IEC 60068-2-1:2007
(Main)Environmental testing - Part 2-1: Tests - Test A: Cold
Environmental testing - Part 2-1: Tests - Test A: Cold
IEC 60068-2-1:2007 Deals with cold tests applicable to both non heat-dissipating and heat-dissipating specimens. For non heat-dissipating specimens, Tests Ab and Ad do not deviate essentially from earlier issues. Test Ae has been added primarily for testing equipment that requires being operational throughout the test, including the conditioning periods. The object of the cold test is limited to the determination of the ability of components, equipment or other articles to be used, transported or stored at low temperature. Cold tests cover by this standard do not enable the ability of specimens to withstand or operate during the temperature variations to be assessed. In this case, it would be necessary to use IEC 60068-2-14. The cold tests are subdivided as follows:
- Cold tests for non heat-dissipating specimens: * with gradual change of temperature, Ab;
- Cold test for heat-dissipating specimens: * with gradual change of temperature, Ad,
* with gradual change of temperature, specimen powered throughout, Ae.
The procedures given in this standard are normally intended for specimens that achieve temperature stability during the performance of the test procedure. Temperature chamber(s) are constructed and verified in accordance with specifications IEC 60068-3-5 and IEC 60068-3-7. Further guidance for dry heat and cold tests can be found in IEC 60068-3-1 and general guidance in IEC 60068-1. This sixth edition deals with cold tests applicable both to non heat-dissipating and heat-dissipating specimens. For non heat-dissipating specimens, Tests Ab and Ad do not deviate essentially from earlier issues. Test Ae has been added primary for testing equipment that requires being operational throughout the test including the conditioning periods.
Essais d'environnement - Partie 2-1: Essais - Essai A: Froid
IEC 60068-2-1:2007 Traite des essais de froid applicables à la fois aux spécimens dissipant de l'énergie et à ceux ne dissipant pas d'énergie. Les essais Ab et Ad destinés à des spécimens ne dissipant pas d'énergie ne présentent pas de modifications importantes par rapport aux éditions précédentes. L'essai Ae a été ajouté principalement pour les appareils d'essais qui impliquent d'être en fonctionnement pendant l'essai incluant des périodes de conditionnement. Le but de l'essai de froid se limite à la détermination de l'aptitude des composants, équipements ou autres articles à être utilisés, transportés ou stockés à basse température. Les essais de froid concernés par la présente norme ne permettent pas de vérifier l'aptitude des spécimens à subir ou à fonctionner pendant les variations de température. Dans ce cas, il serait nécessaire d'utiliser la CEI 60068-2-14. Les essais de froid se subdivisent de la façon suivante:
- Essais de froid pour spécimens ne dissipant pas d'énergie: * avec variation lente de la température, Ab;
- Essais de froid pour spécimens dissipant de l'énergie: * avec variation lente de la température, Ad;
* avec variation lente de la température, pour les spécimens dissipant partout, Ae.
La procédure décrite dans cette norme est normalement prévue pour les spécimens qui atteignent la stabilité thermique pendant le déroulement de l'essai. La ou les chambres d'essai en température doivent être conçues et vérifiées selon les spécifications de la CEI 60068-3-5 et de la CEI 60068-3-7. D'autres conseils pour les essais de froid et de chaleur sèche peuvent être trouvés dans la CEI 60068-3-1 et des conseils généraux dans la CEI 60068-1. Cette sixième édition traite des essais de froid applicables à la fois aux spécimens dissipant de l'énergie et à ceux ne dissipant pas d'énergie. Les essais Ab et Ad destinés à des spécimens ne dissipant pas d'énergie ne présentent pas de modifications importantes par rapport aux éditions précédentes. L'essai Ae a été ajouté principalement pour les appareils d'essais qui impliquent d'être en fonctionnement pendant l'essai incluant des périodes de conditionnement.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL IEC
STANDARD 60068-2-1
Sixth edition
2007-03
Environmental testing –
Part 2-1:
Tests – Test A: Cold
This English-language version is derived from the original
bilingual publication by leaving out all French-language
pages. Missing page numbers correspond to the French-
language pages.
Reference number
Publication numbering
As from 1 January 1997 all IEC publications are issued with a designation in the
60000 series. For example, IEC 34-1 is now referred to as IEC 60034-1.
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INTERNATIONAL IEC
STANDARD 60068-2-1
Sixth edition
2007-03
Environmental testing –
Part 2-1:
Tests – Test A: Cold
” IEC 2007 Copyright - all rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
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Telephone: +41 22 919 02 11 Telefax: +41 22 919 03 00 E-mail: inmail@iec.ch Web: www.iec.ch
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International Electrotechnical Commission
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For price, see current catalogue
60068-2-1 © IEC:2007 – 3 –
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.7
INTRODUCTION.11
1 Scope and object.13
2 Normative references .13
3 Terms and definitions .15
4 Application of tests for non heat-dissipating specimens versus tests for heat-
dissipating specimens .15
4.1 General .15
4.2 Ascertaining high or low air velocity in the test chamber.15
4.3 Non heat-dissipating specimens .17
4.4 Testing of heat-dissipating specimens .17
4.5 Temperature monitoring .17
4.6 Packaging .17
4.7 Diagrammatic representations .17
5 Test description.19
5.1 General .19
5.2 Test Ab: Cold for non heat-dissipating specimens with gradual change of
temperature.19
5.2.1 Object .19
5.2.2 General description .21
5.3 Test Ad: Cold for heat-dissipating specimens with gradual change of
temperature that are powered after initial temperature stabilization .21
5.3.1 Object .21
5.3.2 General description .21
5.4 Test Ae: Cold for heat-dissipating specimens with gradual change of
temperature that are required to be powered throughout the test.21
5.4.1 Object .21
5.4.2 General description .21
5.4.3 Energizing the specimen .23
6 Test procedure .23
6.1 Confirmation of performance .23
6.2 Working space .23
6.3 Thermal radiation .23
6.4 Specimen with artificial cooling.23
6.5 Mounting .25
6.6 Severities .25
6.6.1 Temperature.25
6.6.2 Duration .25
6.7 Preconditioning .25
6.8 Initial measurements .25
6.9 Conditioning .25
6.10 Intermediate measurements .27
6.11 Final temperature ramp .27
6.12 Recovery.27
6.13 Final measurements .27
60068-2-1 © IEC:2007 – 5 –
7 Information to be given in the relevant specification .27
8 Information to be given in the test report .29
Figure 1 – Block diagram tests A: Cold .19
60068-2-1 © IEC:2007 – 7 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
______________
ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING –
Part 2-1: Tests – Test A: Cold
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
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International Standard IEC 60068-2-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 104:
Environmental conditions, classification and methods of test.
This sixth edition cancels and replaces the fifth edition issued in 1990. It includes the revised
text of the fifth edition, amendment 1 issued in 1993 and amendment 2 issued in 1994.
This sixth edition deals with cold tests applicable both to non heat-dissipating and heat-
dissipating specimens. For non heat-dissipating specimens, Tests Ab and Ad do not deviate
essentially from earlier issues. Test Ae has been added primary for testing equipment that
requires being operational throughout the test including the conditioning periods.
60068-2-1 © IEC:2007 – 9 –
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
104/407/FDIS 104/410/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all the parts in the IEC 60068 series, under the general title Environmental testing,
can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in
the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
60068-2-1 © IEC:2007 – 11 –
INTRODUCTION
Relationship of suffixes between tests a: cold and tests b: dry heat
The relationship of suffixes between Tests A: Cold, and Tests B: Dry heat, is shown in the
following table:
Tests A: Cold Tests B: Dry heat
Suffix
letter Specimen Temperature Air velocity Specimen Temperature Air velocity
type change type change
a Withdrawn Withdrawn
b Non heat Gradual High preferred Non heat Gradual High preferred
c Withdrawn Withdrawn
d Heat Gradual Low preferred Heat Gradual Low preferred
dissipating
e Heat Gradual Low preferred Heat, Gradual Low preferred
dissipating, powered
powered throughout
throughout
60068-2-1 © IEC:2007 – 13 –
ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING –
Part 2-1: Tests – Test A: Cold
1 Scope and object
This part of IEC 60068 deals with cold tests applicable to both non heat-dissipating and heat-
dissipating specimens. For non heat-dissipating specimens, Tests Ab and Ad do not deviate
essentially from earlier issues. Test Ae has been added primarily for testing equipment that
requires being operational throughout the test, including the conditioning periods.
The object of the cold test is limited to the determination of the ability of components,
equipment or other articles to be used, transported or stored at low temperature.
Cold tests cover by this standard do not enable the ability of specimens to withstand or
operate during the temperature variations to be assessed. In this case, it would be necessary
to use IEC 60068-2-14.
The cold tests are subdivided as follows:
− Cold tests for non heat-dissipating specimens
• with gradual change of temperature, Ab;
− Cold test for heat-dissipating specimens
• with gradual change of temperature, Ad,
• with gradual change of temperature, specimen powered throughout, Ae.
The procedures given in this standard are normally intended for specimens that achieve
temperature stability during the performance of the test procedure.
Temperature chamber(s) are constructed and verified in accordance with specifications
IEC 60068-3-5 and IEC 60068-3-7.
Further guidance for dry heat and cold tests can be found in IEC 60068-3-1 and general
guidance in IEC 60068-1.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60068-1:1988, Environmental testing – Part 1: General and guidance
IEC 60068-2-14, Basic environmental test procedures – Part 2-14: Tests – Test N: Change of
temperature
IEC 60068-3-1, Environmental testing – Part 3: Background information – Section one: Cold
and dry heat tests
60068-2-1 © IEC:2007 – 15 –
IEC 60068-3-5, Environmental testing – Part 3-5: Supporting documentation and guidance –
Confirmation of the performance of temperature chambers
IEC 60068-3-7, Environmental testing – Part 3-7: Supporting documentation and guidance –
Measurements in
...
NORME CEI
INTERNATIONALE 60068-2-1
Sixième édition
2007-03
Essais d’environnement –
Partie 2-1:
Essais – Essai A: Froid
Cette version française découle de la publication d’origine
bilingue dont les pages anglaises ont été supprimées.
Les numéros de page manquants sont ceux des pages
supprimées.
Numéro de référence
CEI 60068-2-1:2007(F)
Numérotation des publications
Depuis le 1er janvier 1997, les publications de la CEI sont numérotées à partir de
60000. Ainsi, la CEI 34-1 devient la CEI 60034-1.
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NORME CEI
INTERNATIONALE 60068-2-1
Sixième édition
2007-03
Essais d’environnement –
Partie 2-1:
Essais – Essai A: Froid
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Telephone: +41 22 919 02 11 Telefax: +41 22 919 03 00 E-mail: inmail@iec.ch Web: www.iec.ch
CODE PRIX
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale N
International Electrotechnical Commission
Международная Электротехническая Комиссия
Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur
– 2 – 60068-2-1 © CEI:2007
SOMMAIRE
AVANT-PROPOS.6
INTRODUCTION.10
1 Domaine d’application et objet.12
2 Références normatives.12
3 Termes et définitions .14
4 Application des essais de spécimens ne dissipant pas d’énergie au lieu d’essais
de spécimens dissipant de l’énergie .14
4.1 Généralités.14
4.2 Vérification de la haute ou faible vitesse de l’air dans la chambre d’essai .14
4.3 Pour les spécimens ne dissipant pas d’énergie .16
4.4 Essai de spécimens dissipant de l’énergie.16
4.5 Surveillance de la température .16
4.6 Emballage .16
4.7 Représentations par diagrammes .16
5 Descriptions de l’essai.18
5.1 Généralités.18
5.2 Essai Ab: Froid pour spécimens ne dissipant pas d’énergie avec variation
lente de la température .18
5.2.1 Objet .18
5.2.2 Description générale.20
5.3 Essai Ad: Froid pour spécimens dissipant de l’énergie avec variation lente
de la température lorsqu’ils sont mis en fonctionnement après une
stabilisation de la température.20
5.3.1 Objet .20
5.3.2 Description générale.20
5.4 Essai Ae: Froid pour spécimens dissipant de l’énergie avec variation lente
de la température qui impliquent d’être mis en fonctionnement durant l’essai .20
5.4.1 Objet .20
5.4.2 Description générale.20
5.4.3 Recharge du spécimen .22
6 Procédure d’essai.22
6.1 Confirmation de performance .22
6.2 Espace de travail.22
6.3 Radiation thermique .22
6.4 Spécimen avec refroidissement artificiel.22
6.5 Montage .24
6.6 Sévérités.24
6.6.1 Température.24
6.6.2 Durée .24
6.7 Pré-conditionnement .24
6.8 Mesures initiales .24
6.9 Conditionnement .24
6.10 Mesures intermédiaires .26
6.11 Rampe de température finale .26
6.12 Reprise .26
6.13 Mesures finales .26
– 4 – 60068-2-1 © CEI:2007
7 Renseignements que doit fournir la spécification particulière.26
8 Renseignements que doit fournir le rapport d’essai .28
Figure 1 – Diagramme complet des essais A: Froid .18
– 6 – 60068-2-1 © CEI:2007
COMMISSION ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE
____________
ESSAIS D’ENVIRONNEMENT –
Partie 2-1: Essais – Essai A: Froid
AVANT-PROPOS
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composée de l'ensemble des comités électrotechniques nationaux (Comités nationaux de la CEI). La CEI a
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La présente Norme internationale CEI 60068-2-1 a été préparée par le comité d'études 104
de la CEI: Conditions, classification et essais d’environnement.
Cette sixième édition annule et remplace la cinquième édition publiée en 1990. Elle inclut le
texte révisé de la cinquième édition, l’amendement 1 publié en 1993 et l’amendement 2 publié
en 1994.
Cette sixième édition traite des essais de froid applicables à la fois aux spécimens dissipant
de l’énergie et à ceux ne dissipant pas d’énergie. Les essais Ab et Ad destinés à des
spécimens ne dissipant pas d’énergie ne présentent pas de modifications importantes par
rapport aux éditions précédentes. L’essai Ae a été ajouté principalement pour les appareils
d’essais qui impliquent d’être en fonctionnement pendant l’essai incluant des périodes de
conditionnement.
– 8 – 60068-2-1 © CEI:2007
Le texte anglais de cette norme est issu des documents 104/407/FDIS et 104/410/RVD. Le
rapport de vote 104/410/RVD donne toute information sur le vote ayant abouti à l’approbation
de cette norme.
La version française de cette norme n’a pas été soumise au vote.
Cette publication a été rédigée selon les Directives ISO/CEI, Partie 2.
Une liste de toutes les parties de la série CEI 60068, présentées sous le titre général Essais
d’environnement, peut être consultée sur le site web de la CEI.
Le comité a décidé que le contenu de cette publication ne sera pas modifié avant la date de
maintenance indiquée sur le site web de la CEI sous «http://webstore.iec.ch» dans les
données relatives à la publication recherchée. A cette date, la publication sera
• reconduite;
• supprimée;
• remplacée par une édition révisée, ou
• amendée.
– 10 – 60068-2-1 © CEI:2007
INTRODUCTION
Alignement des indices des essais a: froid et des essais b: chaleur sèche
L’alignement des indices des essais A: Froid, et des essais B: Chaleur sèche, est donné dans
le tableau suivant:
Essais A: Froid Essais B: Chaleur sèche
Lettre Type de Variation Vitesse Type de Variation Vitesse de l'air
indice spécimen de la de l’air spécimen de la
température température
a Retiré Retiré
b Ne dissipe Progressive Elevée de Ne dissipe Progressive Elevée de
pas préférence pas préférence
c Retiré Retiré
d Haute Progressive Faible de Dissipe Progressive Faible de
dissipation préférence préférence
e Haute Progressive Faible de Dissipation Progressive Faible de
dissipation, préférence fournie préférence
fournie partout
partout
– 12 – 60068-2-1 © CEI:2007
ESSAIS D’ENVIRONNEMENT –
Partie 2-1: Essais – Essai A: Froid
1 Domaine d’application et objet
La présente partie de la CEI 60068 traite des essais de froid applicables à la fois aux
spécimens dissipant de l’énergie et à ceux ne dissipant pas d’énergie. Les essais Ab et Ad
destinés à des spécimens ne dissipant pas d’énergie ne présentent pas de modifications
importantes par rapport aux éditions précédentes. L’essai Ae a été ajouté principalement
pour les appareils d’essais qui impliquent d’être en fonctionnement pendant l’essai incluant
des périodes de conditionnement.
Le but de l’essai de froid se limite à la détermination de l’aptitude des composants,
équipements ou autres articles à être utilisés, transportés ou stockés à basse température.
Les essais de froid concernés par la présente norme ne permettent pas de vérifier l’aptitude
des spécimens à subir ou à fonctionner pendant les variations de température. Dans ce cas, il
serait nécessaire d’utiliser la CEI 60068-2-14 .
Les essais de froid se subdivisent de la façon suivante:
– Essais de froid pour spécimens ne dissipant pas d’énergie
• avec variation lente de la température, Ab;
– Essais de froid pour spécimens dissipant de l’énergie
• avec variation lente de la température, Ad;
• avec variation lente de la température, pour les spécimens dissipant partout, Ae.
La procédure décrite dans cette norme est normalement prévue pour les spécimens qui
atteignent la stabilité thermique pendant le déroulement de l’essai.
La ou les chambres d’essai en température doivent être conçues et vérifiées selon les
spécifications de la CEI 60068-3-5 et de la CEI 60068-3-7.
D’autres conseils pour les essais de froid et de chaleur sèche peuvent être trouvés dans la
CEI 60068-3-1 et des conseils généraux dans la CEI 60068-1.
2 Références normatives
Les documents de référence suivants sont indispensables pour l'application du présent
document. Pour les références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique. Pour les références
non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s'applique (y compris les éventuels
amendements).
CEI 60068-1:1988, Essais d’environnement – Part 1: Généralités et guide
CEI 60068-2-14, Essais d’environnement – Partie 2-14: Essais – Essais N : Variations de
température
CEI 60068-3-1, Essais d’environnement – Part 3: Information de base – Section un: Essais de
froid et de chaleur sèche
– 14 – 60068-2-1 © CEI:2007
CEI 60068-3-5, Essais d’environnement – Part 3-5: Documentation d'accompagnement et
guide – Confirmation des performances des chambres d'essai en température
CEI 60068-3-7, Essais d’environnement – Part 3-7: Documentation d'accompagnement et
guide – Mesures dans les chambres d'essai en température pour les essais A et B (avec
charge)
CEI 60068-5-2, Essais d’environnement – Part 5-2: Guide pour la rédaction des méthodes
d'essais - Termes et définitions
CEI 60721 (toutes les parties), Classification des conditions d’environnement
3 Termes et définitions
...
IEC 60068-2-1
Edition 6.0 2007-03
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
BASIC SAFETY PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE DE SÉCURITÉ
Environmental testing –
Part 2-1: Tests – Test A: Cold
Essais d’environnement –
Partie 2-1: Essais – Essai A: Froid
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IEC 60068-2-1
Edition 6.0 2007-03
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
BASIC SAFETY PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE DE SÉCURITÉ
Environmental testing –
Part 2-1: Tests – Test A: Cold
Essais d’environnement –
Partie 2-1: Essais – Essai A: Froid
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
N
CODE PRIX
ICS 19.040 ISBN 2-8318-9062-4
– 2 – 60068-2-1 © IEC:2007
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.4
INTRODUCTION.6
1 Scope and object.7
2 Normative references .7
3 Terms and definitions .8
4 Application of tests for non heat-dissipating specimens versus tests for heat-
dissipating specimens .8
4.1 General .8
4.2 Ascertaining high or low air velocity in the test chamber.8
4.3 Non heat-dissipating specimens .9
4.4 Testing of heat-dissipating specimens .9
4.5 Temperature monitoring .9
4.6 Packaging .9
4.7 Diagrammatic representations .9
5 Test description.10
5.1 General .10
5.2 Test Ab: Cold for non heat-dissipating specimens with gradual change of
temperature.10
5.2.1 Object .10
5.2.2 General description .11
5.3 Test Ad: Cold for heat-dissipating specimens with gradual change of
temperature that are powered after initial temperature stabilization .11
5.3.1 Object .11
5.3.2 General description .11
5.4 Test Ae: Cold for heat-dissipating specimens with gradual change of
temperature that are required to be powered throughout the test.11
5.4.1 Object .11
5.4.2 General description .11
5.4.3 Energizing the specimen .12
6 Test procedure .12
6.1 Confirmation of performance .12
6.2 Working space .12
6.3 Thermal radiation .12
6.4 Specimen with artificial cooling.12
6.5 Mounting .13
6.6 Severities .13
6.6.1 Temperature.13
6.6.2 Duration .13
6.7 Preconditioning .13
6.8 Initial measurements .13
6.9 Conditioning .13
6.10 Intermediate measurements .14
6.11 Final temperature ramp .14
6.12 Recovery.14
6.13 Final measurements .14
60068-2-1 © IEC:2007 – 3 –
7 Information to be given in the relevant specification .14
8 Information to be given in the test report .15
Figure 1 – Block diagram tests A: Cold .10
– 4 – 60068-2-1 © IEC:2007
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
______________
ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING –
Part 2-1: Tests – Test A: Cold
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60068-2-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 104:
Environmental conditions, classification and methods of test.
This sixth edition cancels and replaces the fifth edition issued in 1990. It includes the revised
text of the fifth edition, amendment 1 issued in 1993 and amendment 2 issued in 1994.
This sixth edition deals with cold tests applicable both to non heat-dissipating and heat-
dissipating specimens. For non heat-dissipating specimens, Tests Ab and Ad do not deviate
essentially from earlier issues. Test Ae has been added primary for testing equipment that
requires being operational throughout the test including the conditioning periods.
60068-2-1 © IEC:2007 – 5 –
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
104/407/FDIS 104/410/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
It has the status of a basic safety publication in accordance with IEC Guide 104.
A list of all the parts in the IEC 60068 series, under the general title Environmental testing,
can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in
the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
– 6 – 60068-2-1 © IEC:2007
INTRODUCTION
Relationship of suffixes between tests a: cold and tests b: dry heat
The relationship of suffixes between Tests A: Cold, and Tests B: Dry heat, is shown in the
following table:
Tests A: Cold Tests B: Dry heat
Suffix
letter Specimen Temperature Air velocity Specimen Temperature Air velocity
type change type change
a Withdrawn Withdrawn
b Non heat Gradual High preferred Non heat Gradual High preferred
c Withdrawn Withdrawn
d Heat Gradual Low preferred Heat Gradual Low preferred
dissipating
e Heat Gradual Low preferred Heat, Gradual Low preferred
dissipating, powered
powered throughout
throughout
60068-2-1 © IEC:2007 – 7 –
ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING –
Part 2-1: Tests – Test A: Cold
1 Scope and object
This part of IEC 60068 deals with cold tests applicable to both non heat-dissipating and heat-
dissipating specimens. For non heat-dissipating specimens, Tests Ab and Ad do not deviate
essentially from earlier issues. Test Ae has been added primarily for testing equipment that
requires being operational throughout the test, including the conditioning periods.
The object of the cold test is limited to the determination of the ability of components,
equipment or other articles to be used, transported or stored at low temperature.
Cold tests cover by this standard do not enable the ability of specimens to withstand or
operate during the temperature variations to be assessed. In this case, it would be necessary
to use IEC 60068-2-14.
The cold tests are subdivided as follows:
− Cold tests for non heat-dissipating specimens
• with gradual change of temperature, Ab;
− Cold test for heat-dissipating specimens
• with gradual change of temperature, Ad,
• with gradual change of temperature, specimen powered throughout, Ae.
The procedures given in this standard are normally intended for specimens that achieve
temperature stability during the performance of the test procedure.
Temperature chamber(s) are constructed and verified in accordance with specifications
IEC 60068-3-5 and IEC 60068-3-7.
Further guidance for dry heat and cold tests can be found in IEC 60068-3-1 and general
guidance in IEC 60068-1.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60068-1:1988, Environmental testing – Part 1: General and guidance
IEC 60068-2-14, Basic environmental test procedures – Part 2-14: Tests – Test N: Change of
temperature
IEC 60068-3-1, Environmental testing – Part 3: Background information – Section one: Cold
and dry heat tests
– 8 – 60068-2-1 © IEC:2007
IEC 60068-3-5, Environmental testing – Part 3-5: Supporting documentation and guidance –
Confirmation of the performance of temperature chambers
IEC 60068-3-7, Environmental testing – Part 3-7: Supporting documentation and guidance –
Measurements in temperature chambers for tests A and B (with load)
IEC 60068-5-2, Environmental testing – Part 5-2: Guide to drafting of test methods – Terms
and definitions
IEC 60721 (all parts), Classification of environmental conditions
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the definitions given in IEC 60068-5-2, as well as the
following definitions, apply.
3.1
low air velocity in the working space
velocity of conditioning airflow within a working space which is sufficient to maintain
conditions but low enough so that the temperature at any point on the test specimen is not
reduced by more than 5 K by the influence of the circulation of the air (if possible, not more
than 0,5 m/s)
3.2
high air velocity in the working space
velocity of conditioning airflow within a working space, which in order to maintain conditions,
also reduces the temperature at any point on the test specimen by more than 5 K by the
influence of the circulation of the air
4 Application of tests for non heat-dissipating specimens versus tests for
heat-dissipating specimens
4.1 General
A specimen is considered to be heat-dissipating only if the hottest point on its surface,
measured in free air conditions (i.e. with low air velocity circulation), is more than 5 K above
the ambient temperature of the surrounding atmosphere after temperature stability has been
reached (see 4.8 of IEC 60068-1). When the relevant specification calls for a storage or
transportation test, or does not specify an applied load during the test, the Cold Test Ab will
apply.
4.2 Ascertaining high or low air velocity in the test chamber
Under standard atmospheric conditions for measurements and test (see IEC 60068-1) with an
air velocity <0,2 m/s achieved without induced air movement, the specimen shall be switched
on or electrically loaded as specified for the low temperature at which the test is to be carried
out.
When temperature stability of the specimen has been reached, the temperature of a number
of representative points around or on the specimen shall be measured using a suitable
monitoring device. The temperature rise that occurs at each point shall then be noted.
60068-2-1 © IEC:2007 – 9 –
The chamber is switched on and, once temperature stability has been achieved, the
temperature of the representative points shall again be measured. If the temperatures differ
from those measured without air flow by more than 5 K (or a value stated by the relevant
specification) this value shall be noted in the test report and the test chamber is considered to
have high velocity circulation. The specimen is then switched off and any loading conditions
removed.
4.3 Non heat-dissipating specimens
In Test Ab with gradual change of temperature, the specimen is introduced into the test
chamber, the latter being at the laboratory temperature. The temperature in the chamber is
then reduced gradually so as to cause no detrimental effects on the test specimen due to the
temperature change. High air velocity is recommended as this will reduce the time required
for temperature stabilization.
4.4 Testing of heat-dissipating specimens
Tests Ad and Ae describe procedures for testing heat-dissipating specimens with low air
velocity circulation. This is to allow localized hot spots to develop within the specimen similar
to those that would appear in installed applications.
4.5 Temperature monitoring
The air temperature in the chamber shall be measured by temperature sensors located at
such a distance from the specimen that the effect of the dissipation is negligible. Suitable
precautions shall be taken to avoid heat radiation affecting these measurements. For more
information see IEC 60068-3-5.
4.6 Packaging
For storage and transportation tests, equipment may be tested with its packaging in place.
However, as these tests are steady-state tests, the equipment will eventually stabilize at
chamber temperature. Packaging shall be removed unless the relevant specification requires
it to remain in place, or heating elements are incorporated in the package.
4.7 Diagrammatic representations
To facilitate the choice of test method, a diagrammatic representation of the various
procedures is given in Figure 1.
– 10 – 60068-2-1 © IEC:2007
Tests A: Cold
No Heat
dissipating?
Yes
Powered
No
during
conditioning
period?
Yes
Test Ab Test Ad Test Ae
See Clause 5.2 See Clause 5.3 See Clause 5.4
IEC 350/07
Figure 1 – Block diagram tests A: Cold
5 Test description
5.1 General
Tests Ab, Ad, and Ae are similar. Differences are noted in 5.2.2, 5.3.2 and 5.4.2. All other
portions of the test are the same, starting with Clause 6. The rate of change of temperature
within the chamber shall not exceed 1 K per minute, averaged over a period of not more than
5 min. The relevant specification shall define the functioning of the specimen under test.
Care shall be taken to see that any cooling devices of the specimen are in accordance with
the requirement in the relevant specification.
5.2 Test Ab: Cold for non heat-dissipating specimens with gradual change of
temperature
5.2.1 Object
This procedure is intended for non heat-dissipating specimens which are subjected to a lower
temperature for a time long enough for the specimen to achieve temperature stability.
60068-2-1 © IEC:2007 – 11 –
5.2.2 General description
The specimen is introduced into the chamber which is at the temperature of the laboratory.
The temperature is then adjusted to the temperature appropriate to the degree of severity, as
specified in the relevant specification. After temperature stability of the test specimen has
been reached, the specimen is exposed to these conditions for the specified duration. For
specimens that are required to be operational (even though they do not meet the
requirements of being heat dissipating), power shall then be applied to the specimen and a
functional test is performed as necessary. A further period of stabilization may be necessary
and the specimen shall then be exposed to the low temperature conditions for a duration as
specified in the relevant specification.
Specimens under test are normally in non-operating conditions.
High air velocity circulation is normally used for this test.
5.3 Test Ad: Cold for heat-dissipating specimens with gradual change of temperature
that are powered after initial temperature stabilization
5.3.1 Object
This procedure is for heat-dissipating specimens which are subjected to a low temperature for
a time long enough for the specimen to achieve temperature stability.
5.3.2 General description
The specimen is introduced into the chamber which is at the temperature of the laboratory. If
necessary, a test is performed to determine if the chamber fulfils the requirements of low air
velocity. The temperature is then adjusted to the temperature appropriate to the degree of
severity, as specified in the relevant specification.
After temperature stability of the test specimen has been reached, the specimen is powered
on and stabilized again and then exposed to these conditions for the specified duration. The
specimen shall remain in the operating condition in accordance with the duty cycle and at the
loading condition (if applicable) as prescribed by the relevant specification.
Low air velocity circulation is normally used for this test.
5.4 Test Ae: Cold for heat-dissipating specimens with gradual change of temperature
that are required to be powered throughout the test
5.4.1 Object
This procedure is intended for heat dissipating specimens which are subjected to a low
temperature for a time long enough for the specimen to achieve temperature stability and
which are required to be powered throughout the test period.
5.4.2 General description
The specimen is introduced into the chamber which is at the temperature of the laboratory. If
necessary, a test is performed to determine if the chamber fulfils the requirements of low air
velocity chamber. Power is then applied to the specimen and a functional test is performed,
as necessary. The temperature is then adjusted to the temperature appropriate to the degree
of severity as specified in the relevant specification.
– 12 – 60068-2-1 © IEC:2007
After temperature stability of the test specimen has been reached, the specimen is exposed to
these conditions for the specified duration.
Low air velocity circulation is normally used for this test.
5.4.3 Energizing the specimen
The specimen shall then be switched on or electrically loaded and checked to ascertain
whether it is capable of functioning in accordance with the relevant specification.
The specimen shall remain in the operating condition in accordance with the duty cycle and at
the loading condition (if applicable) as prescribed by the relevant specification.
6 Test procedure
6.1 Confirmation of performance
IEC 60068-3-5 provides guidance for the confirmation of performance of temperature test
chambers. IEC 60068-3-1 provides general guidance for the performance of Tests A and B.
The chamber shall be large enough compared with the size and amount of heat-dissipation of
the test sample.
6.2 Working space
The dimensions of the test sample shall be such that it is entirely within the working space of
the test chamber.
The temperature of incident air delivered to the test specimen shall be within ± 2 K of test
severity temperature during the steady-state condition. The air temperature in the working
space shall be measured in accordance with 4.5.
Where, due to the size of the chamber, it is not feasible to maintain these tolerances, the
tolerance may be widened to ±3 K down to –25 °C and ±5 K down to –65 °C. When this is
done, the tolerance used shall be specified in the test report.
6.3 Thermal radiation
The ability of the specimen to transfer heat by thermal radiation shall be minimized. This will
normally result in the screening of any heating or cooling elements from the specimen and
ensuring that parts of the chamber surfaces are not significantly different in temperature from
that of the conditioning air.
6.4 Specimen with artificial cooling
The relevant specification shall define the characteristics of the coolant supplied to the
specimen. When the coolant is air, care shall be taken that the air is not contaminated by oil
and dry enough to avoid moisture problems.
60068-2-1 © IEC:2007 – 13 –
6.5 Mounting
Thermal conduction and other relevant characteristics of the mounting and connections of the
test specimen should be specified in the relevant specification. When the test specimen is
intended for use with specific mounting devices, these shall be used for testing.
6.6 Severities
The severities, as indicated by temperature and duration of exposure, shall be prescribed by
the relevant specification. They shall be:
a) chosen from the values given in 6.6.1and 6.6.2; or
b) derived from the known environment if this gives significantly different values; or
c) derived from other known sources of relevant data (for example IEC 60721).
6.6.1 Temperature
– 65 °C – 40 °C – 20 °C + 5 °C
– 55 °C – 33 °C – 10 °C
– 50 °C – 25 °C – 5 °C
6.6.2 Duration
2 h 72 h
16 h 96 h
When this testing procedure is used in connection with tests associated with endurance or
reliability, due note shall be taken of IEC publications that give particular recommendations
for the duration of such tests.
6.7 Preconditioning
The relevant specification may call for preconditioning.
6.8 Initial measurements
The initial state of the specimen shall be known. This may be achieved by visual inspection,
and/or functional tests as required by the relevant specification.
6.9 Conditioning
The specimen shall be exposed to the low temperature conditions for the duration, as detailed
in the relevant specification.
For the exceptional cases when the specimen does not achieve temperature stability, the
duration of the test starts at the time that the specimen is energized. Such cases are typically
caused by specimens having long duty cycles.
– 14 – 60068-2-1 © IEC:2007
6.10 Intermediate measurements
The relevant specification may call for loading and/or measurements during or at the end of
conditioning while the specimen is still in the chamber. If such measurements are required,
the relevant specification shall define the measurements and the period(s) after which they
shall be carried out. For these measurements, the specimen shall not be removed from the
chamber.
NOTE If it is desired to know the performance of the type of specimen before the end of the prescribed duration,
one additional lot will be required for each specified duration. Recovery and final measurements should be
performed separately for each lot.
6.11 Final temperature ramp
If the specimen remains in operating or loaded condition during the test, it shall be switched
off or unloaded before the temperature is raised with the exception of Test Ae in which the
specimen shall remain operational throughout the recovery period.
At the end of the specified duration, the specimen shall remain in the chamber and the
temperature shall be gradually raised to a value lying within the limits of standard atmospheric
conditions for testing. The rate of change of temperature within the chamber shall not exceed
1 K per minute, averaged over a period of not more than 5 min.
6.12 Recovery
The specimen shall be subjected to the recovery procedure in the chamber or otherwise, as
deemed suitable. Appropriate steps may be taken to remove droplets of water, as required,
without damaging the specimen.
The specimen shall then remain under standard atmospheric conditions for recovery for a
period adequate for the attainment of temperature stability, with a minimum of 1 h.
If required by the relevant specification, the specimen shall be switched on or loaded and
measured continuously during the recovery period.
If the standard conditions given above are not appropriate for the specimen to be tested, the
relevant specification may call for other recovery conditions.
6.13 Final measurements
The specimen shall be visually inspected and such performance checks made as are required
by the relevant specification.
7 Information to be given in the relevant specification
When Test A: Cold is included in the relevant specification, the following details shall be
given, as far as they are applicable:
a) type of test;
b) preconditioning;
c) initial measurements;
d) details of mounting or supports;
e) state of specimen including cooling system during conditioning;
60068-2-1 © IEC:2007 – 15 –
f) severity, temperature and duration of exposure;
g) rate of change of temperature;
h) measurements and/or loading during conditioning;
i) recovery if non-standard;
j) final measurements;
k) any deviation in procedure as agreed upon between customer and supplier;
l) temperature difference if low air velocity was not established (see 4.2).
8 Information to be given in the test report
As a minimum the test report shall show the following information:
a) Customer (name and address)
b) Test laboratory (name and address and details of
accreditation - if any)
c) Test dates
d) Type of test (Ab, Ad, Ae)
e) Purpose of test (development, qualification etc.)
f) Test standard, edition (IEC 60068-2-1, edition *)
g) Relevant laboratory test procedure (code and issue)
h) Test specimen description (drawing, photo, quantity build status
etc.).
i) Test chamber identity (manufacturer, model number, unique id,
etc.)
j) Performance of test apparatus (set point temperature control, air flow
etc.)
k) Air velocity and direction (air velocity and direction of incident air
to the specimen)
l) Uncertainties of measuring system
m) Calibration data (last and next due date)
n) Initial, intermediate and final
measurements
o) Required severities (from relevant specification)
p) Test Severities (measuring points, data etc.)
q) Performance of test specimens (results of functional tests etc.)
r) Observations during testing and
actions taken
s) Summary of test
t) Distribution
NOTE A test log should be written for the testing which can be attached to the report.
___________
– 16 – 60068-2-1 © CEI:2007
SOMMAIRE
AVANT-PROPOS.18
INTRODUCTION.20
1 Domaine d’application et objet.21
2 Références normatives.21
3 Termes et définitions .22
4 Application des essais de spécimens ne dissipant pas d’énergie au lieu d’essais
de spécimens dissipant de l’énergie .22
4.1 Généralités.22
4.2 Vérification de la haute ou faible vitesse de l’air dans la chambre d’essai .22
4.3 Pour les spécimens ne dissipant pas d’énergie .23
4.4 Essai de spécimens dissipant de l’énergie.23
4.5 Surveillance de la température .23
4.6 Emballage .23
4.7 Représentations par diagrammes .23
5 Descriptions de l’essai.24
5.1 Généralités.24
5.2 Essai Ab: Froid pour spécimens ne dissipant pas d’énergie avec variation
lente de la température .24
5.2.1 Objet .24
5.2.2 Description générale.25
5.3 Essai Ad: Froid pour spécimens dissipant de l’énergie avec variation lente
de la température lorsqu’ils sont mis en fonctionnement après une
stabilisation de la température.25
5.3.1 Objet .25
5.3.2 Description générale.25
5.4 Essai Ae: Froid pour spécimens dissipant de l’énergie avec variation lente
de la température qui impliquent d’être mis en fonctionnement durant l’essai .25
5.4.1 Objet .25
5.4.2 Description générale.25
5.4.3 Recharge du spécimen .26
6 Procédure d’essai.26
6.1 Confirmation de performance .26
6.2 Espace de travail.26
6.3 Radiation thermique .26
6.4 Spécimen avec refroidissement artificiel.26
6.5 Montage .27
6.6 Sévérités.27
6.6.1 Température.27
6.6.2 Durée .27
6.7 Pré-conditionnement .27
6.8 Mesures initiales .27
6.9 Conditionnement .27
6.10 Mesures intermédiaires .28
6.11 Rampe de température finale .28
6.12 Reprise .28
6.13 Mesures finales .28
60068-2-1 © CEI:2007 – 17 –
7 Renseignements que doit fournir la spécification particulière.28
8 Renseignements que doit fournir le rapport d’essai .29
Figure 1 – Diagramme complet des essais A: Froid .24
– 18 – 60068-2-1 © CEI:2007
COMMISSION ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE
____________
ESSAIS D’ENVIRONNEMENT –
Partie 2-1: Essais – Essai A: Froid
AVANT-PROPOS
1) La Commission Electrotechnique Internationale (CEI) est une organisation mondiale de normalisation
composée de l'ensemble des comités électrotechniques nationaux (Comités nationaux de la CEI). La CEI a
pour objet de favoriser la coopération internationale pour toutes les questions de normalisation dans les
domaines de l'électricité et de l'électronique. A cet effet, la CEI – entre autres activités – publie des Normes
internationales, des Spécifications techniques, des Rapports techniques, des Spécifications accessibles au
public (PAS) et des Guides (ci-après dénommés "Publication(s) de la CEI"). Leur élaboration est confiée à des
comités d'études, aux travaux desquels tout Comité national intéressé par le sujet traité peut participer. Les
organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec la CEI, participent
également aux travaux. La CEI collabore étroitement avec l'Organisation Internationale de Normalisation (ISO),
selon des conditions fixées par accord entre les deux organisations.
2) Les décisions ou accords officiels de la CEI concernant les questions techniques représentent, dans la mesure
du possible, un accord international sur les sujets étudiés, étant donné que les Comités nationaux de la CEI
intéressés sont représentés dans chaque comité d’études.
3) Les Publications de la CEI se présentent sous la forme de recommandations internationales et sont agréées
comme telles par les Comités nationaux de la CEI. Tous les efforts raisonnables sont entrepris afin que la CEI
s'assure de l'exactitude du contenu technique de ses publications; la CEI ne peut pas être tenue responsable
de l'éventuelle mauvaise utilisation ou interprétation qui en est faite par un quelconque utilisateur final.
4) Dans le but d'encourager l'uniformité internationale, les Comités nationaux de la CEI s'engagent, dans toute la
mesure possible, à appliquer de façon transparente les Publications de la CEI dans leurs publications
nationales et régionales. Toutes divergences entre toutes Publications de la CEI et toutes publications
nationales ou régionales correspondantes doivent être indiquées en termes clairs dans ces dernières.
5) La CEI n’a prévu aucune procédure de marquage valant indication d’approbation et n'engage pas sa
responsabilité pour les équipements déclarés conformes à une de ses Publications.
6) Tous les utilisateurs doivent s'assurer qu'ils sont en possession de la dernière édition de cette publication.
7) Aucune responsabilité ne doit être imputée à la CEI, à ses administrateurs, employés, auxiliaires ou
mandataires, y compris ses experts particuliers et les membres de ses comités d'études et des Comités
nationaux de la CEI, pour tout préjudice causé en cas de dommages corporels et matériels, ou de tout autre
dommage de quelque nature que ce soit, directe ou indirecte, ou pour supporter les coûts
...
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