IEC 60034-23:2019

Rotating electrical machines - Part 23: Repair, overhaul and reclamation

IEC 60034-23:2019 covers the procedures necessary to ensure the satisfactory repair, overhaul, and reclamation of all types and sizes of rotating electrical machines covered by IEC 60034.
This standard creates a generic industry procedure covering common aspects of a complete repair. The scope of work depends on the machine type, rating, condition, and the importance of plant reliability and safety. This standard does not supersede the requirements prescribed in IEC 60079-19 or elsewhere concerning the repair and overhaul for machines used in explosive atmospheres.
This first edition cancels and replaces IEC TS 60034-23 published in 2003. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
– the title of the standard has been changed to Rotating electrical machines – Part 23: Repair, overhaul and reclamation;
– general Principles added to cover: hazardous areas, traction motors, machine efficiency, environment, end of life recycling. and circular economy considerations;
– general: Scope of work, health and safety, standards, quality, information required and documentation now covered;
– final tests updated;
– additional requirements for the repair and testing of DC machines added;
– additional requirements for the repair and testing of High Voltage AC machines added;
– customer reports and handover added;
– new standard tolerances added.

Machines électriques tournantes - Partie 23: Réparation, révision et remise en état

l'IEC 60034-23:2019 couvre les procédures nécessaires pour assurer la réparation, la révision et la remise en état de tous types et tailles de machines électriques tournantes couvertes par la série IEC 60034. Cette norme crée une procédure industrielle générique qui couvre les aspects courants d'une réparation complète. L’étendue du travail dépend du type de machine, de ses caractéristiques assignées, de son état, ainsi que de l’importance de la fiabilité et de la sécurité de l’installation. Cette norme ne remplace pas les exigences spécifiées dans l’IEC 60079-19 ou dans tout autre document concernant la réparation et la révision des machines utilisées dans des atmosphères explosives.
Cette première édition annule et remplace l’IEC TS 60034-23 parue en 2003. Cette édition inclut les modifications techniques majeures suivantes par rapport à l'édition précédente:
– le titre de la norme a été modifié en "Machines électriques tournantes – Partie 23: Réparation, révision et remise en état";
– principes généraux pour couvrir: les zones dangereuses, les moteurs de traction, le rendement des machines, l'environnement, la fin du cycle de vie et le recyclage, ainsi que des considérations concernant l'économie circulaire;
– exigences générales: les thèmes suivants sont maintenant traités:étendue du travail, santé et sécurité, normes, qualité, informations exigées et documentation;
– mise à jour de Essais finaux;
– exigences supplémentaires pour la réparation et les essais sur les machines à courant continu ajoutées;
– exigences supplémentaires pour la réparation et les essais sur les machines à courant alternatif haute tension ajoutées;
– rapports destinés au client et transfert ajouté;
– nouvelle normes et tolérances ajoutée.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 23-Jan-2019
• ICS: 29.160.01 - Rotating machinery in general
• Technical Committee: TC 2 - Rotating machinery
• Drafting Committee: MT 13 - TC 2/MT 13
• Current Stage: PPUB - Publication issued
• Start Date: 30-Nov-2018
• Completion Date: 24-Jan-2019

Relations

• Revises: IEC TS 60034-23:2003 - Rotating electrical machines - Part 23: Specification for the refurbishing of rotating electrical machines
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023

Overview

IEC 60034-23:2019 is an international standard issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) that specifies the procedures for the repair, overhaul, and reclamation of rotating electrical machines of all types and sizes. This standard provides generic industry guidelines aimed at ensuring the quality and reliability of repaired machines, addressing safety, environmental considerations, and circular economy principles. It applies universally except in explosive atmospheres where IEC 60079-19 requirements prevail.

Replacing the earlier IEC TS 60034-23:2003, this 2019 edition introduces important updates such as new general principles covering hazardous zones, traction motors, efficiency, environmental impact, and recycling. It incorporates refined processes for inspection, testing, documentation, and final acceptance of repaired machines, including specific requirements for DC and high-voltage AC machines.

Key Topics

• Scope and Application
  The standard covers all repair procedures tailored to machine types, ratings, and plant safety/reliability needs. It sets a structured approach from initial inspection to final tests post-repair.

• General Principles
  Includes management of hazardous areas, environmental responsibility, efficiency optimization, and recycling/end-of-life considerations aligned with circular economy practices.

• Inspection and Testing
  Detailed guidance on visual inspection, winding and insulation testing (resistance, polarization index, surge comparison), shaft and bearing checks, rotor cage integrity tests, and more.

• Repair Process
  Guidelines cover winding inspection and rewinding methods (random wound and form wound coils), core inspection, mechanical part refurbishments (housing, bearings, lubrication), and electrical component replacement.

• Safety and Documentation
  Emphasis on health and safety requirements, quality programs, comprehensive documentation, user information transfer, and certification of final repair reports and machine handover.

• Final Tests
  Updated protocols for verifying insulation resistance, winding resistance, and ensuring repaired machines meet performance and safety criteria before return to service.

Applications

• Industrial Electric Motors and Generators
  Ensures reliable refurbishment of standard and high-voltage rotating machines used in manufacturing, power generation, and processing plants.

• Renewable Energy Systems
  Supports the maintenance and refurbishment of rotating machines integral to wind turbines and hydro-electric generators where efficiency and reliability are critical.

• Traction and Transportation
  Addresses repair approaches for traction motors used in rail and electric vehicle applications, considering operational stresses and safety risks.

• Manufacturing & Maintenance Shops
  Provides standardized repair and overhaul procedures that improve quality and reduce downtime in service facilities and repair workshops.

• Circular Economy Initiatives
  Encourages repair and reclamation to extend machine life cycles, minimize waste, and promote sustainable use of resources, aligning with environmental regulations.

Related Standards

• IEC 60034 Series
  Covers various aspects of rotating electrical machines including design, performance, testing, and safety requirements.

• IEC 60079-19
  Specifies repair and overhaul requirements for machines in potentially explosive atmospheres, complementing IEC 60034-23 for hazardous environments.

• IEC 60034-1
  Defines ratings and performance standards for rotating electrical machines, providing foundational requirements linked to repair quality.

• International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV)
  Offers definitions and terminology consistency across electrotechnical standards referenced within IEC 60034-23.

---

Adhering to IEC 60034-23:2019 ensures the effective and safe repair of rotating electrical machines, extending asset life while maintaining operational reliability and efficiency. This standard is essential for manufacturers, repair centres, and maintenance professionals aiming to meet industry best practices and international compliance in electrical machine refurbishment.

Standards Content (Sample)

IEC 60034-23 ®
Edition 1.0 2019-01
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Rotating electrical machines –
Part 23: Repair, overhaul and reclamation

Machines électriques tournantes –
Partie 23: Réparation, révision et remise en état

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IEC 60034-23 ®
Edition 1.0 2019-01
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Rotating electrical machines –

Part 23: Repair, overhaul and reclamation

Machines électriques tournantes –

Partie 23: Réparation, révision et remise en état

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 29.160.01 ISBN 978-2-8322-6264-1

– 2 – IEC 60034-23:2019 © IEC 2019
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 6
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 General principles . 10
4.1 Use of referenced documents . 10
4.2 Hazardous areas . 10
4.3 Special applications . 11
4.4 Efficiency . 11
4.5 System efficiencies . 11
4.6 Environment and End of life recycling . 11
4.7 Circular economy . 12
5 General requirements for repair . 12
5.1 General . 12
5.2 Service facility . 13
5.3 Scope of work . 13
5.4 Standards . 14
5.5 Quality program . 14
5.6 User supplied information . 15
5.6.1 User transfer document . 15
5.6.2 Operating environment . 15
5.6.3 Converter/inverter operation . 15
5.6.4 Health and safety. 15
5.7 Documentation . 15
5.7.1 Records . 15
5.7.2 Labels and rating plates. 16
6 Assembled machine: inspection, tests and evaluation . 16
6.1 Visual inspection . 16
6.2 Tests before dismantling . 17
6.2.1 Safety . 17
6.2.2 Application . 17
6.3 Stator winding or rotor winding tests . 17
6.3.1 Winding resistance test . 17
6.3.2 Phase balance test . 17
6.3.3 Insulation resistance test . 17
6.3.4 Polarization index test . 18
6.3.5 No load test . 19
6.4 Shaft and bearings . 19
6.4.1 Shaft checks . 19
6.4.2 Bearing checks . 19
6.4.3 Bearing insulation resistance . 19
6.5 Rotor cage integrity . 20
6.5.1 General . 20
6.5.2 Current signature analysis (harmonic analysis) . 20
6.5.3 Single-phase test method . 20
6.5.4 Pole drop test – Salient pole rotor (motor or generator) . 20

7 Dismantled machine: inspection, tests, and evaluation . 20
7.1 General . 20
7.2 Cleaning . 20
7.3 Visual inspection . 21
7.4 Air gap . 21
7.5 Ventilation. 21
7.6 Stator . 21
7.7 Rotor . 22
7.7.1 General . 22
7.7.2 Rotor removal: vertical machines . 22
7.7.3 Cage rotor . 22
7.7.4 Cylindrical wound rotor windings . 23
7.7.5 Permanent magnet (PM) machines: rotor removal . 23
7.7.6 Salient pole rotor . 23
7.7.7 Cylindrical solid rotors . 23
7.8 Slip rings . 24
7.9 Brushes and brush-holders . 24
7.10 Rolling element bearings . 24
7.11 Sleeve bearings . 25
7.12 Seals and labyrinth seals . 25
8 Repair work . 25
8.1 Winding inspection . 25
8.2 Core inspection . 26
8.3 Rewinding . 26
8.3.1 General . 26
8.3.2 Random wound coils . 27
8.3.3 Form-wound coils . 27
8.3.4 Rewound stator tests . 28
8.3.5 Winding resistance test . 28
8.3.6 Surge comparison (or phase balance) test . 28
8.3.7 Withstand voltage test . 28
8.3.8 Thermal protection . 30
8.3.9 Conductors and connections . 30
8.3.10 Insulation system . 30
8.3.11 Impregnation . 30
8.3.12 Wound rotor banding . 31
8.4 Components . 31
8.4.1 General . 31
8.4.2 Housing and end brackets . 31
8.4.3 Fans and fan cowls . 32
8.5 Rotor . 32
8.5.1 General . 32
8.5.2 Air gap . 32
8.5.3 Cage rotor . 32
8.5.4 Salient pole rotor . 33
8.5.5 Slip-rings . 33
8.5.6 Capacitors . 33
8.5.7 Switches and starting components . 33
8.5.8 Excitation components . 33

– 4 – IEC 60034-23:2019 © IEC 2019
8.6 Shafts . 33
8.7 Bearings . 34
8.8 Lubrication . 34
8.8.1 Grease . 34
8.8.2 Oil . 35
8.9 Space heaters . 35
8.10 Temperature sensors . 35
8.11 Ingress and corrosion protection . 35
8.12 Terminal boxes and connections . 35
9 Final tests . 35
9.1 Test equipment . 35
9.2 Insulation resistance . 36
9.3 Winding resistance. 36
9.4 No load test . 36
9.5 Magnetic centre marking (by agreement) . 37
9.6 Locked rotor test (where applicable) . 37
9.7 Full load run for motors . 37
9.8 Zero power factor full current heat run (by agreement) . 37
9.9 Electromagnetic compatibility (by agreement) . 37
9.10 Auxiliaries . 37
9.11 Salient pole DC or AC drop test . 37
10 Additional requirements for DC machines . 37
10.1 General . 37
10.2 Assembled DC machine: inspection, tests and evaluation . 37
10.2.1 General . 37
10.2.2 No load test, or light load run . 38
10.2.3 Bar to bar test . 38
10.2.4 Surge test . 38
10.3 Dismantled condition: inspection, tests and evaluation . 38
10.3.1 Field winding . 38
10.3.2 Inter-pole and compensation winding . 38
10.3.3 Armature winding . 38
10.3.4 Commutator . 39
10.4 Repair work . 39
10.4.1 Commutator dimensions . 39
10.4.2 Brush-holders . 39
10.4.3 Brushes . 40
10.4.4 Brush neutral . 40
10.4.5 Field, inter-pole, and compensation windings . 41
10.4.6 Air gap . 41
10.4.7 Rotor run-outs . 41
10.4.8 Rotor balance . 41
10.5 DC machines final tests . 42
10.5.1 Brush holders . 42
10.5.2 No load test or light load test . 42
11 Additional requirements for high voltage AC machines (by agreement) . 42
11.1 Assembled HV machine, inspection and tests . 42
11.1.1 General . 42
11.1.2 The tan-delta (tip-up test in North America) . 42

11.1.3 Partial discharge test . 42
11.2 Dismantled HV machine , inspection and tests . 42
11.2.1 Dielectric dissipation factor test . 42
11.2.2 Dielectric dissipation factor tests of stator winding coils and bars . 42
11.2.3 Stator slot wedge deterioration . 42
11.2.4 Stator winding slot and overhangs discharge suppression . 42
11.3 High voltage machines: final tests . 43
11.3.1 High voltage withstand test: for HV machines . 43
11.3.2 Withstand voltage tests, for overhauls and partial rewinds (by
agreement) . 43
11.3.3 Over-speed test (by agreement) . 43
11.3.4 Short circuit run (by agreement) . 43
11.3.5 Remnant voltage (by agreement) . 43
11.3.6 Cooling circuit leakage tests (by agreement) . 43
12 Additional tests for high voltage generators . 44
12.1 Stator winding crevice corrosion . 44
12.2 Solid cylindrical rotor . 44
12.3 Cooling circuits (hydrogen/water) . 44
13 Customer reports and handover . 44
13.1 Exterior finish . 44
13.2 Transport and packaging . 44
13.3 Report to the user . 44
Annex A (informative) Flow chart for repair, overhaul and reclamation . 45
Annex B (informative) Standard extracts and tolerance tables. 46
Bibliography . 49

Figure 1 – Electrical machine components . 13

Table 1 – Recommended minimum insulation resistance values at a base temperature
of 40 °C reference IEC 60034-27-4 . 18
Table 2 – Guide to application of DC voltages for the insulation resistance and PI test . 19
Table 3 – Withstand voltage tests as per IEC 60034-1 . 28
Table 4 – Minimum schedule of routine tests as per IEC 60034-1 . 36
Table 5 – Brush to brush holder clearance (Extract from Table 1 of IEC 60136:1986) . 40
Table B.1 – Shaft extensions and couplings reference IEC 60072-1 . 46
Table B.2 – Dimensions for the width of keyway to take keys to a tap fit (IEC 60072-
1:1991, C.1.5) . 46
Table B.3 – Table of tolerances for shaft extension run-out . 47
Table B.4 – Table for mounting spigot diameter tolerances (IEC 60072-1:1991, C.1.7) . 48
Table B.5 – Table for concentricity of spigot diameter and perpendicularity of mounting
face to shaft extension (IEC 60072-1:1991, C.7.1) . 48

– 6 – IEC 60034-23:2019 © IEC 2019
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES –

Part 23: Repair, overhaul and reclamation

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
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6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60034-23 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 2: Rotating
machinery.
This first edition cancels and replaces IEC TS 60034-23 published in 2003. This edition
constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
– the title of the standard has been changed to Rotating electrical machines – Part 23: Repair,
overhaul and reclamation;
– Clause 1 Scope
• Hydrogen cooled turbine generators added to special applications,
• maintaining or improving the rated energy efficiency added
• ensuring environmental considerations are taken into account added;

– Clause 4 General Principles added to cover: hazardous areas, traction motors, machine
efficiency, environment, end of life recycling. and circular economy considerations;
– Clause 5 General: Scope of work, health and safety, standards, quality, information required
and documentation now covered;
– Original Annexes B and C incorporated into the standard;
– Clause 9 Final tests updated;
– Clause 10 Additional requirements for the repair and testing of DC machines added;
– Clause 11 Additional requirements for the repair and testing of High Voltage AC machines
added;
– Clause 12 Customer reports and handover added;
– New Annex B standard tolerances added.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
2/1923/FDIS 2/1924/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this International Standard can be found in the
report on voting indicated in the above table.
This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts in the IEC 60034 series, published under the general title Rotating electrical
machines, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
– 8 – IEC 60034-23:2019 © IEC 2019
ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES –

Part 23: Repair, overhaul and reclamation

1 Scope
This part of IEC 60034 covers the procedures necessary to ensure the satisfactory repair,
overhaul, and reclamation of all types and sizes of rotating electrical machines covered by the
IEC 60034 series. The standard creates a generic industry procedure covering common aspects
of a complete repair. The scope of work depends on the machine type, rating, condition, and
the importance of plant reliability and safety. It includes
• determining cause of failure, where necessary;
• determining the extent of repair, as applicable;
• defining revised performance, operating and ambient conditions, if required;
• reviewing the original design, and upgrading the specification of the design, if required;
• proving the quality and performance of the repaired machine, maintaining or improving the
rated energy efficiency;
• ensuring environmental considerations are taken into account.
This document does not supersede the requirements prescribed in IEC 60079-19 or elsewhere
concerning the repair and overhaul for machines used in explosive atmospheres.
Machines for special applications such as hermetic, submersible, nuclear, hydrogen cooled
machines, military, aviation and traction motors might have additional requirements, which are
the subject of agreement between the service facility and user.
This document is not intended to take the place of the original machine manufacturer’s
instructions and recommendations.
Re-designs and performance changes requiring machine designer input are beyond the scope
of this document.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 60034 (all parts), Rotating electrical machines
IEC 60034-1, Rotating electrical machines – Part 1: Rating and performance
IEC 60034-6, Rotating electrical machines – Part 6: Methods of cooling (IC Code)
IEC 60034-11, Rotating electrical machines – Part 11: Thermal protection
IEC 60034-30-1, Rotating electrical machines – Part 30-1: Efficiency classes of line operated
AC motors (IE code)
IEC TS 60034-30-2, Rotating electrical machines – Part 30-2: Efficiency classes of variable
speed AC motors (IE-code)
IEC 60050-411:1996, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary – Chapter 411: Rotating
machines
IEC 60060-1, High-voltage test techniques – Part 1: General definitions and test requirements
IEC 60072-2, Dimensions and output series for rotating electrical machines – Part 2: Frame
numbers 355 to 1000 and flange numbers 1180 to 2360
IEC 60079-19, Explosive atmospheres – Part 19: Equipment repair, overhaul, and reclamation
IEC 60136:1986, Dimensions of brushes and brush-holders for electrical machinery
ISO 21940-11, Mechanical vibration – Rotor balancing – Part 11:Procedures and tolerances for
rotors with rigid behaviour
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60034 (all parts) and
the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
customer
person or company, who places the order for a repair with the service facility and may or may
not be the owner or user of the machine
3.2
dismantling
disassembly of a machine into component parts or sub-assemblies
3.3
maintenance
routine actions taken to preserve the installed equipment in a fully serviceable condition
3.4
manufacturer
party responsible for the manufacture of the machine as originally supplied
3.5
overhaul
action to restore to fully serviceable condition equipment which has been in use or in storage
for a period of time but which is not faulty
3.6
reclamation
means of repair involving the removal or addition of material to reclaim component parts which
have sustained damage, in order to restore such parts to a serviceable condition in accordance
with the original standards and specifications

– 10 – IEC 60034-23:2019 © IEC 2019
3.7
refurbisher
party responsible for the refurbishing work, its sub-contractors and suppliers
3.8
refurbishment
total process of preparing a machine, no longer adequate for duty with normal maintenance, to
make it suitable for further service
3.9
relevant standard
standard to which the equipment was originally designed
3.10
repair
action to restore faulty equipment to its fully serviceable condition complying with the relevant
standard
3.11
repairer
manufacturer, user, or a third party (repair agency) who carries out the repair of the equipment
3.12
rewinding
part of the refurbishment related to removing and replacing some or all of the machine winding
their insulation, connection and support systems
3.13
service facility
manufacturer, user, or a third party (repair agency) providing a service that consists of the
repair, overhaul, or reclamation of equipment
3.14
serviceable condition
condition which permits parts or equipment to be used without prejudice to performance
3.15
user
owner, or party arranging or requiring the repair
4 General principles
4.1 Use of referenced documents
Older machines being repaired were designed to conform to earlier versions of the relevant
standards applicable when they were manufactured. It is possible that they would not be able
to meet the requirements of the latest standards. If this is the case the earlier standard should
be referred to for the specifications that the machine was manufactured to.
4.2 Hazardous areas
This document can be used in conjunction with IEC 60079-19, but does not supersede the
requirements prescribed in the latest version of IEC 60079-19. Special restrictions apply
including
• the scope of repair allowed by machine certification,
• individual personnel 'Ex' competency,
• the specific design limitations of different protection concepts.

4.3 Special applications
For rail and road traction motors, IEC 60349-1 is used by the manufacturers of these machines.
The service centre should also use the information in IEC 60349-1 to ensure the quality of their
repair, in conjunction with the IEC 60034-23 repair standard.
4.4 Efficiency
Where machines have been designed to meet Minimum Energy Performance Standards
(MEPS), as in the IEC 60034-30-1 efficiency classes and IEC TS 60034-30-2, they might be
subject to legal requirements to maintain efficiency levels. The designs might have been verified
by third party testing with declared minimum efficiencies shown on the nameplate. It is important
to follow when repairing or rewinding all machines to ensure no degradation of performance.
Current energy efficient motors have to be within a set tolerance of their rated efficiency label.
Any repair workshop, manufacturer’s or independent service centre, with a good quality control
system, using modern materials and using this standard, can maintain or improve the efficiency
of a machine within the original efficiency tolerances that the machine was designed to meet.
4.5 System efficiencies
If a motor has already been updated to an energy efficient machine, then a repair is often the
most environmentally friendly solution to extend the life of the machine, and maintain its rated
efficiency. During the course of a machine evaluation the decision to repair or replace should
be considered.
This is often the best time to calculate whether replacement with a new, more efficient machine
would be cost effective. This varies greatly with the number of hours the machine is used and
requires careful specialist consideration. As an example, unregulated pumps, fans, and
compressors might use more energy, depending on how much they are used, due to less slip
and the higher speeds of energy efficient motors. The application might be suitable for use with
a converter to overcome this problem, or the impeller could be re-profiled. Many machines are
also special due to limitations of size, fit, duty, speed, torque, etc. Consideration should also
be given to the possible lower downtime and lower carbon footprint of a repair and re-use.
Electric motors are generally very efficient and reliable converters of energy. The majority of
wasted energy and energy losses are often caused in other areas of the driven system such as
pumps, piping design, gearboxes, fans and fan ducting, compressors, wiring, transmission etc.
All of these items should be looked at as a complete system when looking for energy savings.
4.6 Environment and End of life recycling
Environmentally there are many advantages in a service centre handling a machine at, or close
to, the end of its life and environmentally disposing of replaced machines to remove them from
the system. Where hazardous substances (such as asbestos, PCB, lead, etc.) are identified,
suitable measures shall be adopted using best practice to meet legislative requirements on their
removal and disposal.
a) Root cause failure analysis of a failed machine can identify problems of overloading,
contamination, misalignment, faulty power supply, incorrect application, design or
contractual limitations, etc., and significantly increase the service life of the repaired
machine, or any new replacement.
b) The feasibility of whether a machine should be repaired or replaced can be calculated by a
service facility taking into account its actual usage, power usage, cost of repair, cost of
replacement, and payback period.
c) If the equipment is not repaired and it is at the end of its life, the equipment can be scrapped
in the most cost efficient way and to prevent it entering the second hand market. The old
equipment should be split into its component materials for recyclin
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