IEC 62899-202:2023

Printed electronics - Part 202: Materials - Conductive ink

IEC 62899-202:2023 defines the terms and specifies the standard test methods for characterization and evaluation of conductive inks. This document also provides measurement methods for evaluating the properties of conductive layers made both from an additive process using conductive inks and from a subtractive process used in printed electronics. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) definitions of conductive material, conductive ink and conductive layer have been revised;
b) a summary of test methods is added;
c) mechanical tests for conductive layer are added.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 01-May-2023
• ICS: 31.180 - Printed circuits and boards
• ICS: 87.080 - Inks. Printing inks
• Technical Committee: TC 119 - Printed Electronics
• Drafting Committee: WG 2 - TC 119/WG 2
• Current Stage: PPUB - Publication issued
• Start Date: 02-Jun-2023
• Completion Date: 02-May-2023

Relations

• Revises: IEC 62899-202:2016 - Printed electronics - Part 202: Materials - Conductive ink
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023

Standards Content (Sample)

IEC 62899-202 ®
Edition 2.0 2023-05
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
Printed electronics –
Part 202: Materials – Conductive ink
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
your local IEC member National Committee for further information.

IEC Secretariat Tel.: [phone]
3, rue de Varembé [e-mail]
CH-1211 Geneva 20 www.iec.ch
Switzerland
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.

About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigendum or an amendment might have been published.

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The world's leading online dictionary on electrotechnology,
Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published
containing more than 22 300 terminological entries in English
details all new publications released. Available online and once
and French, with equivalent terms in 19 additional languages.
a month by email.
Also known as the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary

(IEV) online.
IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc

If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or need
further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
Centre: [e-mail].
IEC 62899-202 ®
Edition 2.0 2023-05
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
Printed electronics –
Part 202: Materials – Conductive ink

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 31.180; 87.080 ISBN 978-2-8322-6936-7

– 2 – IEC 62899-202:2023 © IEC 2023
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 Atmospheric conditions for evaluation and pre-conditioning . 11
5 Summary characteristics and evaluation method of conductive ink . 11
6 Evaluation of properties of conductive ink . 12
6.1 Specimen . 12
6.2 Contents . 12
6.2.1 Solid content . 12
6.2.2 Non-volatile content . 12
6.2.3 Ash content . 13
6.2.4 Foreign matter . 13
6.3 Physical properties . 14
6.3.1 Density . 14
6.3.2 Rheology . 14
6.3.3 Surface tension . 15
6.3.4 Size of conductive materials . 16
6.3.5 Flashpoint . 17
6.3.6 Evaporation rate . 18
6.3.7 Appearance of ink . 19
7 Evaluation of the properties of a conductive layer . 19
7.1 Test piece . 19
7.1.1 General . 19
7.1.2 Substrate . 19
7.1.3 Conductive ink . 19
7.1.4 Dimensions of test piece . 19
7.1.5 Preparation of test piece . 19
7.2 Electrical properties . 20
7.2.1 Volume resistivity . 20
7.2.2 Surface resistivity (based on the four-point probe method) . 24
7.2.3 Surface resistivity (based on the contactless method) . 25
7.3 Mechanical properties . 25
7.3.1 Bending test . 25
7.3.2 Abrasion resistance . 26
7.3.3 Adhesion strength . 27
7.4 Optical properties . 27
7.4.1 Overview . 27
7.4.2 Luminous transmittance . 27
7.4.3 Chromaticity . 28
7.4.4 Uniformity of colour . 28
7.4.5 Haze . 30
7.4.6 Refractive index . 30
8 Storage . 31
8.1 Storage conditions . 31

8.2 Method for measuring aged deterioration . 31
8.3 Report of the results . 31
Annex A (informative) Example of four-point probe for applying an appropriate weight . 32
A.1 Internal structure . 32
A.2 Example of overall view . 32
Annex B (informative) Formula of correction factor F . 33
B.1 General . 33
B.2 Conditions for correction factor F . 34
B.3 Formula of correction factor F . 34
Annex C (informative) Influence of the measuring position and size of the specimen on
resistance . 35
C.1 Influence of the measuring position on resistance . 35
C.2 Influence of the size of the specimen on resistance . 36
Bibliography . 37

Figure 1 – Example of four-point probe measurement . 20
Figure 2 – Example of four-probe measurement equipment . 20
Figure 3 – Measuring positions of resistance (Type A) . 22
Figure 4 – Measuring positions of resistance (Type B) . 22
Figure 5 – Measuring positions of resistance (Type C) . 23
Figure A.1 – Example of the internal structure of probe . 32
Figure A.2 – Example of the overall view of the probe . 32
Figure B.1 – Schematic diagram of the geometry of the conductive layer and the
configuration of probes A, B, C and D . 33
Figure C.1 – Measurement model for the influence of the measuring position on sheet
resistance . 35
Figure C.2 – Model measurement of the influence of the specimen size . 36

Table 1 – Test methods for conductive inks used in PE. 11
Table 2 – Resistance range of the test piece and the applied current . 21
Table 3 – List of the size of the specimen . 22

– 4 – IEC 62899-202:2023 © IEC 2023
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
PRINTED ELECTRONICS –
Part 202: Materials – Conductive ink
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between
any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
member
...

IEC 62899-202 ®
Edition 2.0 2023-05
REDLINE VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Printed electronics –
Part 202: Materials – Conductive ink

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
your local IEC member National Committee for further information.

IEC Secretariat Tel.: [phone]
3, rue de Varembé [e-mail]
CH-1211 Geneva 20 www.iec.ch
Switzerland
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.

About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigendum or an amendment might have been published.

IEC publications search - webstore.iec.ch/advsearchform IEC Products & Services Portal - products.iec.ch
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a Discover our powerful search engine and read freely all the
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical publications previews. With a subscription you will always have
committee, …). It also gives information on projects, replaced access to up to date content tailored to your needs.
and withdrawn publications.
Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished
The world's leading online dictionary on electrotechnology,
Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published
containing more than 22 300 terminological entries in English
details all new publications released. Available online and once
and French, with equivalent terms in 19 additional languages.
a month by email.
Also known as the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary

(IEV) online.
IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc

If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or need
further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
Centre: [e-mail].
IEC 62899-202 ®
Edition 2.0 2023-05
REDLINE VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Printed electronics –
Part 202: Materials – Conductive ink
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 31.180; 87.080 ISBN 978-2-8322-6955-8

– 2 – IEC 62899-202:2023 RLV © IEC 2023
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 2
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 Atmospheric conditions for evaluation and pre-conditioning . 11
5 Summary characteristics and evaluation method of conductive ink . 11
6 Evaluation of properties of conductive ink . 12
6.1 Specimen . 12
6.2 Contents . 12
6.2.1 Solid content . 12
6.2.2 Non-volatile content . 13
6.2.3 Ash content . 13
6.2.4 Foreign matter . 14
6.3 Physical properties . 14
6.3.1 Density . 14
6.3.2 Rheology . 15
6.3.3 Surface tension . 15
6.3.4 Size of conductive materials . 16
6.3.5 Flashpoint . 17
6.3.6 Evaporation rate . 18
6.3.7 Appearance of ink . 19
7 Evaluation of the properties of a conductive layer . 19
7.1 Test piece . 19
7.1.1 General . 19
7.1.2 Substrate . 19
7.1.3 Conductive ink . 19
7.1.4 Dimensions of test piece . 19
7.1.5 Preparation of test piece . 19
7.2 Electrical properties . 20
7.2.1 Volume resistivity . 20
7.2.2 Surface resistivity (based on the four-point probe method) . 24
7.2.3 Surface resistivity (based on the contactless method) . 25
7.3 Mechanical properties . 25
7.3.1 Bending test . 25
7.3.2 Abrasion resistance . 26
7.3.3 Adhesion strength . 27
7.4 Optical properties . 25
7.4.1 Overview . 27
7.4.2 Luminous transmittance . 27
7.4.3 Chromaticity . 28
7.4.4 Uniformity of colour . 28
7.4.5 Haze . 30
7.4.6 Refractive index . 30
8 Storage . 31
8.1 Storage conditions . 31

8.2 Method for measuring aged deterioration . 31
8.3 Report of the results . 31
Annex A (informative) Example of four-point probe for applying an appropriate weight . 32
A.1 Internal structure . 32
A.2 Example of the general overall view . 32
Annex B (informative) Formula of correction factor F . 33
B.1 General . 33
B.2 Conditions for correction factor F . 34
B.3 Formula of correction factor F . 34
Annex C (informative) Influence of the measuring position and size of the specimen on
resistance . 35
C.1 Influence of the measuring position on resistance . 35
C.2 Influence of the size of the specimen on resistance . 36
Bibliography . 37

Figure 1 – Example of four-point probe measurement . 20
Figure 2 – Example of four-probe measurement equipment . 20
Figure 3 – Measuring positions of resistance (Type A) . 22
Figure 4 – Measuring positions of resistance (Type B) . 22
Figure 5 – Measuring positions of resistance (Type C) . 23
Figure A.1 – Example of the internal structure of probe . 32
Figure A.2 – Example of the general overall view of the probe . 32
Figure B.1 – Schematic diagram of the geometry of the conductive layer and the
configuration of probes A, B, C and D . 33
Figure C.1 – Measurement model for the influence of the measuring position on sheet
resistance . 35
Figure C.2 – Model measurement of the influence of the specimen size . 36

Table 1 – Test methods for conductive inks used in PE. 11
Table 2 – Resistance range of the test piece and the applied current . 21
Table 3 – List of the size of the specimen . 22

– 4 – IEC 62899-202:2023 RLV © IEC 2023
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
PRINTED ELECTRONICS –
Part 202: Materials – Conductive ink
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between
any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal in
...