IEC TR 63100:2017

Transmitting equipment for radiocommunication - Radio-over-fibre technologies for spectrum measurement - 100-GHz spectrum measurement equipment

IEC 63100:2017(E) describes 100-GHz spectrum measurement methods using RoF technologies. It covers the background to measurement over 100 GHz, the configuration of a spectrum analyser, the key technologies, such as mm-wave tunable filter, and RoF-technologies-based local oscillator, and provides some measured examples.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 25-Jul-2017
• ICS: 01 - GENERALITIES. TERMINOLOGY. STANDARDIZATION. DOCUMENTATION
• ICS: 33.060.20 - Receiving and transmitting equipment
• ICS: 33.180.01 - Fibre optic systems in general
• Technical Committee: TC 103 - Transmitting and receiving equipment for radiocommunication
• Current Stage: PPUB - Publication issued
• Start Date: 26-Jul-2017
• Completion Date: 08-Aug-2017

Overview

IEC TR 63100:2017 is an IEC Technical Report that documents methods for 100‑GHz spectrum measurement using Radio‑over‑Fibre (RoF) technologies. Rather than a prescriptive standard, it collects state‑of‑the‑art practices: background on mm‑wave measurement needs, a recommended 100‑GHz spectrum analyser system configuration, key enabling technologies (for example, mm‑wave tunable filters and RoF‑based local oscillators), and measured examples such as a 120‑GHz mm‑wave link and FM CW radar signals. The report is a practical reference for extending spectrum analysis and test capability above 100 GHz.

Key Topics and Technical Focus

• Radio‑over‑Fibre (RoF) for spectrum measurement: use of optical transport and photodiodes to generate and distribute mm‑wave local oscillator and test signals.
• 100‑GHz spectrum analyser configuration: block diagrams and external/system layout guidance for building analysers that cover frequencies >100 GHz.
• mm‑wave tunable pre‑selector / filter: techniques to suppress unwanted internal responses and improve selectivity at mm‑wave bands.
• RoF‑technologies‑based local signal generation (RoF Sig Gen): architectures for generating high‑frequency LO tones via photonic upconversion.
• Performance assessment methods: level calibration, displayed average noise level (DANL), image response, residual spurious response, and third‑order intercept (TOI) measurement approaches.
• Measurement examples: practical test cases (e.g., 120‑GHz link measurements and wideband FM CW radar chirps) that illustrate system setup, SPA settings and result interpretation.

Practical Applications

IEC TR 63100:2017 is directly applicable where accurate spectrum measurement above 100 GHz is required:

• Automotive radar and ADAS testing (77–81 GHz trends and higher‑band research).
• Wireless device verification, including high‑bandwidth systems that require out‑of‑band emissions checks up to ~130 GHz (e.g., IEEE 802.11ad‑related devices).
• Airport ground FOD detection system development and verification.
• Millimetre‑wave link and backhaul R&D and production test.
• Test laboratories and instrument manufacturers designing or validating spectrum analysers and pre‑selectors for mm‑wave ranges.

Who should use this Technical Report

• RF and photonics test engineers
• Spectrum‑measurement instrument designers
• Automotive radar and ADAS system developers
• Wireless device and mm‑wave component manufacturers
• Accredited test laboratories building capability above 100 GHz

Related Standards (high level)

While IEC TR 63100:2017 is a Technical Report (state‑of‑the‑art guidance), it complements other IEC/ISO/IEEE standards and specifications on radio equipment, mm‑wave technologies and measurement procedures. Users should consult relevant normative standards for regulatory or compliance requirements when performing conformance testing.

Keywords: IEC TR 63100:2017, 100‑GHz spectrum measurement, radio‑over‑fibre, RoF technologies, mm‑wave tunable filter, spectrum analyser, calibration, DANL, TOI, automotive radar, IEEE 802.11ad.

Standards Content (Sample)

IEC TR 63100 ®
Edition 1.0 2017-07
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Transmitting equipment for radiocommunication – Radio-over-fibre technologies
for spectrum measurement – 100-GHz spectrum measurement equipment
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
your local IEC member National Committee for further information.

IEC Central Office Tel.: [phone]
3, rue de Varembé Fax: [phone]
CH-1211 Geneva 20 [e-mail]
Switzerland www.iec.ch
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.

About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published.

IEC Catalogue - webstore.iec.ch/catalogue Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
The stand-alone application for consulting the entire The world's leading online dictionary of electronic and
bibliographical information on IEC International Standards, electrical terms containing 20 000 terms and definitions in
Technical Specifications, Technical Reports and other English and French, with equivalent terms in 16 additional
documents. Available for PC, Mac OS, Android Tablets and languages. Also known as the International Electrotechnical
iPad. Vocabulary (IEV) online.

IEC publications search - www.iec.ch/searchpub IEC Glossary - std.iec.ch/glossary
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a 65 000 electrotechnical terminology entries in English and
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical French extracted from the Terms and Definitions clause of
committee,…). It also gives information on projects, replaced IEC publications issued since 2002. Some entries have been
and withdrawn publications. collected from earlier publications of IEC TC 37, 77, 86 and

CISPR.
IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished

Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc
details all new publications released. Available online and If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or
also once a month by email. need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
Centre: [e-mail].
IEC TR 63100 ®
Edition 1.0 2017-07
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Transmitting equipment for radiocommunication – Radio-over-fibre technologies

for spectrum measurement – 100-GHz spectrum measurement equipment

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 33.060.20; 33.180.01 ISBN 978-2-8322-4554-5

– 2 – IEC TR 63100:2017 © IEC 2017

CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 6
3.1 Terms and definitions . 6
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 6
4 Background to measurement over 100 GHz . 7
4.1 General . 7
4.2 IEEE 802.11ad wireless devices . 7
4.3 Automotive radar . 7
4.4 Airport ground radar . 7
4.5 Mobile backhaul . 8
4.6 Uncompressed HD signal transmission . 8
5 Spectrum measurement over 100 GHz . 8
5.1 Overview. 8
5.2 100-GHz spectrum analyser system configuration . 9
5.3 Key technologies . 9
5.3.1 General . 9
5.3.2 mm-wave tunable filter . 10
5.3.3 RoF-technologies-based local signal generator (RoF Sig Gen) . 11
5.4 Performance of 100-GHz spectrum analyser . 12
5.4.1 General . 12
5.4.2 Level calibration . 12
5.4.3 Spectrum measurement . 13
5.4.4 Image response . 14
5.4.5 Displayed average noise level . 15
5.4.6 Third order intercept point . 16
5.4.7 Residual response . 17
6 Measurement examples . 18
6.1 120-GHz mm-wave link . 18
6.2 FM CW radar signal observation . 20
6.3 Summary of measurement examples . 21
Bibliography . 22

Figure 1 – External appearance of a 100-GHz spectrum analyser . 8
Figure 2 – 100-GHz spectrum analyser block diagram . 9
Figure 3 – Fabry-Perot tunable filter . 10
Figure 4 – Pre-selector frequency characteristics . 10
Figure 5 – S21 transmission characteristics . 11
Figure 6 – RoF Sig Gen block diagram. 11
Figure 7 – Comparison of harmonic component levels . 12
Figure 8 – Level calibration system . 12
Figure 9 – Standard deviation of calibration . 13
Figure 10 – Calibration result . 13
Figure 11 – Spectrum measurement . 14

Figure 12 – Image response . 14
Figure 13 – Image response comparison. 15
Figure 14 – Displayed average noise level . 16
Figure 15 – Third order intercept point . 16
Figure 16 – TOI measurement result . 17
Figure 17 – Residual spurious response . 18
Figure 18 – Measurement system block diagram . 18
Figure 19 – 120-GHz mm-wave link measurement results . 19
Figure 20 – Experimental system block diagram . 20
Figure 21 – Observed 5-GHz BW 5-µs chirp signal at 10-GHz span . 20

Table 1 – Design specifications. 9
Table 2 – Measured image response . 15
Table 3 – SPA setting at residual response measurement . 17
Table 4 – 120-GHz mm-wave link specifications . 18
Table 5 – SPA setting at 120-GHz mm-wave link measurement . 19
Table 6 – SPA settings FM CW radar . 20

– 4 – IEC TR 63100:2017 © IEC 2017

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
TRANSMITTING EQUIPMENT FOR RADIOCOMMUNICATION –
RADIO-OVER-FIBRE TECHNOLOGIES FOR SPECTRUM MEASUREMENT –
100-GHZ SPECTRUM MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepare International Standards. However, a
technical committee may propose the publication of a technical report when it has collected
data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard, for
example "state of the art".
IEC TR 63100, which is a Technical Report, has been prepared by IEC technical
committee 103: Transmitting equipment for radiocommunication:

The text of this Technical Report is based on the following documents:
Enquiry draft Report on voting
103/157/DTR 103/163/RVDTR
Full information on the voting for the approval of this Technical Report can be found in the
report on voting indicated in the above table.
This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date.

IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
– 6 – IEC TR 63100:2017 © IEC 2017

TRANSMITTING EQUIPMENT FOR RADIOCOMMUNICATION –
RADIO-OVER-FIBRE TECHNOLOGIES FOR SPECTRUM MEASUREMENT –
100-GHZ SPECTRUM MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT

1 Scope
This document describes 100-GHz spectrum measurement methods using RoF technologies.
It covers the background to measurement over 100 GHz, the configuration of a spectrum
analyser, the key technologies, such as mm-wave tunable filter, and RoF-technologies-based
local oscillator, and provides some measured examples.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.2 Abbreviated terms
mm-wave millimeter-wave
ADAS advanced driving assistant systems
FOD foreign object and debris
ODU outdoor unit
IDU indoor unit
HDTV high-definition television
MPEG moving pictures experts group
DUT device under test
UTC-PD uni-travelling-carrier photodiode
SD standard deviation
LSB lower sideband
USB upper sideband
DANL displayed average noise level
TOI third order intercept
ACLR adjacent channel leakage power ratio
SNR signal-to-noise ratio
IR infra-red
SPA spectrum analyser
LIDAR light detection and ranging
RBW resolution bandwidth
OBW occupied bandwidth
VBW video bandwidth
FM CW frequency modulated continuous wave
ATT attenuator
ASK amplitude shift keying
BPSK binary phase shift keying
QPSK quadrature phase shift keying
LO local oscillator
RF radio frequency
IF intermediate frequency
RoF Sig Gen radio over fibre technologies-based local signal generation
4 Background to measurement over 100 GHz
4.1 General
The following applications depend heavily on the development of mm-wave technology:
• IEEE 802.11ad wireless devices;
• automotive radar;
• airport ground radar;
• mobile backhaul;
• uncompressed HD signal transmission.
4.2 IEEE 802.11ad wireless devices
IEEE 802.11ad wireless devices uses the 60-GHz band to implement multi-gigabit speeds,
low latency, and secure connections between devices. Popular applications are replacement
of display cables, and wireless connection between laptops. IEEE 802.11ad wireless devices
should be checked for bandwidth, 60-GHz in-band emissions, and out-of-band emissions up
to 130 GHz. However, there is currently no commercial spectrum analyser with a pre-selector
to remove unwanted internal frequency responses at bands over 100 GHz.
4.3 Automotive radar
Advanced driving assistant systems (ADAS) are being developed as a key technology for
autonomous vehicles. ADAS uses various sensors, including radar, LIDAR and cameras. An
ADAS radar detects small objects at high distance, velocity, and angle resolution using
wideband FM CW modulation as the key technology. The world radio communication
conference of November 2015 (WRC-15), agreed on the use of the contiguous 4-GHz band
from 77 GHz to 81 GHz, and that demand for high-resolution mm-wave radar in the 79-GHz
band will increase as ADAS becomes more widespread.
4.4 Airport ground radar
Following the Air France Concorde disaster in 2000, which was caused by engine ingress of
runway debris, airport operators have been focusing on foreign object and debris (FOD)
detection systems. Several technologies, such as cameras, IR, LIDAR, and other sensors are
being tested. One candidate is the mm-wave radar because it can detect small metallic
objects using converted automotive radar in the 77-GHz and 90-GHz bands. Both bands
require a wider bandwidth for finer resolution and the 92-GHz to 100-GHz band could be used
for industrial radio location.

– 8 – IEC TR 63100:2017 © IEC 2017

4.5 Mobile backhaul
Mobile phones and terminals communicate by connecting to base stations that transfer data
to the core network. Data from multiple base stations distributed throughout the
communications area is transferred by a network of systems that collect and transfer data
using various exchanges and wired and wireless technologies—this is called the "mobile
backhaul". Wired technologies use optical fibres featuring larger traffic capacity than wireless
and stable communications quality. However, optical fibre can sometimes suffer from
installation problems due to difficult geography and high cost. On the other hand, wireless
communications are easier and faster to install and at a lower cost. Wireless also has
advantages of easier service restoration after disasters. Wireless backhaul equipment is
composed of an outdoor unit (ODU) and an indoor unit (IDU). The wireless signal is
transmitted and received by antennas on the ODU. The IDU is connected to the network and
handles sending/receiving of IF data to/from the ODU, as well as data transmission.
Most wireless backhaul frequency bands are below 38 GHz but some 60-GHz and 70-GHz to
80-GHz bands have been allocated to secure wider bandwidth for implementing larger-
capacity and faster transfers. Since frequency bands and applications depend on national
laws governing radio, not all bands are available in all regions.
4.6 Uncompressed HD signal transmission
Digital terrestrial television broadcasting is spreading ra
...