . 56
11.6 Assessment of earthquake conditions . 57
11.7 Assessment of electrical network conditions . 58
11.8 Assessment of soil conditions . 58
11.9 Assessment of structural integrity by reference to wind data . 58
11.10 Assessment of structural integrity by load calculations with reference to si
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