IEC 60544-5:2022
(Main)Electrical insulating materials - Determination of the effects of ionizing radiation - Part 5: Procedures for assessment of ageing in service
Electrical insulating materials - Determination of the effects of ionizing radiation - Part 5: Procedures for assessment of ageing in service
IEC 60544-5:2022 is available as IEC 60544-5:2022 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.IEC 60544-5:2022 covers ageing assessment methods which can be applied to components based on polymeric materials (e.g. cable insulation and jackets, elastomeric seals, polymeric coatings, gaiters) which are used in environments where they are exposed to radiation. The object of this document is aimed at providing methods for the assessment of ageing in service. The approaches discussed in Clause 5 through Clause 9 cover ageing assessment programmes based on condition monitoring (CM), the use of sample deposits in severe environments and sampling of real-time aged components. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- added recent references in 7.4 showing that some electrical condition monitoring methods show promising correlations with ageing;
- updated recommendations for implementation of a sample deposit in 9.2, installation of a sample deposit in 9.3 and testing of samples from the deposit in 9.4;
- updated list of references.
Matériaux isolants électriques - Détermination des effets des rayonnements ionisants - Partie 5: Procédures pour l'évaluation du vieillissement en service
IEC 60544-5:2022 est disponible sous forme de IEC 60544-5:2022 RLV qui contient la Norme internationale et sa version Redline, illustrant les modifications du contenu technique depuis l'édition précédente.L'IEC 60544-5:2022 traite des méthodes d'évaluation du vieillissement qui peuvent être appliquées aux composants à base de matériaux polymères (gaines et isolations de câble, joints en élastomère, revêtements polymères, garnitures) qui sont utilisés dans des environnements où ils sont exposés aux rayonnements. L'objet du présent document est de fournir des méthodes pour évaluer le vieillissement en service des matériaux. Les approches examinées dans les Articles 5 à 9 concernent les programmes d'évaluation de vieillissement fondés sur une surveillance de l'état (CM, Condition Monitoring), l'utilisation de dépôts d'échantillons dans des environnements sévères et l'échantillonnage de composants vieillis en temps réel. Cette édition inclut les modifications techniques majeures suivantes par rapport à l'édition précédente:
- des références récentes ont été ajoutées en 7.4 afin d'introduire des méthodes de surveillance de l'état qui montrent des corrélations prometteuses vis-à-vis du vieillissement;
- les recommandations ont été mises à jour pour la mise en œuvre d'un dépôt d'échantillons en 9.2, l'installation d'un dépôt d'échantillons en 9.3 et les essais sur les échantillons du dépôt en 9.4;
- la liste de références a été mise à jour.
General Information
Standards Content (sample)
IEC 60544-5
Edition 3.0 2022-06
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Electrical insulating materials – Determination of the effects of ionizing
radiation –
Part 5: Procedures for assessment of ageing in service
Matériaux isolants électriques – Détermination des effets des rayonnements
ionisants –
Partie 5: Procédures pour l'évaluation du vieillissement en service
IEC 60544-5:2022-06(en-fr)
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
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---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
IEC 60544-5
Edition 3.0 2022-06
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Electrical insulating materials – Determination of the effects of ionizing
radiation –
Part 5: Procedures for assessment of ageing in service
Matériaux isolants électriques – Détermination des effets des rayonnements
ionisants –
Partie 5: Procédures pour l'évaluation du vieillissement en service
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 17.240; 29.035.01 ISBN 978-2-8322-3826-4
Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agréé.
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical CommissionMarque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
– 2 – IEC 60544-5:2022 © IEC 2022
CONTENTS
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... 4
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 6
1 Scope .............................................................................................................................. 7
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................... 7
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms ........................................................................ 7
3.1 Terms and definitions .............................................................................................. 7
3.2 Abbreviated terms ................................................................................................... 7
4 Background ..................................................................................................................... 8
4.1 General ................................................................................................................... 8
4.2 Diffusion-limited oxidation (DLO)............................................................................. 8
4.3 Dose rate effects (DRE) .......................................................................................... 9
4.4 Accelerated radiation ageing ................................................................................... 9
4.5 Accelerated thermal ageing ..................................................................................... 9
5 Approaches to ageing assessment ................................................................................ 10
6 Identifying components of concern ................................................................................ 10
6.1 General ................................................................................................................. 10
6.2 Priorities for ageing management .......................................................................... 10
6.3 Environmental monitoring ..................................................................................... 10
6.4 Localized severe environments ............................................................................. 11
6.5 Worst case components ........................................................................................ 11
7 Condition monitoring techniques .................................................................................... 11
7.1 General ................................................................................................................. 11
7.2 Establishing correlation curves for CM methods .................................................... 11
7.3 CM methods ......................................................................................................... 12
7.4 Using CM for short-term troubleshooting ............................................................... 12
7.5 Using CM for long-term degradation assessment .................................................. 14
8 Predictive modelling ...................................................................................................... 15
9 Sample deposit .............................................................................................................. 16
9.1 General ................................................................................................................. 16
9.2 Requirements of a deposit .................................................................................... 16
9.3 Pre-ageing samples for a deposit .......................................................................... 16
9.4 Installation of a sample deposit ............................................................................. 17
9.5 Testing of samples from the deposit ...................................................................... 17
9.6 Determination of sampling intervals ...................................................................... 17
9.7 Real time aged materials ...................................................................................... 18
Annex A (informative) Example of a CM correlation curve .................................................... 19
Annex B (informative) Use of a deposit ................................................................................ 20
B.1 Typical sample in a deposit ................................................................................... 20
B.2 Typical testing schedule for a deposit ................................................................... 20
Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 1 – Development of ageing data on changes in tensile elongation and acondition indicator (e.g. indenter modulus) – Schematic representation ................................ 13
Figure 2 – Correlation curve derived from data in Figure 1 – Schematic representation ........ 14
Figure 3 – Estimation of elongation from a correlation curve ................................................. 15
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Figure 4 – Modification of sampling interval dependent on values of the CM indicator –
Schematic representation ..................................................................................................... 18
Figure A.1 – Correlation curve for indenter modulus against tensile elongation for a
CSPE cable jacket material [24] ............................................................................................ 19
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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS –
DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION –
Part 5: Procedures for assessment of ageing in service
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
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indispensable for the correct application of this publication.9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC 60544-5 has been prepared by IEC technical committee TC 112: Evaluation andqualification of electrical insulating materials and systems. It is an International Standard.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2011. This edition
constitutes a technical revision.This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:a) added recent references in 7.4 showing that some electrical condition monitoring methods
show promising correlations with ageing;b) updated recommendations for implementation of a sample deposit in 9.2, installation of a
sample deposit in 9.3 and testing of samples from the deposit in 9.4;c) updated list of references.
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IEC 60544-5:2022 © IEC 2022 – 5 –
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
112/523/CDV 112/553/RVC
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications.A list of all parts in the IEC 60544 series, published under the general title Electrical insulating
materials – Determination of the effects of ionizing radiation, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
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– 6 – IEC 60544-5:2022 © IEC 2022
INTRODUCTION
Organic and polymeric materials provide a significant proportion of the insulation used in
electrical systems. These materials are sensitive to the effects of irradiation and the response
varies widely between different types. It is therefore important to be able to assess the degree
of degradation of these insulating materials during their service lifetimes. This part of IEC 60544
provides recommended procedures for assessing ageing of insulating materials in service.
There are a number of approaches to the assessment of ageing of polymer-based components
exposed to radiation environments [1], [2], [3], [4] . These are based on the better
understanding of the factors affecting ageing degradation which has been developed over
several decades. In nuclear power plants, qualification programmes are normally used for the
selection of components, including those based on polymeric materials. These initial
TM 2 TM 2qualification procedures, such as IEEE Std 323 -1974 [5] and IEEE Std 383 -1974 [6],
were originally written before there was sufficient understanding of ageing mechanisms. Most
of the methods discussed in this document are therefore used to supplement the initial
qualification process.This document is the fifth in a series dealing with the effect of ionizing radiation on insulating
materials.IEC 60544-1 (Radiation interaction and dosimetry) constitutes an introduction dealing very
broadly with the problems involved in evaluating radiation effects. It also provides guidance on
dosimetry terminology, several methods of determining exposure and absorbed dose, and
methods of calculating absorbed dose in any specific material from the dosimetry method
applied.IEC 60544-2 (Procedures for irradiation and test) describes procedures for maintaining seven
different types of exposure conditions during irradiation. It also specifies the controls that should
be maintained over these conditions so that when test results are reported, reliable comparisons
of material performance can be made. In addition, it defines certain important irradiation
conditions and test procedures to be used for property change determinations andcorresponding end-point criteria.
IEC 60544-3 has been withdrawn and incorporated into the second edition of IEC 60544-2.
IEC 60544-4 (Classification system for service in radiation environments) provides a
recommended classification system for categorizing the radiation endurance of insulation
materials.___________
Numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography.
IEEE Std 323-1974 and IEEE Std 383-1974 are now withdrawn and have been superseded by more recent
revisions.---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
IEC 60544-5:2022 © IEC 2022 – 7 –
ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS –
DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION –
Part 5: Procedures for assessment of ageing in service
1 Scope
This part of IEC 60544 covers ageing assessment methods which can be applied to components
based on polymeric materials (e.g. cable insulation and jackets, elastomeric seals, polymeric
coatings, gaiters) which are used in environments where they are exposed to radiation.
The object of this document is aimed at providing methods for the assessment of ageing in
service. The approaches discussed in Clause 5 through Clause 9 cover ageing assessment
programmes based on condition monitoring (CM), the use of sample deposits in severe
environments and sampling of real-time aged components.2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.IEC 60544-2, Electrical insulating materials – Determination of the effects of ionizing radiation
on insulating materials – Part 2: Procedures for irradiation and testIEC TS 61244-1, Determination of long-term radiation ageing in polymers – Part 1: Techniques
for monitoring diffusion-limited oxidationIEC TS 61244-2, Determination of long-term radiation ageing in polymers – Part 2: Procedures
for predicting ageing at low dose rates3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.2 Abbreviated terms
BWR boiling water reactor
CBQ condition-based qualification
CM condition monitoring
CSPE chlorosulphonated polyethylene
DBE design basis event
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– 8 – IEC 60544-5:2022 © IEC 2022
DLO diffusion-limited oxidation
DRE dose rate effect
EPR ethylene propylene rubber
EQ environmental qualification
NPP nuclear power plant
OIT oxidation induction time
OITP oxidation induction temperature
PVC polyvinyl chloride
PWR pressurized water reactor
TGA thermo-gravimetric analysis
VVER water-cooled, water-moderated energy reactor (type of pressurized water reactor
developed by Russia)XLPE cross-linked polyethylene
4 Background
4.1 General
There are a number of factors that need to be considered when assessing ageing of polymeric
components in radiation environments. In 4.2 through 4.5, some of these factors are briefly
discussed and references made to more detailed information.To accelerate radiation-ageing environments, the normal approach is to increase the radiation
dose rate, often combined with an increase in temperature. The two most important potential
complications arising from such increases involve diffusion-limited oxidation (DLO), which is
described in 4.2, and chemical dose rate effects (DRE), which are described in 4.3. The
implications of these factors on the use and interpretation of condition monitoring (CM)
techniques are also discussed. Accelerated ageing programmes are briefly discussed in 4.4
and 4.5.4.2 Diffusion-limited oxidation (DLO)
When polymers are exposed to an oxygen-containing environment (e.g. air), some oxygen will
be dissolved in the material. In the absence of oxygen-consuming reactions (oxidation), the
amount of dissolved oxygen will be proportional to the oxygen partial pressure surrounding the
polymer (well known from Henry’s Law). Ageing will lead to oxidation reactions in the polymer,
whose rate will increase significantly as the dose rate and temperature of ageing are increased.
If the rate of consumption of dissolved oxygen in the polymer is faster than the rate at which
oxygen can be replenished by diffusion from the surrounding atmosphere, the concentration of
dissolved oxygen in the interior regions will decrease with time (the oxygen concentration at
the sample surface will remain at its equilibrium value). The reduction in internal oxygen
concentration can lead to reduced or negligible oxidation, referred to as "diffusion-limited
oxidation".The importance of this effect is dependent on the sample thickness (thinner samples giving
smaller DLO effects) and the ratio of the oxygen consumption rate to the oxygen permeability
coefficient P, which is the product of the oxygen diffusion and solubility parameters. Accelerated
radiation environments involve increases in dose rates, which increase the oxygen consumption
rate. If the temperature remains constant as the dose rate is increased, the oxygen permeability
coefficient will be unchanged. This means that DLO effects will become more important as the
dose rate is raised. For more detail about these effects, IEC TS 61244-1 shall be consulted.
The effects of DLO may also need to be considered when carrying out CM measurements. This
is not an issue for the many CM techniques which measure properties at ambient temperature,
such as those based on density and modulus measurements. On the other hand, several CM
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techniques such as oxidation induction time (OIT) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) use
quite elevated temperatures during the measurements. For these techniques, it is quite possible
to have DLO effects present during measurement of the CM parameter. For this reason, detailed
test methods for CM have been developed [8] to ensure that the sample preparation and test
procedure avoid DLO effects. DLO shall be addressed when developing correlation curves for
CM methods, to ensure that representative data are obtained for both radiation and thermal
ageing.4.3 Dose rate effects (DRE)
The existence of radiation dose rate effects and methods for dealing with these effects are
described in IEC TS 61244-2. This standard shall be consulted for more detail about these
effects. Generally, DRE are separated into two types. The first type, which is commonly
observed in accelerated radiation-ageing experiments, is due to the DLO effects described in
4.2. These DLO-based effects represent a physical, geometry-dependent DRE.The second type of interest to the current discussion concerns chemical DRE. Such chemically
based DRE are much less common. A documented case of chemical DRE is found in PVC and
low density polyethylene materials, caused by the slow breakdown of hydroperoxide
intermediate species in the oxidation reaction [9]. The existence of such chemical DRE shall be
checked at the start of any accelerated ageing programme. If there are no data available in the
literature for the specific materials of interest, this can be checked by including tests at low
dose rates in the ageing programme.4.4 Accelerated radiation ageing
Accelerated ageing programmes in the laboratory tend to use acceleration factors much lower
than are normally used in equipment qualification. This may avoid some of the problems
associated with DLO and DRE. The ageing produced may then be a better simulation of the
long-term ageing that occurs under service conditions. The data that are obtained in accelerated
ageing tests can be used with predictive models to enable assessments to be made of the
behaviour of the materials under service conditions.Accelerated ageing programmes require a matrix of test data to be generated over a range of
environmental conditions as described in IEC TS 61244-2. As a minimum, data are needed for
at least three different dose rates at the normal operating temperature but additional data on
thermal ageing and radiation ageing at elevated temperature enables better use to be made of
the available predictive modelling methods. The dose rates and temperatures used for
accelerated ageing should be selected using the principles described in IEC 60544-2 to ensure
that homogeneous oxidation occurs. For each environmental condition used, test data shall be
obtained at several different ageing times, the longest of which should be sufficient to introduce
significant degradation. A typical test programme could take more than 18 months to complete,
dependent on the radiation resistance of the materials being tested.The data required in the test matrix are determined by the type of component being evaluated.
The appropriate test parameters are given in IEC 60544-2 for various types of polymeric
materials and components.4.5 Accelerated thermal ageing
When carrying out thermal ageing as part of an accelerated ageing programme, it is important
that an appropriate value of the activation energy is used in assessing the temperature and
timescale of the accelerated test. In some materials, the ageing mechanism at high
temperatures is different to that which would occur under plant conditions and in many materials
the activation energy decreases significantly at lower temperatures [10], [11].Samples which have been exposed to accelerated thermal ageing shall be allowed to stabilize
before any CM tests are carried out. Some polymeric materials...
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