IEC TS 63291-1:2023
(Main)High voltage direct current (HVDC) grid systems and connected converter stations - Guideline and parameter lists for functional specifications - Part 1: Guideline
High voltage direct current (HVDC) grid systems and connected converter stations - Guideline and parameter lists for functional specifications - Part 1: Guideline
IEC TS 63291-1:2023 contains guidelines on planning, specification, and execution of multi-vendor HVDC grid systems also referred to as HVDC grids. The terms "HVDC grid systems" or "HVDC grids" are used in this document to describe HVDC systems for power transmission having more than two HVDC stations connected to a common DC circuit. The DC circuit can be of radial or meshed topology or a combination thereof. In this document, the term "HVDC grids" is used.
While this document focuses on requirements specific for HVDC grids, some requirements are considered applicable to all HVDC systems in general, i.e., including point‑to‑point HVDC systems. Existing IEC (e.g. IEC TR 63363-1 [1]), Cigre or other relevant documents have been used for reference as far as possible.
Corresponding to electric power transmission applications, this document is applicable to high voltage systems, i.e. those having typically nominal DC voltages higher than 50 kV with respect to earth are considered in this document.
NOTE While the physical principles of DC networks are basically voltage independent, the technical options for designing equipment get much wider with lower DC voltage levels, e.g. in case of converters or switchgear.
This document covers technical aspects of:
- coordination of HVDC grid and AC systems,
- HVDC grid characteristics,
- HVDC grid control,
- HVDC grid protection,
- AC/DC converter stations,
- HVDC grid installations, including DC switching stations and HVDC transmission lines,
- studies and associated models,
- testing.
Beyond the scope of this document, the following content is proposed for future work:
DC/DC converter stations.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
IEC TS 63291-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2023-09
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
High voltage direct current (HVDC) grid systems and connected converter
stations – Guideline and parameter lists for functional specifications –
Part 1: Guideline
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IEC TS 63291-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2023-09
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
High voltage direct current (HVDC) grid systems and connected converter
stations – Guideline and parameter lists for functional specifications –
Part 1: Guideline
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 29.200; 29.240.01 ISBN 978-2-8322-7571-9
– 2 – IEC TS 63291-1:2023 © IEC 2023
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 7
INTRODUCTION . 9
1 Scope . 10
2 Normative references . 10
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 11
3.1 Terms and definitions . 11
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 16
4 Coordination of HVDC grid and AC systems . 16
4.1 About HVDC grids . 16
4.2 HVDC grid structure . 17
4.3 Purpose of the HVDC grid and power network diagram . 18
4.4 AC/DC power flow optimisation . 19
4.5 Converter operational functions . 20
4.5.1 General . 20
4.5.2 Basic operation functions – Converter normal operation state . 20
4.5.3 Basic operation functions – Converter abnormal operation state . 22
4.5.4 Ancillary services . 23
5 HVDC grid characteristics . 28
5.1 HVDC circuit topologies . 28
5.1.1 Availability and reliability . 28
5.1.2 Basic characteristics and nomenclature . 28
5.1.3 Attributes of HVDC grids or HVDC grid subsystems . 32
5.1.4 Attributes of an HVDC station . 33
5.2 Connection modes . 34
5.3 Grid operating states . 34
5.3.1 General . 34
5.3.2 Normal state . 35
5.3.3 Alert state . 35
5.3.4 Emergency state . 35
5.3.5 Blackout state . 35
5.3.6 Restoration . 35
5.4 DC voltages . 35
5.4.1 General . 35
5.4.2 Nominal DC system voltage . 35
5.4.3 Steady-state DC pole voltage . 36
5.4.4 Temporary DC pole voltage . 36
5.4.5 DC neutral bus voltage . 37
5.5 Insulation coordination . 39
5.6 Short-circuit characteristics . 39
5.6.1 Calculation of short-circuit currents in HVDC grids . 39
5.6.2 Short-circuit current design requirements . 41
5.7 Steady-state voltage and current distortions . 41
5.7.1 Emissions and impacts . 41
5.7.2 Rights and obligations of a connectee . 42
5.7.3 Similarities between HVDC grids and AC networks . 43
5.7.4 Voltage and current distortion limits . 44
5.7.5 Allocation of limits to individual connectees . 45
5.7.6 Frequency-dependent DC system impedance . 45
5.8 DC system restoration. 46
5.8.1 General . 46
5.8.2 Post-DC fault recovery . 46
5.8.3 Restoration from blackout . 46
6 HVDC grid control . 47
6.1 Closed-loop control functions . 47
6.1.1 General . 47
6.1.2 Core control functions . 47
6.1.3 Coordinating control functions . 47
6.2 Controller hierarchy . 48
6.2.1 General . 48
6.2.2 Internal converter control . 49
6.2.3 DC node voltage control . 49
6.2.4 Coordinated HVDC grid control . 50
6.2.5 AC/DC grid control . 52
6.3 Propagation of information . 53
6.4 Open-loop controls. 55
6.4.1 Coordination of connection modes between HVDC stations and their
PoC-DC . 55
6.4.2 Operating sequences for HVDC grid installations . 56
6.4.3 Post-DC fault recovery . 56
7 HVDC grid protection . 57
7.1 General . 57
7.2 DC fault separation . 58
7.3 Protection system related installations and equipment . 58
7.3.1 AC/DC converter station . 58
7.3.2 HVDC grid topology and equipment . 59
7.4 HVDC grid protection zones . 59
7.4.1 General . 59
7.4.2 Permanent stop P . 62
7.4.3 Permanent stop PQ . 64
7.4.4 Temporary stop P . 65
7.4.5 Temporary stop PQ . 68
7.4.6 Continued operation . 69
7.4.7 Example of a protection zone matrix . 71
7.5 DC protection . 72
7.5.1 General . 72
7.5.2 DC converter protections . 73
7.5.3 HVDC grid protections . 73
7.5.4 HVDC grid protection communication . 75
8 AC/DC converter stations . 75
8.1 Purpose . 75
8.2 AC/DC converter station types . 75
8.2.1 General . 75
8.2.2 AC/DC converter station type 1 (AC/DC type 1) . 75
8.2.3 AC/DC converter station type 2 (AC/DC type 2) . 75
8.2.4 AC/DC converter station type 3 (AC/DC type 3) . 76
– 4 – IEC TS 63291-1:2023 © IEC 2023
8.2.5 AC/DC converter station type 4 (AC/DC type 4) . 76
8.2.6 AC/DC converter station type 5 (AC/DC type 5) . 76
8.3 Overall requirements . 76
8.3.1 Robustness of AC/DC converter stations . 76
8.3.2 Availability and reliability . 77
8.3.3 Active power reversal . 77
8.4 Main circuit design . 77
8.4.1 General characteristics . 77
8.4.2 DC side . 79
8.4.3 AC side. 87
8.5 HVDC grid control and protection interface . 88
8.6 Controls . 88
8.6.1 General . 88
8.6.2 Automated vs manual operation . 88
8.6.3 Control modes and support of coordination . 89
8.6.4 Limitation strategies . 89
8.6.5 Operating sequences for AC/DC converter stations . 89
8.6.6 Dynamic behaviour . 91
8.7 Protection . 92
8.7.1 General . 92
8.7.2 Configuration requirements . 92
8.7.3 Function requirements . 93
8.7.4 Fault separation strategy for faults inside the AC/DC converter station . 94
8.7.5 Coordination of the DC protection with the HVDC grid . 95
8.7.6 Example for coordination of the DC protection with the HVDC grid . 95
9 HVDC grid installations . 97
9.1 General . 97
9.2 DC switching station . 100
9.2.1 Purpose . 100
9.2.2 Overall requirements . 100
9.2.3 Main circuit design . 100
9.2.4 HVDC grid control and protection interface . 111
9.2.5 Controls . 112
9.2.6 Protection . 113
9.3 HVDC transmission lines. 115
9.3.1 Purpose . 115
9.3.2 Overall requirements . 115
9.3.3 Main circuit design . 116
9.3.4 HVDC grid control and protection interface . 119
9.3.5 Controls . 119
9.3.6 Protection . 119
9.4 DC/DC converter stations . 120
10 Studies and associated models . 121
10.1 General . 121
10.2 Description of studies . 121
10.2.1 General . 121
10.2.2 HVDC grid planning studies . 121
10.2.3 HVDC grid design studies . 122
10.2.4 HVDC grid extension studies . 122
10.2.5 Studies for HVDC grid installation refurbishments and other
modifications . 122
10.3 Models and interfaces . 123
10.3.1 General . 123
10.3.2 Model interfaces and integration compatibility . 123
10.3.3 Model capability . 123
10.3.4 Model format . 124
10.3.5 Model maintenance and portability . 124
10.3.6 Model aggregation . 124
10.3.7 Model testing and validation . 124
11 Testing . 125
11.1 General . 125
11.2 Off-site testing . 125
11.2.1 General . 125
11.2.2 Factory system tests . 126
11.3 On-site testing . 131
Bibliography . 132
Figure 1 – Definition of the point of connection-AC and the point of connection-DC at
an AC/DC converter station . 12
Note 2 to entry: See Figure 2 – Rigid bipolar HVDC system . 14
Figure 2 – Rigid bipolar HVDC system . 15
Figure 3 – Schematic structure of an HVDC grid . 18
Figure 4 – Example of a PQ-diagram showing the active vs reactive power exchange
capability of an AC/DC converter station for a given AC voltage level . 19
Figure 5 – Generic AC over- and under voltage ride through profile of an AC/DC
converter station . 23
Figure 6 – Example of an active power frequency response capability of an AC/DC
converter station in frequency sensitive mode (FSM) with zero deadband and
insensitivity with a positive active power setpoint; FSM in this figure shall be
understood as FCR . 24
Figure 7 – Example of an HVDC grid in 2DCe topology with different AC/DC converter
station topologies . 31
Figure 8 – Operating states. 35
Figure 9 – Generic temporary DC pole to earth voltage profiles in HVDC grids . 37
Figure 10 – Generic neutral bus voltage profile . 39
Figure 11 – Standard approximation function . 41
Figure 12 – Equivalent circuit, defining the relationship between voltage and current
distortions . 42
Figure 13 – Disturbance level . 43
Figure 14 – Planning level and headroom . 44
Figure 15 – General controller hierarchy with typical time ranges of operation . 48
Figure 16 – Typical DC node voltage control modes (illustration in DC voltage/power
plane) . 50
Figure 17 – Generation of final converter schedules including converter control modes
and its parameters . 54
Figure 18 – Propagation of switching commands to individual HVDC stations . 55
– 6 – IEC TS 63291-1:2023 © IEC 2023
Figure 19 – Typical operating sequences for transitions between operating states of
HVDC grid, HVDC grid subsystem or HVDC grid installation . 56
Figure 20 – Example illustrating the concept of HVDC grid protection zones in HVDC
grids . 61
Figure 21 – Example of voltage and current traces in the event of "permanent stop" . 63
Figure 22 – Example voltage and current traces in the event of "temporary stop P" . 67
Figure 23 – Example voltage and current traces in the event of "continued operation" . 70
Figure 24 – Example of an HVDC grid protection zone layout . 72
Figure 25 – AC/DC converter station types in the U/I diagram. 76
Figure 26 – Example of a BRO AC/DC converter station with connected BRZ DC
switching station. The AC/DC converter station is of bipolar topology. Its adjacent DC
switching station connects two bipolar transmission circuits with DMR in this example . 80
Figure 27 – Operating states and transitions for AC/DC converter stations . 89
Figure 28 – Example illustrating the coordination of the DC protection of AC/DC
converter station 1 with the HVDC grid . 97
Figure 29 – Example of a BRZ DC switching station. The DC switching station
connects two bipolar transmission circuits with DMR and an AC/DC converter station
of bipolar topology . 103
Figure 30 – Example test environment based on complete C&P equipment
represented as hardware . 127
Figure 31 – Example test environment partly based on C&P equipment as hardware
and the remaining C&P equipment as functional software-in-the-loop model with two
alternatives for representing the HVDC grid controller . 128
Figure 32 – Example test environment based on complete C&P equipment
represented as functional software-in-the-loop model . 129
Figure 33 – Example test environment dedicated to test the HVDC grid controller,
based on complete C&P equipment represented as functional software-in-the-loop
model and HVDC grid controller as hardware . 130
Table 1 – Nomenclature of HVDC circuit topologies . 29
Table 2 – HVDC circuit topologies – HVDC grid characteristics . 29
Table 3 – HVDC circuit topologies – HVDC station characteristics at a PoC . 30
Table 4 – DC fault separation concepts of HVDC grids or parts thereof defined at a
PoC-AC or PoC-DC respectively . 61
Table 5 – HVDC grid protection zone matrix . 71
Table 6 – DC Connection modes of an AC/DC converter station . 81
Table 7 – DC circuit re-configuration requirements. 82
Table 8 – Example protection coordination of AC/DC converter station 1 and HVDC
grid (for main and backup concept including the separation concept and the FSD) . 96
Table 9 – Functions changing operating states . 98
Table 10 – Functions of grid operation . 99
Table 11 – Protective functions . 99
Table 12 – Connection modes of the bipolar DC SU of Figure 29 connecting a PoC-DC
of an HVDC transmission line . 105
Table 13 – Connection modes of the bipolar DC SU of Figure 29 connecting a PoC-DC
of an AC/DC converter station (x = 1) . 106
Table 14 – Normally used DC circuit reconfiguration time requirements for the DC SU
example of Figure 29 (PoC-DC) . 106
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT (HVDC) GRID SYSTEMS AND
CONNECTED CONVERTER STATIONS – GUIDELINE AND PARAMETER
LISTS FOR FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATIONS –
Part 1: Guideline
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
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Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
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4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
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any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
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6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC TS 63291-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee TC 115: High Voltage Direct
Current (HVDC) transmission for DC voltages above 100 kV. It is a Technical Specification.
The text of this Technical Specification is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
115/319/DTS 115/328A/RVDTS
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this Technical Specification is English.
This Technical Specification is to be used in conjunction with IEC TS 63291-2:2023.
– 8 – IEC TS 63291-1:2023 © IEC 2023
A list of all parts in the IEC 63291 series, published under the general title High voltage direct
current (HVDC) grid systems and connected converter stations – Guideline and parameter lists
for functional specifications, can be found on the IEC website.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.
INTRODUCTION
In the preparation of this document, special care has been taken to, as far as possible, describe
the requirements in a technologically independent way. In order to achieve that, a function of
interest is described by a comprehensive set of parameters. The parameters are selected based
on a systematic analysis of physical phenomena relevant to achieve the requested functionality.
Reflecting the early stage of technology, the technical parameters need comprehensive
explanations and background information. This need is reflected in the dual character of the
content, which is presented in the two corresponding parts:
• IEC TS 63291-1, Guideline containing the explanations and the background information in
context with the parameter lists;
• IEC TS 63291-2, Parameter lists containing the essential lists of parameters and values
describing properties of the AC respectively DC system (operating conditions) and
parameters describing the performance of the newly installed component (performance
requirements).
IEC TS 63291-1 and IEC TS 63291-2 have the same structure to aid the reader.
At the time of writing there is no real-life multi-national, multi-vendor HVDC grid project to which
the guideline and parameter lists can be applied. Practical experiences in the near future are
expected to provide input for developing these guideline and parameter lists further.
– 10 – IEC TS 63291-1:2023 © IEC 2023
HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT (HVDC) GRID SYSTEMS AND
CONNECTED CONVERTER STATIONS – GUIDELINE AND PARAMETER
LISTS FOR FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATIONS –
Part 1: Guideline
1 Scope
This document contains guidelines on planning, specification, and execution of multi-vendor
HVDC grid systems also referred to as HVDC grids. The terms "HVDC grid systems" or "HVDC
grids" are used in this document to describe HVDC systems for power transmission having more
than two HVDC stations connected to a common DC circuit. The DC circuit can be of radial or
meshed topology or a combination thereof. In this document, the term "HVDC grids" is used.
While this document focuses on requirements specific for HVDC grids, some requirements are
considered applicable to all HVDC systems in general, i.e., including point-to-point HVDC
systems. Existing IEC (e.g. IEC TR 63363-1 [1]), Cigre or other relevant documents have been
used for reference as far as possible.
Corresponding to electric power transmission applications, this document is applicable to high
voltage systems, i.e. those having typically nominal DC voltages higher than 50 kV with respect
to earth are considered in this document.
NOTE While the physical principles of DC networks are basically voltage independent, the technical options for
designing equipment get much wider with lower DC voltage levels, e.g. in case of converters or switchgear.
This document covers technical aspects of:
• coordination of HVDC grid and AC systems,
• HVDC grid characteristics,
• HVDC grid control,
• HVDC grid protection,
• AC/DC converter stations,
• HVDC grid installations, including DC switching stations and HVDC transmission lines,
• studies and associated models,
• testing.
Beyond the scope of this document, the following content is proposed for future work:
• DC/DC converter stations.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 60909 (all parts), Short-circuit currents in three-phase AC systems
IEC 61975:2010, High-voltage direct current (HVDC) installations – System tests
IEC 61975:2010/AMD1:2016
IEC 61975:2010/AMD2:2022
IEC 62271-100, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 100: Alternating-current
circuit-breakers
IEC 62271-102, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 102: Alternating current
disconnectors and earthing switches
IEC 62747:2014, Terminology for voltage-sourced converters (VSC) for high-voltage direct
current (HVDC) systems
IEC 62747:2014/AMD1:2019
IEC TS 63014-1, High voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission – System requirements
for DC-side equipment – Part 1: Using line-commutated converters
IEC TS 63291-2:2023, High voltage direct current (HVDC) grid systems and connected
converter stations – Guideline and parameter lists for functional specifications – Part 2:
Parameter lists
ISO/IEC 25010:2011, Systems and software engineering – Systems and software Quality
Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) – System and software quality models
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
AC/DC converter unit
indivisible operative unit comprising all equipment between the PoC-AC and the PoC-DC,
essentially one or more converters, together with interface transformers, control and protection
equipment, essential protective and switching devices and auxiliaries, if any, used for
conversion
Note 1 to entry: The term "converter transformer" is also used instead of "interface transformer".
[SOURCE: IEC 62747:2014, 7.5, modified – "AC/DC" has been added to the term; the definition
has been neutralised with respect to technology (not only VSC converters) and uses the terms
PoC-AC and PoC-DC as defined in 3.1.3 and 3.1.4 in this document.]
3.1.2
AC/DC converter station
part of an HVDC system which consists of one or more AC/DC converter units including DC
switchgear, if any, DC fault current controlling devices, if any, installed in a single location
together with buildings, reactors, filters, reactive power supply, control, monitoring, protective,
measuring and auxiliary equipment
[SOURCE: IEC 62747:2014, 9.21, modified – "AC/DC" has been added to the term; the
definition has been made specific with respect to AC/DC converter units, differentiating from
– 12 – IEC TS 63291-1:2023 © IEC 2023
DC/DC converter units. Furthermore, only the term "AC/DC converter station" is used in this
document; the note to entry has been deleted.]
3.1.3
PoC-DC
point of connection-DC
electrical interface point at DC voltage as shown in Figure 1
3.1.4
PoC-AC
point of connection-AC
electrical interface point at AC voltage as shown in Figure 1
Figure 1 – Definition of the point of connection-AC and the point
of connection-DC at an AC/DC converter station
3.1.5
DC/DC converter unit
indivisible operative unit comprising all equipment between the points of connection to the
HVDC grid having different nominal DC voltage, essentially one or more converters, together
with interface transformers, if any, control equipment, essential protective and switching
devices and auxiliaries, if any, used for conversion
Note 1 to entry: The term "converter transformer" is also used instead of "interface transformer".
3.1.6
DC/DC converter station
part of an HVDC grid which consists of one or more DC/DC converter units including DC
switchgear, if any, DC fault current controlling devices, if any, installed in a single location
together with buildings, reactors, filters, control, monitoring, protective, measuring and auxiliary
equipment, if any
3.1.7
DC line power flow controller
device connected in series with a transmission line inserting a DC voltage for the primary
purpose of controlling the power flow in a meshed HVDC grid
Note 1 to entry: Series connected devices can also be used to insert into or absorb power from a transmission line
for the purpose of compensating the voltage drop along the line or connecting load or generation.
3.1.8
DC grid protection zone
physical part of an HVDC grid with a distinct DC fault handling sequence
3.1.9
DC switching unit
indivisible operative unit comprising all equipment between the DC busbars and the terminals
(HV poles and neutral, if any) of one point of connection on the DC side, comprising, if any, one
or more switches, control, monitoring, protective, measuring equipment and auxiliaries
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