IEC TR 62001:2009
(Main)High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems - Guidebook to the specification and design evaluation of A.C. filters
High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems - Guidebook to the specification and design evaluation of A.C. filters
IEC/TR 62001:2009(E) deals with the specification and design evaluation of a.c. side harmonic performance and a.c. side filters for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) schemes. It is intended to be primarily for the use of the utilities and consultants who are responsible for issuing the technical specifications for new HVDC projects and evaluating designs proposed by prospective suppliers. The scope of this technical report covers a.c. side filtering for the frequency range of interest in terms of harmonic distortion and audible frequency disturbances. It excludes filters designed to be effective in the Power Line Carrier (PLC) and radio interference spectra. The technical report defines the technical basis for a contract between two parties, who in this document will be referred to as the "customer" and the "contractor". This technical report cancels and replaces IEC/PAS 62001 published in 2004. This first edition constitutes a technical revision.
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Standards Content (Sample)
IEC/TR 62001
®
Edition 1.0 2009-10
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems – Guidebook to the specification
and design evaluation of A.C. filters
IEC/TR 62001:2009(E)
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IEC/TR 62001
®
Edition 1.0 2009-10
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems – Guidebook to the specification
and design evaluation of A.C. filters
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
PRICE CODE
XH
ICS 29.200; 29.240.99 ISBN 978-2-88910-602-8
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
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– 2 – TR 62001 © IEC:2009(E)
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.11
1 Scope.13
2 Normative references.13
3 Outline of specifications of a.c. filters for HVDC systems.14
3.1 General .14
3.2 Boundaries of responsibility .15
3.3 Scope of studies.16
3.4 Scope of supply.17
3.5 Technical data to be supplied by contractor.18
3.6 Alternative proposals by bidders .18
4 Permissible distortion units .18
4.1 General .18
4.2 Voltage distortion.20
4.2.1 General .20
4.2.2 Voltage distortion – Definitions of performance criteria .20
4.2.3 Voltage distortion – Discussion and recommendations .20
4.2.4 Voltage distortion – Determination of limits.21
4.2.5 Voltage distortion – Pre-existing harmonic levels.24
4.2.6 Voltage distortion – Relaxed limits for short term and infrequent
conditions .25
4.2.7 Treatment of interharmonic frequencies .25
4.3 Distortion limits pertaining to the HV and EHV network equipment.26
4.3.1 HVAC transmission system equipment .26
4.3.2 Harmonic currents in synchronous machines.26
4.3.3 Nearby HVDC installations .27
4.4 Telephone interference .27
4.4.1 General .27
4.4.2 Causes of telephone interference.27
4.4.3 Telephone interference – Definitions of performance criteria .27
4.4.4 Telephone interference – Discussion.28
4.4.5 Telephone interference – Determination of limits .28
4.4.6 Telephone interference – Pre-existing harmonic levels .30
4.4.7 Telephone interference – Limits for temporary conditions .30
4.5 Special criteria.31
5 Harmonic generation.31
5.1 General .31
5.2 Converter harmonic generation .32
5.2.1 Idealized conditions .32
5.2.2 Realistic conditions .33
5.3 Calculation methodology.35
5.3.1 General .35
5.3.2 Harmonic currents for performance, rating and other calculations.36
5.3.3 Combining harmonics from different converter bridges .36
5.3.4 Consistent sets .37
5.3.5 Harmonic generation for different d.c. power ranges.37
5.4 Sensitivity of harmonic generation to various factors .39
5.4.1 Direct current, control angle and commutation overlap .39
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TR 62001 © IEC:2009(E) – 3 –
5.4.2 Effect of asymmetries on characteristic harmonics .39
5.4.3 Converter equipment parameter tolerances .39
5.4.4 Tap steps .40
5.4.5 Theoretically cancelled harmonics.40
5.4.6 Negative and zero phase sequence voltages .40
5.4.7 Converter transformer saturation.41
5.4.8 Harmonic interaction across the converter.41
5.4.9 Back-to-back systems.41
5.5 Externally generated harmonics .42
6 Harmonic interaction across converters.42
6.1 General .42
6.2 Interaction phenomena .43
6.3 Interaction modeling .44
6.3.1 General .44
6.3.2 Coupling between networks.45
6.3.3 Driving forces .45
6.3.4 System harmonic impedances.45
6.4 Impact on a.c. filter design.45
6.4.1 General .45
6.4.2 AC side third harmonic.45
6.4.3 Direct current on the a.c. side .46
6.4.4 Characteristic harmonics.46
6.5 Study methods.47
6.5.1 Frequency domain .47
6.5.2 Time domain.47
6.6 Possible countermeasures.48
6.6.1 AC (and/or DC) filters .48
6.6.2 DC control design .48
6.6.3 Operating restrictions and design protections .48
6.7 Recommendations for the technical specification .48
7 Filter arrangements.49
7.1 Overview .49
7.2 Advantages and disadvantages of typical filters.50
7.3 Classification of filter types .50
7.4 Tuned filters .51
7.4.1 Single tuned filters .51
7.4.2 Double tuned filters.52
7.4.3 Triple tuned filters.54
7.5 Damped filters .55
7.5.1 Single tuned damped filters.55
7.5.2 Double tuned damped filters .57
7.6 Choice of filters .58
8 Filter performance calculation .59
8.1 Calculation procedure.59
8.1.1 General .59
8.1.2 Input data .59
8.1.3 Methodology .59
8.1.4 Calculation of converter harmonic currents.61
8.1.5 Selection of filter types and calculation of their impedances.61
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– 4 – TR 62001 © IEC:2009(E)
8.1.6 Calculation of performance .61
8.2 Detuning and tolerances .62
8.2.1 General .62
8.2.2 Detuning factors .63
8.2.3 Resistance variations.64
8.2.4 Modeling.64
8.3 Network impedance for performance calculations.65
8.3.1 General .65
8.3.2 Network modeling using impedance envelopes.66
8.3.3 Sector diagram .67
8.3.4 Circle diagram .68
8.3.5 Discrete polygons .68
8.3.6 Zero-sequence impedance modeling .70
8.3.7 Detailed modeling of a.c. network for performance calculation.70
8.4 Outages of filter banks / sub-banks.71
8.5 Considerations of probability.72
8.6 Flexibility regarding compliance .73
9 Filter switching and reactive power management.74
9.1 General .74
9.2 Reactive power interchange with a.c. network .74
9.2.1 General .74
9.2.2 Impact on reactive compensation / filter equipment .74
9.2.3 Evaluation of reactive power interchange .75
9.3 HVDC converter reactive power capability.76
9.4 Bank / sub-bank definitions and sizing .76
9.4.1 Terms and definitions .77
9.4.2 Sizing .78
9.5 Hysteresis in switching points .79
9.6 Converter Q-V control near switching points.80
9.7 Operation at increased converter control angles.80
9.8 Filter switching sequence and harmonic performance.81
9.9 Demarcation of responsibilities .82
9.9.1 Customer.82
9.9.2 Contractor .83
10 Steady state rating.83
10.1 General .83
10.2 Calculation method .83
10.2.1 General .83
10.2.2 AC system pre-existing harmonics .85
10.2.3 Combination of converter and pre-existing harmonics.85
10.2.4 Equipment rating calculations.86
10.2.5 Application of voltage ratings .89
10.3 AC network conditions .89
10.4 De-tuning effects .89
10.5 Network impedance for rating calculations .90
10.6 Outages .90
11 Transient stresses and rating.91
11.1 General .91
11.2 Switching impulse studies .91
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TR 62001 © IEC:2009(E) – 5 –
11.2.1 Energization and switching.91
11.2.2 Faults external to the filter .93
11.2.3 Faults internal to the filter .94
11.2.4 Transformer in-rush currents.95
11.3 Fast fronted waveform studies .95
11.3.1 General .95
11.3.2 Lightning strikes .95
11.3.3 Busbar flashover studies.95
11.4 Insulation co-ordination.96
12 Losses.97
12.1 Background .97
12.2 AC filter component losses .98
12.2.1 General .98
12.2.2 Filter / shunt capacitor losses.98
12.3 Filter reactor losses .99
12.3.1 General .99
12.3.2 Filter resistor losses. 100
12.3.3 Shunt reactor losses . 100
12.4 Criteria for loss evaluation . 101
13 Design issues and special applications . 103
13.1 General . 103
13.2 Performance aspects. 103
13.2.1 Low order harmonic filtering and resonance conditions with a.c.
system.103
13.2.2 Definition of IT, THFF and TIF factors to include harmonics up to
5 kHz.104
13.2.3 Triple-tuned filter circuits . 105
13.2.4 Harmonic a.c. filters on tertiary winding of converter transformers . 106
13.3 Rating aspects.107
13.3.1 Limiting high harmonic currents in parallel-resonant filter circuits. 107
13.3.2 Transient ratings of parallel circuits in multiple tuned filters . 107
13.3.3 Overload protection of high-pass harmonic filter resistors. 108
13.3.4 Back-to-back switching of filters or shunt capacitors. 108
13.3.5 Short time overload – reasonable specification of requirements. 108
13.3.6 Low voltage filter capacitors without fuses. 110
13.4 Filters for special purposes . 110
13.4.1 Harmonic filters for damping transient overvoltages. 110
13.4.2 Non-linear filters for low order harmonics / transient overvoltages . 110
13.4.3 Series filters for HVDC converter stations . 111
13.4.4 Re-tunable a.c. filters.114
13.5 Impact of new HVDC station in the vicinity of an existing station. 115
13.6 Redundancy issues and spares. 116
13.6.1 Redundancy of filters – Savings in ratings and losses. 116
13.6.2 Internal filter redundancy. 117
13.6.3 Spare parts.117
14 Protection .118
14.1 Overview .118
14.2 General . 118
14.3 Bank and sub-bank overall protection . 120
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14.3.1 General . 120
14.3.2 Short circuit protection . 120
14.3.3 Overcurrent protection . 120
14.3.4 Thermal overload protection. 120
14.3.5 Differential protection. 121
14.3.6 Earth fault protection. 121
14.3.7 Overvoltage and undervoltage protection. 121
14.3.8 Special protection functions and harmonic measurements. 122
14.3.9 Busbar- and breaker failure protection. 122
14.4 Protection of individual filter components . 122
14.4.1 Unbalance protection for filter- and shunt capacitors . 122
14.4.2 Protection of low voltage tuning capacitors . 124
14.4.3 Overload protection and detection of filter detuning . 124
14.4.4 Temperature measurement for protection. 124
14.4.5 Measurement of fundamental frequency components . 124
14.4.6 Capacitor fuses. 125
14.4.7 Protection and rating of instrument transformers . 125
14.4.8 Examples of protection arrangements . 126
14.5 Personnel protection.126
15 Seismic requirements . 129
15.1 General . 129
15.2 Load specification. 129
15.2.1 Seismic loads . 129
15.2.2 Additional loads . 130
15.2.3 Soil quality.130
15.3 Method of qualification. 130
15.3.1 General . 130
15.3.2 Qualification by analytical methods. 130
15.3.3 Design criteria . 131
15.3.4 Documentation for qualification by analytical methods . 132
15.4 Examples of improvements in the mechanical design . 133
16 Audible noise. 133
16.1 General . 133
16.2 Sound active components of a.c. filters . 133
16.3 Sound requirements . 135
16.4 Noise reduction . 135
17 Customer specified parameters and requirements. 136
17.1 General . 136
17.2 AC system parameters .
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