IEC 61400-12-1:2022
(Main)Wind energy generation systems - Part 12-1: Power performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines
Wind energy generation systems - Part 12-1: Power performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines
IEC 61400-12-1:2022 specifies a procedure for measuring the power performance characteristics of a single wind turbine and applies to the testing of wind turbines of all types and sizes connected to the electrical power network. In addition, this document defines a procedure to be used to determine the power performance characteristics of small wind turbines (as defined in IEC 61400-2) when connected to either the electric power network or a battery bank. This document defines a measurement methodology that requires the measured power curve and derived energy production figures to be supplemented by an assessment of uncertainty sources and their combined effects. This third edition of IEC 61400-12-1 is part of a structural revision that cancels and replaces the performance standards IEC 61400-12-1:2017 and IEC 61400-12-2:2013. The structural revision contains no technical changes with respect to IEC 61400-12-1:2017 and IEC 61400‑12‑2:2013, but the parts that relate to wind measurements, measurement of site calibration and assessment of obstacle and terrain have been extracted into separate standards.
The content of the corrigendum 1 (2025-05) has been included in this copy.
Systèmes de génération d'énergie éolienne - Partie 12-1: Mesures de performance de puissance des éoliennes de production d'électricité
L'IEC 61400-12-1:2022 spécifie une procédure de mesure des caractéristiques de performance de puissance d'une éolienne simple et s'applique aux essais d'éoliennes, de tous types et de toutes tailles, raccordées au réseau électrique. En outre, le présent document définit une procédure à utiliser pour déterminer les caractéristiques de performance de puissance des petits aérogénérateurs (comme cela est défini dans l'IEC 61400-2) raccordés soit au réseau électrique, soit à un banc de batteries. Le présent document définit une méthodologie de mesure qui exige que les valeurs de la courbe de puissance mesurée et de la production d'énergie déduite soient complétées par une évaluation des sources d'incertitude et de leurs effets associés. La présente troisième édition de l’IEC 61400-12-1 fait partie d'une révision structurelle qui annule et remplace les normes de performance IEC 61400-12-1:2017 et IEC 61400‑12‑2:2013. Cette révision structurelle ne contient aucune modification technique par rapport à l'IEC 61400‑12-1:2017 et l'IEC 61400-12‑2:2013. Toutefois, les parties relatives aux mesurages du vent, au mesurage de l'étalonnage du site et à l'évaluation des obstacles et du terrain ont été extraites vers des normes distinctes.
Le contenu du corrigendum 1 (2025-05) a été pris en considération dans cet exemplaire.
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IEC 61400-12-1 ®
Edition 3.0 2022-09
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Wind energy generation systems –
Part 12-1: Power performance measurements of electricity producing wind
turbines
Systèmes de génération d'énergie éolienne –
Partie 12-1: Mesurages de performance de puissance des éoliennes de
production d'électricité
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IEC 61400-12-1 ®
Edition 3.0 2022-09
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Wind energy generation systems –
Part 12-1: Power performance measurements of electricity producing wind
turbines
Systèmes de génération d'énergie éolienne –
Partie 12-1: Mesurages de performance de puissance des éoliennes de
production d'électricité
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 27.180 ISBN 978-2-8322-5621-3
– 2 – IEC 61400-12-1:2022 © IEC 2022
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 8
INTRODUCTION . 10
1 Scope . 12
2 Normative references . 12
3 Terms and definitions . 13
4 Symbols, units and abbreviated terms . 16
5 Power performance method overview . 23
6 Preparation for performance test . 26
6.1 General . 26
6.2 Wind turbine and electrical connection . 26
6.3 Test site . 27
6.3.1 General . 27
6.3.2 Location of the wind measurement equipment . 27
6.3.3 Measurement sector . 27
6.3.4 Correction factors and uncertainty due to flow distortion originating from
topography . 28
7 Test equipment . 28
7.1 Electric power . 28
7.2 Wind speed . 29
7.2.1 General . 29
7.2.2 General requirements for meteorological mast mounted anemometers . 30
7.2.3 Top-mounted anemometers . 30
7.2.4 Side-mounted anemometers . 31
7.2.5 Remote sensing device (RSD) . 31
7.2.6 Rotor equivalent wind speed measurement . 31
7.2.7 Hub height wind speed measurement . 32
7.2.8 Wind shear measurements . 32
7.3 Wind direction . 34
7.4 Air density. 34
7.5 Rotational speed and pitch angle . 35
7.6 Blade condition . 35
7.7 Wind turbine control system . 35
7.8 Data acquisition system . 35
8 Measurement procedure . 36
8.1 General . 36
8.2 Wind turbine operation . 36
8.3 Data collection . 36
8.4 Data rejection . 36
8.5 Database . 37
9 Derived results . 37
9.1 Data normalization . 37
9.1.1 General . 37
9.1.2 Correction for meteorological mast flow distortion of side-mounted
anemometer . 38
9.1.3 Wind shear correction (when REWS measurements available) . 38
9.1.4 Wind veer correction . 41
9.1.5 Air density normalization. 41
9.1.6 Turbulence normalization . 42
9.2 Determination of the measured power curve . 42
9.3 Annual energy production (AEP) . 43
9.4 Power coefficient . 45
10 Reporting format . 45
Annex A (normative) Assessment of obstacles . 53
Annex B (normative) Assessment of terrain at the test site . 54
Annex C (normative) Site calibration procedure . 55
Annex D (normative) Evaluation of uncertainty in measurement . 56
Annex E (informative) Theoretical basis for determining the uncertainty of
measurement using the method of bins . 59
E.1 General . 59
E.2 Combining uncertainties . 60
E.2.1 General . 60
E.2.2 Expanded uncertainty . 62
E.2.3 Basis for the uncertainty assessment . 62
E.3 Category A uncertainties . 67
E.3.1 General . 67
E.3.2 Category A uncertainty in electric power . 67
E.3.3 Category A uncertainties in the site calibration . 67
E.4 Category B uncertainties: Introduction and data acquisition system . 67
E.4.1 Category B uncertainties: Introduction . 67
E.4.2 Category B uncertainties: Data acquisition system . 68
E.5 Category B uncertainties: Power output . 68
E.5.1 General . 68
E.5.2 Category B uncertainties: Power output – Current transformers . 69
E.5.3 Category B uncertainties: Power output – Voltage transformers . 69
E.5.4 Category B uncertainties: Power output – Power transducer or other
power measurement device . 70
E.5.5 Category B uncertainties: Power output – Data acquisition . 70
E.6 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Introduction and sensors . 71
E.6.1 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Introduction . 71
E.6.2 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Hardware . 71
E.6.3 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Meteorological mast mounted
sensors. 71
E.7 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – RSD . 73
E.7.1 General . 73
E.7.2 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – RSD – Calibration . 73
E.7.3 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – RSD – In-situ check. 74
E.7.4 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – RSD – Classification . 74
E.7.5 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – RSD – Mounting . 74
E.7.6 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – RSD – Flow variation . 74
E.7.7 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – RSD – Monitoring test . 75
E.8 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – REWS . 75
E.8.1 General . 75
E.8.2 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – REWS – Wind speed
measurement over whole rotor . 75
E.8.3 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – REWS – Wind veer . 76
– 4 – IEC 61400-12-1:2022 © IEC 2022
E.9 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Terrain . 77
E.9.1 General . 77
E.9.2 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Terrain – Pre-calibration . 77
E.9.3 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Terrain – Post-calibration . 78
E.9.4 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Terrain – Classification . 78
E.9.5 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Terrain – Mounting . 78
E.9.6 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Terrain – Data acquisition . 78
E.9.7 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Terrain – Lightning finial . 79
E.9.8 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Terrain – Change in correction
between adjacent bins . 79
E.9.9 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Terrain – Removal of WD
sensor . 79
E.9.10 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed – Terrain – Seasonal variation . 79
E.10 Category B uncertainties: Air density . 79
E.10.1 General . 79
E.10.2 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Temperature – Introduction . 80
E.10.3 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Temperature – Calibration . 81
E.10.4 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Temperature – Radiation
shielding . 81
E.10.5 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Temperature – Mounting . 81
E.10.6 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Temperature – Data acquisition. 81
E.10.7 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Pressure – Introduction . 81
E.10.8 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Pressure – Calibration . 82
E.10.9 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Pressure – Mounting . 83
E.10.10 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Pressure – Data acquisition . 83
E.10.11 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Relative humidity – Introduction . 83
E.10.12 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Relative humidity – Calibration . 84
E.10.13 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Relative humidity – Mounting . 84
E.10.14 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Relative humidity – Data
acquisition . 84
E.10.15 Category B uncertainties: Air density – Correction . 85
E.11 Category B uncertainties: Method . 85
E.11.1 General . 85
E.11.2 Category B uncertainties: Method – Wind conditions . 85
E.11.3 Category B uncertainties: Method – Seasonal effects . 90
E.11.4 Category B uncertainties: Method – Turbulence normalization (or the
lack thereof) . 91
E.11.5 Category B uncertainties: Method – Cold climate . 91
E.12 Category B uncertainties: Wind direction . 92
E.12.1 General . 92
E.12.2 Category B uncertainties: Wind direction – Vane or sonic . 92
E.12.3 Category B uncertainties: Wind direction – RSD . 93
E.13 Combining uncertainties . 94
E.13.1 General . 94
E.13.2 Combining Category B uncertainties in electric power (u ) . 95
P,i
E.13.3 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement (u ) . 95
V,i
E.13.4 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement from cup or
sonic (u ) . 95
VS,i
E.13.5 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement from RSD
(u ) . 96
VR,i
E.13.6 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement from REWS
u . 96
VREWS,i
E.13.7 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement for REWS for
either a meteorological mast significantly above hub height or an RSD
with a lower-than-hub-height meteorological mast . 97
E.13.8 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement for REWS for
a hub height meteorological mast plus RSD for shear using an absolute
wind speed . 99
E.13.9 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement for REWS for
hub height meteorological mast RSD for shear using a relative wind
speed . 101
E.13.10 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement from REWS
due to wind veer across the whole rotor u . 103
VREWS,veer,i
E.13.11 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement from flow
distortion due to site calibration u . 107
VT,i
E.13.12 Combining uncertainties for the temperature measurement u . 108
T,i
E.13.13 Combining uncertainties for the pressure measurement u . 108
B,i
E.13.14 Combining uncertainties for the humidity measurement u . 109
RH,i
E.13.15 Combining uncertainties for the method related components u . 110
M,i
E.13.16 Combining uncertainties for the wind direction measurement with wind
vane or sonic anemometer u . 110
WV,i
E.13.17 Combining uncertainties for the wind direction measurement with RSD
u . 111
WR,i
E.13.18 Combined category B uncertainties. 111
E.13.19 Combined standard uncertainty – Power curve . 111
E.13.20 Combined standard uncertainty – Energy production . 111
E.14 Relevance of uncertainty components under specified conditions . 112
E.15 Reference tables . 112
Annex F (normative) Wind tunnel calibration procedure for anemometers . 116
Annex G (normative) Mounting of instruments on the meteorological mast . 117
Annex H (normative) Power performance testing of small wind turbines . 118
H.1 General . 118
H.2 Wind turbine system definition and installation . 118
H.3 Meteorological mast location . 119
H.4 Test equipment . 119
H.5 Measurement procedure . 120
H.6 Derived results . 121
H.7 Reporting . 121
H.8 Assessment of influence of wind turbines and obstacles at the test site . 121
H.9 Assessment of terrain at test site . 121
H.10 Site calibration procedure (refer to IEC 61400-12-3) . 122
Annex I (normative) Classification of cup and sonic anemometry . 123
Annex J (normative) Assessment of cup and sonic anemometry . 124
Annex K (normative) In-situ comparison of anemometers . 125
Annex L (normative) The application of remote sensing technology . 126
L.1 General . 126
L.2 Classification requirements specific to power performance tests . 127
L.3 Verification requirements specific to power performance tests . 127
– 6 – IEC 61400-12-1:2022 © IEC 2022
L.4 Uncertainty evaluation specific to power performance tests . 127
L.5 Additional checks specific to power performance tests . 128
L.5.1 Monitoring the performance of the remote sensing device at the
application site . 128
L.5.2 Identification of malfunctioning of the remote sensing device . 128
L.5.3 Consistency check of the assessment of the remote sensing device
systematic uncertainties . 128
L.5.4 In-situ test of the remote sensing device . 128
L.6 Other requirements specific to power performance testing . 128
Annex M (informative) Normalization of power curve data according to the turbulence
intensity . 131
M.1 General . 131
M.2 Turbulence normalization procedure . 131
M.3 Determination of the zero turbulence power curve . 133
M.4 Order of wind shear correction (normalization) and turbulence normalization . 139
M.5 Uncertainty of turbulence normalization or of power curves due to turbulence
effects . 139
Annex N (informative) Wind tunnel calibration procedure for wind direction sensors . 141
Annex O (informative) Power performance testing in cold climate . 142
O.1 Overview. 142
O.2 Recommendations . 142
O.2.1 General . 142
O.2.2 Sonic anemometers . 142
O.2.3 Cup anemometers . 142
O.3 Uncertainties. 143
O.4 Reporting . 143
Annex P (informative) Wind shear normalization procedure . 144
Annex Q (informative) Definition of the rotor equivalent wind speed under
consideration of wind veer . 146
Q.1 Overview. 146
Q.2 Definition of rotor equivalent wind speed under consideration of wind veer . 147
Q.3 Measurement of wind veer . 147
Q.4 Combined wind shear and wind veer normalization . 147
Annex R (informative) Uncertainty considerations for tests on multiple turbines . 148
Annex S (informative) Mast flow distortion correction for lattice masts . 152
Bibliography . 153
Figure 1 – Requirements as to distance of the wind measurement equipment and
maximum allowed measurement sectors . 28
Figure 2 – Wind shear measurement heights appropriate to measurement of rotor
equivalent wind speed . 33
Figure 3 – Wind shear measurement heights when no wind speed measurements
above hub height are available (for wind shear exponent determination only) . 34
Figure 4 – Process of application of the various normalizations . 38
Figure 5 – Presentation of example database: power performance test scatter plot
sampled at 1 Hz (mean values averaged over 10 min) . 49
Figure 6 – Presentation of example measured power curve . 49
Figure 7 – Presentation of example C curve. 50
P
Figure H.1 – Definition of hub height and meteorological mast location for vertical axis
wind turbines . 119
Figure L.1 – Example of permitted range of locations for measurement volume . 129
Figure M.1 – Process for obtaining a power curve for a specific turbulence intensity
(I ) . 132
ref
Figure M.2 – Process for obtaining the initial zero turbulence power curve parameters
from the measured data . 134
Figure M.3 – First approach for initial zero turbulence power curve . 134
Figure M.4 – Process for obtaining the theoretical zero-turbulence power curve from
the measured data . 136
Figure M.5 – Adjusted initial zero turbulence power curve (green) compared to first
approach (red) . 137
Figure M.6 – Process for obtaining the final zero-turbulence power curve from the
measured data . 138
Figure M.7 – Adjusted initial zero turbulence power curve (green) compared to final
zero turbulence power curve (black) . 138
Figure Q.1 – Wind profiles measured with lidar over flat terrain . 147
Table 1 – Overview of wind measurement configurations for power curve
measurements that meet the requirements of this document . 26
Table 2 – Wind speed measurement configurations (X indicates allowable
configuration) . 29
Table 3 – Example of REWS calculation . 40
Table 4 – Example of presentation of a measured power curve . 50
Table 5 – Example of presentation of estimated annual energy production . 52
Table D.1 – List of uncertainty components . 57
Table E.1 – Expanded uncertainties . 62
Table E.2 – List of category A and B uncertainties . 64
Table E.3 – Example of standard uncertainties due to absence of a wind shear
measurement . 87
Table E.4 – Example of standard uncertainties due to absence of a wind veer
measurement . 89
Table E.5 – Uncertainty contributions due to lack of upflow knowledge . 90
Table E.6 – Uncertainty contributions due to lack of turbulence knowledge . 90
Table E.7 – Suggested assumptions for correlations of measurement uncertainties
between different measurement heights . 98
Table E.8 – Suggested correlation assumptions for relative wind direction
measurement uncertainties at different measurement heights . 105
Table E.9 – Uncertainties from air density normalization . 112
Table E.10 – Sensitivity factors . 114
Table E.11 – Category B uncertainties . 115
Table H.1 – Battery bank voltage settings . 120
Table R.1 – List of correlated uncertainty components . 149
– 8 – IEC 61400-12-1:2022 © IEC 2022
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
WIND ENERGY GENERATION SYSTEMS –
Part 12-1: Power performance measurements
of electricity producing wind turbines
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
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IEC 61400-12-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 88: Wind energy generation
systems. It is an International Standard.
This third edition of IEC 61400-12-1 is part of a structural revision that cancels and replaces
the performance standards IEC 61400-12-1:2017 and IEC 61400-12-2:2013. The structural
revision contains no technical changes with respect to IEC 61400-12-1:2017 and
IEC 61400-12-2:2013, but the parts that relate to wind measurements, measurement of site
calibration and assessment of obstacle and terrain have been extracted into separate
standards.
The purpose of the re-structure was to allow the future management and revision of the power
performance standards to be carried out more efficiently in terms of time and cost and to provide
a more logical division of the wind measurement requirements into a series of separate
standards which could be referred to by other use case standards in the IEC 61400 series and
subsequently maintained and developed by appropriate experts.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
88/822/CDV 88/867/RVC
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications.
A list of all parts in the IEC 61400 series, published under the general title Wind energy
generation systems, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates that it
contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of its
contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.
– 10 – IEC 61400-12-1:2022 © IEC 2022
INTRODUCTION
IEC TC 88 has made this third edition in order to reduce the complexity of the previous edition.
Wind measurement procedures have been extracted from the performance standard,
recognizing that wind measurements need to be referenced from other standards, such as in
loads, noise and resource assessment measurements. IEC TC 88 recommends that the
restructured standards gradually take over the previous standards before Maintenance Cycle
Reports are written on the restructured standards introducing new technical requirements.
Revision of the restructured documents should be proposed at the same time to incorporate
such technical changes, recommendations, clarifications and simplifications.
The purpose of the IEC 61400-12 series is to provide a uniform methodology that will ensure
consistency, accuracy and reproducibility in the measurement and analysis of power
performance by wind turbines. This document has been prepared with the anticipation that it
would be applied by:
a) a wind turbine manufacturer striving to meet well-defined power performance requirements
and/or a possible declaration system;
b) a wind turbine purchaser in specifying such performance requirements;
c) a wind turbine operator who can be required to verify that stated, or required, power
performance specifications are met for new or refurbished units;
d) a wind turbine planner or regulator who needs to be able to accurately and fairly define
power performance characteristics of wind turbines in response to regulations or permit
requirements for new or modified installations.
This document provides guidance in the measurement, analysis, and reporting of power
performance testing for wind turbines. This document will benefit those parties involved in the
manufacture, installation planning and permitting, operation, utilization, and regulation of wind
turbines. The technically accurate measurement an
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