IEC 62464-2:2010
(Main)Magnetic resonance equipment for medical imaging - Part 2: Classification criteria for pulse sequences
Magnetic resonance equipment for medical imaging - Part 2: Classification criteria for pulse sequences
IEC 62464-2:2010 specifies the description of pulse sequences of magnetic resonance imaging. The classification in this standard is suitable for:
- tender texts;
- image annotation;
- protocol definition;
- technical publications.
IEC 62464-2:2010 does not apply to magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The classification does not focus on image contrast (T1, T2, proton density), as this is defined by pulse sequence parameters (e.g. repetition time, echo time) and is not a property of the pulse sequence alone. The pulse sequence classification does not specify the k-space acquisition scheme, reconstruction algorithm or post-processing.
Appareils à résonance magnétique utilisés pour l'imagerie médicale - Partie 2: Critères de classification pour les séquences d'impulsions
La CEI 62464-2:2010 spécifie la description des sequences d'impulsions de l'imagerie par resonance magnetique. La classification utilisée dans la présente norme convient pour:
- les contenus d'appels d'offres;
- les annotations d'images;
- les définitions de protocoles;
- les publications techniques.
La CEI 62464-2:2010 ne s'applique pas à la spectroscopie par résonance magnétique. La classification ne se concentre pas sur le contraste de l'image (T1, T2, densité protonique), comme ceci est défini par les paramètres de sequences d'impulsions (par exemple temps de répétition, temps d'écho), et n'est pas une propriété de la sequence d'impulsions uniquement. La classification des séquences d'impulsions ne spécifie pas le schéma d'acquisition, l'algorithme de reconstruction ou le post-traitement de l'espace k.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
IEC 62464-2
Edition 1.0 2010-11
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Magnetic resonance equipment for medical imaging –
Part 2: Classification criteria for pulse sequences
Appareils à résonance magnétique utilisés pour l’imagerie médicale –
Partie 2: Critères de classification pour les séquences d’impulsions
IEC 62464-2:2010
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
THIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED
Copyright © 2010 IEC, Geneva, Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either IEC or
IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester.If you have any questions about IEC copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication,
please contact the address below or your local IEC member National Committee for further information.
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf indication contraire, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite
ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie
et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de la CEI ou du Comité national de la CEI du pays du demandeur.
Si vous avez des questions sur le copyright de la CEI ou si vous désirez obtenir des droits supplémentaires sur cette
publication, utilisez les coordonnées ci-après ou contactez le Comité national de la CEI de votre pays de résidence.
IEC Central Office3, rue de Varembé
CH-1211 Geneva 20
Switzerland
Email: inmail@iec.ch
Web: www.iec.ch
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published.§ Catalogue of IEC publications: www.iec.ch/searchpub
The IEC on-line Catalogue enables you to search by a variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical committee,…).
It also gives information on projects, withdrawn and replaced publications.§ IEC Just Published: www.iec.ch/online_news/justpub
Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published details twice a month all new publications released. Available
on-line and also by email.§ Electropedia: www.electropedia.org
The world's leading online dictionary of electronic and electrical terms containing more than 20 000 terms and definitions
in English and French, with equivalent terms in additional languages. Also known as the International Electrotechnical
Vocabulary online.§ Customer Service Centre: www.iec.ch/webstore/custserv
If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or need further assistance, please visit the Customer Service
Centre FAQ or contact us:Email: csc@iec.ch
Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11
Fax: +41 22 919 03 00
A propos de la CEI
La Commission Electrotechnique Internationale (CEI) est la première organisation mondiale qui élabore et publie des
normes internationales pour tout ce qui a trait à l'électricité, à l'électronique et aux technologies apparentées.
A propos des publications CEILe contenu technique des publications de la CEI est constamment revu. Veuillez vous assurer que vous possédez
l’édition la plus récente, un corrigendum ou amendement peut avoir été publié.§ Catalogue des publications de la CEI: www.iec.ch/searchpub/cur_fut-f.htm
Le Catalogue en-ligne de la CEI vous permet d’effectuer des recherches en utilisant différents critères (numéro de référence,
texte, comité d’études,…). Il donne aussi des informations sur les projets et les publications retirées ou remplacées.
§ Just Published CEI: www.iec.ch/online_news/justpubRestez informé sur les nouvelles publications de la CEI. Just Published détaille deux fois par mois les nouvelles
publications parues. Disponible en-ligne et aussi par email.§ Electropedia: www.electropedia.org
Le premier dictionnaire en ligne au monde de termes électroniques et électriques. Il contient plus de 20 000 termes et
définitions en anglais et en français, ainsi que les termes équivalents dans les langues additionnelles. Egalement appelé
Vocabulaire Electrotechnique International en ligne.§ Service Clients: www.iec.ch/webstore/custserv/custserv_entry-f.htm
Si vous désirez nous donner des commentaires sur cette publication ou si vous avez des questions, visitez le FAQ du
Service clients ou contactez-nous:Email: csc@iec.ch
Tél.: +41 22 919 02 11
Fax: +41 22 919 03 00
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
IEC 62464-2
Edition 1.0 2010-11
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Magnetic resonance equipment for medical imaging –
Part 2: Classification criteria for pulse sequences
Appareils à résonance magnétique utilisés pour l’imagerie médicale –
Partie 2: Critères de classification pour les séquences d’impulsions
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
CODE PRIX
ICS 11.040.55 ISBN 978-2-88912-239-4
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
– 2 – 62464-2 Ó IEC:2010
CONTENTS
FOREW ORD .................................................................................................................. 3
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 5
1 Sc o pe ...................................................................................................................... 6
2 Normative references ................................................................................................ 6
3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................ 6
4 PULSE SEQUENCE classification ................................................................................... 7
4.1 Ge n eral ........................................................................................................... 7
4.2 PULSE SEQUENCE type ....................................................................................... 7
4.2.1 General ................................................................................................ 7
4.2.2 Notation ............................................................................................... 8
4.3 Magnetisation modification ................................................................................ 8
4.3.1 General ................................................................................................ 8
4.3.2 Notation ............................................................................................... 8
4.4 Dimensionality ............................................................................................... 10
4.4.1 General .............................................................................................. 10
4.4.2 Notation ............................................................................................. 10
4.5 Echo number ................................................................................................. 10
4.5.1 General .............................................................................................. 10
4.5.2 Notation ............................................................................................. 10
Annex A (informative) Examples of use of the PULSE SEQUENCE classification ..................... 11
Bibliography ................................................................................................................. 12
Index of defined terms used in this standard ................................................................... 13
Table 1 – Magnetisation modification techniques ............................................................... 9
Table A.1 – MANUFACTURER-specific classification examples ............................................. 11
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------62464-2 Ó IEC:2010 – 3 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
MAGNETIC RESONANCE EQUIPMENT FOR MEDICAL IMAGING –
Part 2: Classification criteria for pulse sequences
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62464-2 has been prepared by subcommittee 62B: Diagnostic
imaging equipment, of IEC technical committee 62: Electrical equipment in medical practice.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:FDIS Report on voting
62B/807/FDIS 62B/816/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------– 4 – 62464-2 Ó IEC:2010
In this standard, the following print types are used:
– Requirements and definitions: roman type.
– Test specifications: italic type.
– Informative material appearing outside of tables, such as notes, examples and references: in smaller type.
Normative text of tables is also in a smaller type.– TERMS DEFINED IN CAUSE 3 OF THE GENERAL STANDARD, IN THIS PARTICULAR STANDARD OR AS
NOTED: SMALL CAPITALS.The verbal forms used in this standard conform to usage described in Annex H of the ISO/IEC
Directives, Part 2. For the purposes of this standard, the auxiliary verb:– “shall” means that compliance with a requirement or a test is mandatory for compliance
with this standard;– “should” means that compliance with a requirement or a test is recommended but is not
mandatory for compliance with this standard;– “may” is used to describe a permissible way to achieve compliance with a requirement or
test.The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
62464-2 Ó IEC:2010 – 5 –
INTRODUCTION
Presently the MANUFACTURERS of MR EQUIPMENT use names for PULSE SEQUENCES which are
adopted from the literature (e.g. SPIN-ECHO) or are defined by the MANUFACTURER (e.g. FISP:
fast imaging with steady state precession). In the absence of a classification standard for
PULSE SEQUENCES, the MANUFACTURER-specific terminology complicates comparison of PULSE
SEQUENCES.The DICOM standard allows the inclusion of PULSE SEQUENCE information with digital
MAGNETIC RESONANCE (MR) images. This information helps with the interpretation of images.
However, the DICOM standard allows MANUFACTURER-specific terminology.This International Standard specifies a concise MANUFACTURER-independent classification
scheme for MR imaging PULSE SEQUENCES.In terms of MR imaging, the PULSE SEQUENCE is a chronology of RF-pulses, switching of
gradient fields and data acquisition with the intention to create one or more images. As the
exact chronology determines the image contrast, image artefacts and other properties of the
image, it is necessary to define a consistent and accurate PULSE SEQUENCE classification.
The proposed PULSE SEQUENCE classification notation could be implemented as a new DICOM
tag in addition to the existing MANUFACTURER-specific PULSE SEQUENCE name. This would
facilitate end users’ access to this information. Implementation as a new tag would ensure
backward compatibility.---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
– 6 – 62464-2 Ó IEC:2010
MAGNETIC RESONANCE EQUIPMENT FOR MEDICAL IMAGING –
Part 2 – Classification criteria for pulse sequences
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the description of PULSE SEQUENCES of MAGNETIC
RESONANCE imaging.NOTE The classification in this standard is suitable for:
– tender texts;
– image annotation;
– protocol definition;
– technical publications.
This International Standard does not apply to MAGNETIC RESONANCE spectroscopy. The
classification does not focus on image contrast (T1, T2, proton density), as this is defined by
PULSE SEQUENCE parameters (e.g. repetition time, echo time) and is not a property of the
PULSE SEQUENCE alone. The PULSE SEQUENCE classification does not specify the K-SPACE
acquisition scheme, reconstruction algorithm or post-processing.2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.IEC 60601-2-33:2010, Medical electrical equipment – Part 2-33: Particular requirements for
the basic safety and essential performance of magnetic resonance equipment for medical
diagnosisIEC 60788:2004, Medical electrical equipment – Glossary of defined terms
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60601-2-33:2010,
IEC 60788:2004 and the following apply.3.1
pulse sequence
chronology of radiofrequency-pulses, switching of magnetic field gradients, and data
acquisition for the generation of one or more MAGNETIC RESONANCE imagesNOTE The terms “imaging sequence” or “sequence” are sometimes used as synonyms for PULSE SEQUENCE.
3.2transverse magnetisation
magnetisation component perpendicular to the direction of the static magnetic field
3.3longitudinal magnetisation
magnetisation component parallel to the direction of the static magnetic field
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
62464-2 Ó IEC:2010 – 7 –
3.4
k-space
mathematical space in which the Fourier transform of the image data is represented
NOTE This is partially or totally filled with the sampled measurement data.3.5
spin-echo
refocused TRANSVERSE MAGNETISATION arising at time T after an excitation RF pulse and an
additional RF-pulse at time T/2NOTE The excitation pulse is typically a 90° RF pulse, and the additional refocusing pulse is typically a 180° RF
pulse. SE's can be refocused using a sequence of additional RF pulses.3.6
gradient-echo
refocused TRANSVERSE MAGNETISATION after a RF pulse using re-phasing magnetic field
gradients4 PULSE SEQUENCE classification
4.1 General
In an imaging PULSE SEQUENCE the LONGITUDINAL MAGNETISATION is partially or totally
converted into TRANSVERSE MAGNETISATION via a radio-frequency (RF) excitation pulse. The
TRANSVERSE MAGNETISATION is precessing with the Larmor frequency. The precessingTRANSVERSE MAGNETISATION induces the MR signal. For spatial encoding the precessing
TRANSVERSE MAGNETISATION is phase-encoded with the help of gradients prior to the data
acquisition, and frequency encoding is utilised during the data acquisition. The acquired
signal is then stored in a so-called K-SPACE line of the raw data matrix.The K-SPACE can be two- (2D) or three-(3D)-dimensional. There are several algorithms that
allow reconstructing images from incomplete K-SPACE data sets (half or partial Fourier,
parallel imaging techniques) – for the PULSE SEQUENCE classification these techniques are not
considered.PULSE SEQUENCES are categorised according to the following classifiers:
a) magnetisation modification (optional): modification(s) of the LONGITUDINAL MAGNETISATION
or TRANSVERSE MAGNETISATION;b) PULSE SEQUENCE type: SPIN-ECHO or GRADIENT-ECHO with the number repetitions (or shots)
and the number of K-SPACE lines per RF excitation;c) dimensionality of data acquisition: 2D or 3D;
d) echo number (optional): number of different echoes that are used to calculate separate
images.These classifiers are used in the following notation (without spaces):
– –
type> –
4.2 PULSE SEQUENCE type
4.2.1 General
PULSE SEQUENCES create MR images whose signal behaviour is primarily determined by either
a SPIN-ECHO (SE) or a GRADIENT-ECHO (GR). The PULSE SEQUENCE type is defined at the centre
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------– 8 – 62464-2 Ó IEC:2010
of the 2D or 3D K-SPACE: If the K-SPACE centre is acquired with a SPIN-ECHO, then the PULSE
SEQUENCE is classified as a SPIN-ECHO PULSE SEQUENCE in this International Standard. If the
centre of K-SPACE is not acquired with a SPIN-ECHO, then the PULSE SEQUENCE is classified as a
GRADIENT-ECHO PULSE SEQUENCE in this International Standard.A more precise classification the PULSE SEQUENCE type is achieved by providing information
about the other K-SPACE lines. Therefore, the number of SPIN-ECHOES and GRADIENT-ECHOES
per RF excitation are given.Some image characteristics are sensitive to whether K-SPACE is totally acquired after a single
RF excitation (single shot) or whether multiple RF excitations are required (multi-shot), so the
number of RF excitations (shots) is also given.4.2.2 Notation
For a SPIN-ECHO PULSE SEQUENCE the following notation is used:
: (SE_ GR_)_
For a GRADIENT-ECHO PULSE SEQUENCE the following notation is used:
: (GR_ SE_)_
Here, and denote the number of SPIN-ECHOES and GRADIENT-ECHOES,
respectively. The values of and can be either integer numbers or formulas
of the variables N and M using the signs “+”, “-“, “/”, and “x”. Here, N describes the total
number of K-SPACE lines, and M is the number of K-SPACE lines per excitation. The part
“GR_“ or “SE_“ is omitted, if is zero.denotes the number of required RF excitations and is given either as an integer
number or a formula of the variables N and M using the signs “+”, “-“, “/”, and “x”.
NOTE The sum of and is typically known as the echo train length, and is often
written as the number of shots.4.3 Magnetisation modification
4.3.1 General
Optionally, the imaging characteristics of a PULSE SEQUENCE can be changed by adding
gradients and RF pulses or by replacing parts of the PULSE SEQUENCE. These added pulses
and gradients are used to prepare the magnetisation.Different magnetisation modifications can be combined. The magnetisation modification is
either acting primarily on the LONGITUDINAL MAGNETISATION or the TRANSVERSE MAGNETISATION,
or is done during RF excitation.For classification of the magnetisation modification, all parts of the PULSE SEQUENCES that
have an additional influence on the image characteristics and that are not included in the
classification of the PULSE SEQUENCE type are listed.4.3.2 Notation
The magnetisation modification is written as a series of symbols as given in Table 1:
: – – ... –If no magnetisation modification is used, this classifier is omitted.
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
62464-2 Ó IEC:2010 – 9 –
Table 1 – Magnetisation modification techniques
Symbol Name Physical principle
IR Inversion recovery Inversion of the LONGITUDINAL MAGNETISATION
SR Saturation recovery Saturation of the LONGITUDINAL MAGNETISATION
T2P T2 preparation Storage of a T2 contrast in the LONGITUDINAL MAGNETISATION
using e.g. the pulses (90°)-(180°)-(-90°)
T2SP T2* preparation
Storage of a T2* contrast in the LONGITUDINAL MAGNETISATION
using e.g. the pulses (90°)-TE-(-90°)
SSAT Spectral (chemical) saturation Spectrally selective saturation of spins (e.g. fat, silicone,
water)SIR Spectral (chemical) inversion Spectrally selective inversion of spins (e.g. fat, silicone,
water)MTC Magnetisation transfer contrast Indirect saturation of the water signal using magnetisation
transfer of spins bound to macromoleculesRSAT (Regional) pre-saturation, tagging Spatially selective saturation
RLAB (Regional) labelling, spin labelling Spatially selective excitation or inversion for tagging of
moving spinsDE Driven equilibrium
RF pulse at the end of the echo train for restoring the
LONGITUDINAL MAGNETISATION
NS Non-spatially selective excitation RF pulse without slice selection gradient to excite all
magnetisation in the volume of the transmitting RF coilNRRF Profiled (non-rectangular) RF pulse RF excitation pulse with a dedicated, non-rectangular slice
profile (e.g. to avoid saturation effects in TOF MRangiographies or for simultaneous excitation of two slices)
2DRF 2D selective RF pulse RF pulse with a spatial selectivity in 2 dimensions
SSRF Spatial-spectral RF pulse Simultaneous spatially and spectrally selective excitation
DIFF Diffusion weighting Signal attenuation by additional gradients that induce a
signal dephasing for diffusing spinsFLOWCn Flow compensation
Compensation of the n gradient moment to suppress flow
related signal changes, where n is a positive integer
FLOWSn Flow sensitisation Amplification of the n gradient moment to enhance flow
related signal changes, where n is a positive integerT1R Spin lock T1r contrast by additional RF pulses
SPOIL TRANSVERSE MAGNETISATION spoiling Spoiling by gradient and/or radio frequency
AREF Refocusing of all gradientsRefocusing of all gradients within one TR interval (balanced
steady state free precession)
PREF Partial refocusing of the gradients Refocusing of some gradients within one TR interval
NREFRefocusing of the gradients in the Refocusing of the gradients so that an echo is acquired in
next TR interval the next TR intervalOFFSET Offset echo Time offset between the SPIN ECHO and acquisition of the
centre of K-SPACE
If the classifier FLOWCn is not explicitly given, the PULSE SEQUENCE does not utilise flow compensation.
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------– 10 – 62464-2 Ó IEC:2010
4.4 Dimensionality
4.4.1 General
With three-dimensional data acquisitions the spatial encoding of the signal from a volume is
performed in all three dimensions, and data are sorted into a 3D K-SPACE. In two-dimensional
data acquisitions encoding is performed only in the two in-plane dimensions of a selected
slice, and a 2D K-SPACE is filled.4.4.2 Notation
The dimensionality for a two-dimensional data acquisition is given by
: 2D
For a three-dimensional data acquisition the following notation is used:
: 3D
4.5 Echo number
4.5.1 General
Following an RF excitation, data can be acquired at different echo times, which leads to MR
images with different contrasts. The number of reconstructed images with different contrasts
is classified by the echo number.4.5.2 Notation
The following notation is used for the echo number:
: E_
is an integer number. If has a value of 1, the classifier is omitted.
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------62464-2 Ó IEC:2010 – 11 –
Annex A
(informative)
Examples of use of the PULSE SEQUENCE classification
Table A.1 shows examples of the application of this International Standard to MANUFACTURER-
specific PULSE SEQUENCE names.Table A.1 – MANUFACTURER-specific classification examples
GE Hitachi Philips Siemens Toshiba This International
Standard
2D–(GR_N)_1
EPI GE EPI Single shot FID-EPI EPI
FFE-EPI
EPI SE EPI SE-EPI EPI 2D–(SE_1-GR_N-1)_1
Single shot
SE-EPI
FGRE-ET Multi shot EPI Multi shot EPI Segmented Multi-shot EPI 2D–(GR_M)_N/M
EPI
SPIN-ECHO SPIN-ECHO SPIN-ECHO SPIN-ECHO SPIN-ECHO 2D–(SE_1)_N
SS-FSE Single shot Single shot HASTE/RARE FASE 2D–(SE_N)_1
FSE TSE
fast SPIN-ECHO fast SPIN-ECHO turbo SPIN- turbo SPIN- FSE 2D–(SE_M)_N/M
ECHO ECHO
2D–(SE_M)_N/M–E_2
dual echo fast
SPIN ECHO
FLAIR/STIR FLAIR/STIR FLAIR/STIR FLAIR/STIR FLAIR/STIR IR–2D–(SE_M)_N/M
GRASE - GRASE TGSE Hybrid EPI 2D–(SE_1-GR_M-
1)_N/M
Spoiled RSSG T1-FFE FLASH FE SPOIL–2D–(GR_1)_N
GRASS
GRASS SARGE FFE FISP FE PREF–2D–(GR_1)_N
FIESTA BASG Balanced FFE True FISP True SSFP AREF–2D–(GR_1)_N
SSFP TRSG T2-FFE PSIF SSFP NREF–2D–(GR_1)_N
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
– 12 – 62464-2 Ó IEC:2010
Bibliography
DICOM 2008 standard: Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) [viewed
2010-07-15]. Available from ftp://medical.nema.org/medical/dicom/2008/RadLex Term Browser [viewed 2010-07-15]. Available from http://www.radlex.org/viewer
---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------62464-2 Ó IEC:2010 – 13 –
Index of defined terms used in this standard
NOTE The defined terms used in this International Standard may be looked up at http://std.iec.ch/glossary.
GRADIENT-ECHO (GR) ..................................................................................................... 3.6
K-SPACE ...................................................................................................................... 3.4
LONGITUDINAL MAGNETISATION ........................................................................................ 3.3
MAGNETIC RESONANCE (MR) .................................................. IEC 60601-2-33:2010, 201.3.217
MANUFACTURER ...............................................................................IEC 60601-1:2005, 3.55
MR EQUIPMENT.................................................................... IEC 60601-2-33:2010, 201.3.218
PULSE SEQUENCE .......................................................................................................... 3.1
SPIN-ECHO (SE) ............................................................................................................ 3.5
TRANSVERSE MAGNETISATION .......................................................................................... 3.2
___________---------------------- Page: 15 ----------------------
– 14 – 62464-2 Ó CEI:2010
SOMMAIRE
AVANT-PROPOS ......................................................................................................... 15
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 17
1 Domai...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.