IEC TR 62271-306:2012
(Main)High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 306: Guide to IEC 62271-100, IEC 62271-1 and other IEC standards related to alternating current circuit-breakers
High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 306: Guide to IEC 62271-100, IEC 62271-1 and other IEC standards related to alternating current circuit-breakers
IEC/TR 62271-306:2012(E) is applicable to a.c. circuit-breakers designed for indoor or outdoor installation and for operation at frequencies of 50 Hz and 60 Hz on systems having voltages above 1 000 V. This technical report addresses utility, consultant and industrial engineers who specify and apply high-voltage circuit-breakers, circuit-breaker development engineers, engineers in testing stations, and engineers who participate in standardization. It is intended to provide background information concerning the facts and figures in the standards and provide a basis for specification for high-voltage circuit-breakers. Thus, its scope will cover the explanation, interpretation and application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 62271-1 as well as related standards and technical reports with respect to high-voltage circuit-breakers.
General Information
Standards Content (sample)
IEC/TR 62271-306
Edition 1.0 2012-12
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
High-voltage switchgear and controlgear –
Part 306: Guide to IEC 62271-100, IEC 62271-1 and other IEC standards related to
alternating current circuit-breakers
IEC/TR 62271-306:2012(E)
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
THIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED
Copyright © 2012 IEC, Geneva, Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester.If you have any questions about IEC copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication,
please contact the address below or your local IEC member National Committee for further information.
IEC Central Office Tel.: +41 22 919 02 113, rue de Varembé Fax: +41 22 919 03 00
CH-1211 Geneva 20 info@iec.ch
Switzerland www.iec.ch
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published.Useful links:
IEC publications search - www.iec.ch/searchpub Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
The advanced search enables you to find IEC publications The world's leading online dictionary of electronic and
by a variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical electrical terms containing more than 30 000 terms and
committee,…). definitions in English and French, with equivalent terms inIt also gives information on projects, replaced and additional languages. Also known as the International
withdrawn publications. Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) on-line.IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc
Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication
details all new publications released. Available on-line and or need further assistance, please contact the
also once a month by email. Customer Service Centre: csc@iec.ch.---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
IEC/TR 62271-306
Edition 1.0 2012-12
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
High-voltage switchgear and controlgear –
Part 306: Guide to IEC 62271-100, IEC 62271-1 and other IEC standards related
to alternating current circuit-breakers
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
PRICE CODE
ICS 29.130.10 ISBN 978-2-83220-558-7
Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
– 2 – TR 62271-306 © IEC:2012(E)
CONTENTS
FOREWORD ......................................................................................................................... 15
1 General .......................................................................................................................... 17
1.1 Scope .................................................................................................................... 17
1.2 Normative references ............................................................................................ 17
2 Evolution of IEC standards for high-voltage circuit-breaker ............................................. 18
3 Classification of circuit-breakers ..................................................................................... 22
3.1 General ................................................................................................................. 22
3.2 Electrical endurance class E1 and E2 .................................................................... 22
3.3 Capacitive current switching class C1 and C2 ....................................................... 23
3.4 Mechanical endurance class M1 and M2 ............................................................... 23
3.5 Class S1 and S2 .................................................................................................... 24
3.5.1 General ..................................................................................................... 24
3.5.2 Cable system ............................................................................................. 24
3.5.3 Line system ............................................................................................... 24
3.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 24
4 Insulation levels and dielectric tests ............................................................................... 25
4.1 General ................................................................................................................. 25
4.2 Longitudinal voltage stresses ................................................................................ 28
4.3 High-voltage tests ................................................................................................. 28
4.4 Impulse voltage withstand test procedures ............................................................ 29
4.4.1 General ..................................................................................................... 29
4.4.2 Application to high-voltage switching devices ............................................ 29
4.4.3 Additional criteria to pass the tests ............................................................ 30
4.4.4 Review and perspective ............................................................................. 30
4.4.5 Theory ....................................................................................................... 33
4.4.6 Summary of 15/2 and 3/9 test methods ...................................................... 36
4.4.7 Routine tests ............................................................................................. 37
4.5 Correction factors .................................................................................................. 37
4.5.1 Altitude correction factor ............................................................................ 37
4.5.2 Humidity correction factor .......................................................................... 40
4.6 Background information about insulation levels and tests ...................................... 41
4.6.1 Specification .............................................................................................. 41
4.6.2 Testing ...................................................................................................... 43
4.6.3 Combined voltage tests of longitudinal insulation ....................................... 43
4.7 Lightning impulse withstand considerations of vacuum interrupters ....................... 44
4.7.1 General ..................................................................................................... 44
4.7.2 Conditioning during vacuum interrupter manufacturing .............................. 44
4.7.3 De-conditioning in service.......................................................................... 45
4.7.4 Re-conditioning in service.......................................................................... 45
4.7.5 Performing lightning impulse withstand voltage tests ................................. 45
5 Rated normal current and temperature rise ..................................................................... 45
5.1 General ................................................................................................................. 45
5.2 Load current carrying requirements ....................................................................... 45
5.2.1 Rated normal current ................................................................................. 45
5.2.2 Load current carrying capability under various conditions of ambienttemperature and load................................................................................. 46
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------TR 62271-306 © IEC:2012(E) – 3 –
5.3 Temperature rise testing ........................................................................................ 49
5.3.1 Influence of power frequency on temperature rise and temperaturerise tests ................................................................................................... 49
5.3.2 Test procedure .......................................................................................... 49
5.3.3 Temperature rise test on vacuum circuit-breakers ...................................... 51
5.3.4 Resistance measurement .......................................................................... 52
5.4 Additional information ............................................................................................ 52
5.4.1 Table with ratios I /I ................................................................................. 52
a r5.4.2 Derivation of temperature rise equations ................................................... 52
6 Transient recovery voltage ............................................................................................. 53
6.1 Harmonization of IEC and IEEE transient recovery voltages .................................. 53
6.1.1 General ..................................................................................................... 53
6.1.2 A summary of the TRV changes ................................................................. 54
6.1.3 Revision of TRVs for rated voltages of 100 kV and above .......................... 57
6.1.4 Revision of TRVs for rated voltages less than 100 kV ................................ 60
6.2 Initial Transient Recovery Voltage (ITRV) .............................................................. 62
6.2.1 Basis for specification ................................................................................ 62
6.2.2 Applicability ............................................................................................... 63
6.2.3 Test duties where ITRV is required ............................................................ 63
6.2.4 ITRV waveshape ....................................................................................... 64
6.2.5 Standard values of ITRV ............................................................................ 64
6.3 Testing .................................................................................................................. 65
6.3.1 ITRV measurement .................................................................................... 65
6.3.2 SLF with ITRV ........................................................................................... 66
6.3.3 Unit testing ................................................................................................ 67
7 Short-line faults .............................................................................................................. 67
7.1 Short-line fault requirements ................................................................................. 67
7.1.1 Basis for specification ................................................................................ 67
7.1.2 Technical comment .................................................................................... 68
7.1.3 Single-phase faults .................................................................................... 68
7.1.4 Surge impedance of the line ...................................................................... 68
7.1.5 Peak voltage factor .................................................................................... 69
7.1.6 Rate-of-Rise of Recovery Voltage (RRRV) factor "s" .................................. 71
7.2 SLF testing ............................................................................................................ 72
7.2.1 Test voltage ............................................................................................... 72
7.2.2 Operating sequence .................................................................................. 72
7.2.3 Test duties ................................................................................................ 72
7.2.4 Test current asymmetry ............................................................................. 73
7.2.5 Line side time delay ................................................................................... 74
7.2.6 Supply side circuit ..................................................................................... 74
7.3 Additional explanations on SLF ............................................................................. 75
7.3.1 Surge impedance evaluation ...................................................................... 75
7.3.2 Influence of additional capacitors on SLF interruption ................................ 75
7.4 Comparison of surge impedances .......................................................................... 80
7.5 Calculation of actual percentage of SLF breaking currents .................................... 81
7.6 TRV with parallel capacitance ............................................................................... 82
8 Out-of-phase switching ................................................................................................... 85
8.1 Reference system conditions ................................................................................. 85
8.1.1 General ..................................................................................................... 85
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------– 4 – TR 62271-306 © IEC:2012(E)
8.1.2 Case A ...................................................................................................... 85
8.1.3 Case B ...................................................................................................... 86
8.2 TRV parameters introduced into Tables 1b and 1c of the first edition ofIEC 62271-100 ...................................................................................................... 87
8.2.1 General ..................................................................................................... 87
8.2.2 Case A ...................................................................................................... 87
8.2.3 Case B ...................................................................................................... 88
8.2.4 TRV parameters for out-of-phase testing ................................................... 88
9 Switching of capacitive currents ..................................................................................... 90
9.1 General ................................................................................................................. 90
9.2 General theory of capacitive current switching ....................................................... 90
9.2.1 De-energisation of capacitive loads ........................................................... 90
9.2.2 Energisation of capacitive loads .............................................................. 103
9.3 Non-sustained disruptive discharge (NSDD) ........................................................ 121
9.4 General application considerations ...................................................................... 124
9.4.1 General ................................................................................................... 124
9.4.2 Maximum voltage for application .............................................................. 124
9.4.3 Rated frequency ...................................................................................... 124
9.4.4 Rated capacitive current .......................................................................... 124
9.4.5 Voltage and earthing conditions of the network ........................................ 125
9.4.6 Restrike performance .............................................................................. 126
9.4.7 Class of circuit-breaker ............................................................................ 126
9.4.8 Transient overvoltages and overvoltage limitation .................................... 126
9.4.9 No-load overhead lines ............................................................................ 128
9.4.10 Capacitor banks ...................................................................................... 130
9.4.11 Switching through transformers ............................................................... 137
9.4.12 Effect of transient currents ....................................................................... 138
9.4.13 Exposure to capacitive switching duties during fault switching ................. 140
9.4.14 Effect of load ........................................................................................... 140
9.4.15 Effect of reclosing .................................................................................... 141
9.4.16 Resistor thermal limitations ..................................................................... 141
9.4.17 Application considerations for different circuit-breaker types.................... 141
9.5 Considerations of capacitive currents and recovery voltages under faultconditions ............................................................................................................ 143
9.5.1 Voltage and current factors ...................................................................... 143
9.5.2 Reasons for these specific tests being non-mandatory in thestandard .................................................................................................. 144
9.5.3 Contribution of a capacitor bank to a fault ................................................ 144
9.5.4 Switching overhead lines under faulted conditions ................................... 145
9.5.5 Switching capacitor banks under faulted conditions ................................. 146
9.5.6 Switching cables under faulted conditions................................................ 148
9.5.7 Examples of application alternatives ........................................................ 148
9.6 Explanatory notes regarding capacitive current switching tests ............................ 149
9.6.1 General ................................................................................................... 149
9.6.2 Restrike performance .............................................................................. 149
9.6.3 Test programme ...................................................................................... 149
9.6.4 Subclause 6.111.3 of IEC 62271-100:2008 – Characteristics ofsupply circuit ........................................................................................... 149
9.6.5 Subclause 6.111.5 of IEC 62271-100:2008 – Characteristics of thecapacitive circuit to be switched .............................................................. 149
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------TR 62271-306 © IEC:2012(E) – 5 –
9.6.6 Subclause 6.111.9.1.1 of IEC 62271-100:2008 – Class C2 test duties ..... 149
9.6.7 Subclauses 6.111.9.1.1 and 6.111.9.2.1 of IEC 62271-100:2008 –Class C1 and C2 test duties .................................................................... 150
9.6.8 Subclauses 6.111.9.1.2 and 6.111.9.1.3 of IEC 62271-100:2008 –Single-phase and three-phase line- and cable-charging current
switching tests ......................................................................................... 150
9.6.9 Subclauses 6.111.9.1.2. to 6.111.9.1.5 of IEC 62271-100:2008 –Three-phase and single-phase line, cable and capacitor bank
switching tests ......................................................................................... 150
9.6.10 Subclauses 6.111.9.1.4 and 6.111.9.1.5 of IEC 62271-100:2008 –Three-phase and single-phase capacitor bank switching tests ................. 150
10 Gas tightness ............................................................................................................... 151
10.1 Specification........................................................................................................ 151
10.2 Testing ................................................................................................................ 151
10.3 Cumulative test method and calibration procedure for type tests on closedpressure systems ................................................................................................ 152
10.3.1 Description of the cumulative test method................................................ 152
10.3.2 Sensitivity, accuracy and calibration ........................................................ 153
10.3.3 Test set-up and test procedure ................................................................ 153
10.3.4 Example: leakage rate measurement of a circuit-breaker during lowtemperature test ...................................................................................... 154
11 Miscellaneous provisions for breaking tests .................................................................. 155
11.1 Energy for operation to be used during demonstration of the rated operatingsequence during short-circuit making and breaking tests ..................................... 155
11.2 Alternative operating mechanisms ....................................................................... 156
11.2.1 General ................................................................................................... 156
11.2.2 Comparison of the mechanical characteristics ......................................... 157
11.2.3 Comparison of T100s test results ............................................................ 159
11.2.4 Additional test T100a ............................................................................... 161
11.2.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................. 162
12 Rated and test frequency .............................................................................................. 162
12.1 General ............................................................................................................... 162
12.2 Basic considerations ........................................................................................... 163
12.2.1 Temperature rise tests ............................................................................. 163
12.2.2 Short-time withstand current and peak withstand current tests ................. 163
12.2.3 Short-circuit making current ..................................................................... 163
12.2.4 Terminal faults ......................................................................................... 163
12.2.5 Short-line fault ......................................................................................... 164
12.2.6 Capacitive current switching .................................................................... 164
12.3 Applicability of type tests at different frequencies ................................................ 164
12.3.1 Temperature rise tests ............................................................................. 164
12.3.2 Short-time withstand current and peak withstand current tests ................. 165
12.3.3 Short-circuit making current test .............................................................. 165
12.3.4 Terminal faults (direct and synthetic tests) ............................................... 165
12.3.5 Short-line fault (direct and synthetic tests) ............................................... 166
12.3.6 Capacitive current switching .................................................................... 166
13 Terminal faults.............................................................................................................. 167
13.1 General ............................................................................................................... 167
13.2 Demonstration of arcing time ............................................................................... 167
13.3 Demonstration of the arcing time for three-phase tests ........................................ 168
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------– 6 – TR 62271-306 © IEC:2012(E)
13.4 Power frequency recovery voltage and the selection of the first-pole-to-clear
factors 1,0; 1,2; 1,3 and 1,5 ................................................................................. 168
13.4.1 General ................................................................................................... 168
13.4.2 Equations for the first, second and third-pole-to-clear factors .................. 169
13.4.3 Standardised values for the second- and third- pole-to-clear factors ........ 171
13.5 Characteristics of recovery voltage ...................................................................... 171
13.5.1 Values of rate-of-rise of recovery voltage and time delays ....................... 171
13.5.2 Amplitude factors ..................................................................................... 172
13.6 Arcing window and k requirements for testing .................................................... 172
13.7 Single-phase testing to cover three-phase testing requirements .......................... 176
13.8 Combination tests for k = 1,3 and 1,5............................................................... 176
13.9 Suitability of a particular short-circuit current rated circuit-breaker for use at
an application with a lower short-circuit requirement............................................ 176
13.10 Basis for the current and TRV values of the basic short-circuit test-duty T10 ....... 177
14 Double earth fault ......................................................................................................... 178
14.1 Basis for specification ......................................................................................... 178
14.2 Short-circuit current ............................................................................................. 179
14.3 TRV ..................................................................................................................... 179
14.4 Determination of the short-circuit current in the case of a double-earth fault ........ 180
15 Transport, storage, installation, operation and maintenance ......................................... 182
15.1 General ............................................................................................................... 182
15.2 Transport and storage ......................................................................................... 183
15.3 Installation........................................................................................................... 184
15.4 Commissioning .................................................................................................... 184
15.5 Operation ............................................................................................................ 186
15.6 Maintenance ........................................................................................................ 186
16 Inductive load switching ................................................................................................ 186
16.1 General ............................................................................................................... 186
16.2 Shunt reactor switching ....................................................................................... 187
16.2.1 General ................................................................................................... 187
16.2.2 Chopping overvoltages ............................................................................ 187
16.2.3 Re-ignition overvoltages .......................................................................... 194
16.2.4 Oscillation circuits ................................................................................... 195
16.2.5 Overvoltage limitation .............................................................................. 197
16.2.6 Circuit-breaker specification and selection ............................................... 198
16.2.7 Testing .................................................................................................... 200
16.3 Motor switching ................................................................................................... 200
16.3.1 General ................................................................................................... 200
16.3.2 Chopping and re-ignition overvoltages ..................................................... 201
16.3.3 Voltage escalation ................................................................................... 202
16.3.4 Virtual current chopping ........................................................................... 202
16.3.5 Overvoltage limitation .............................................................................. 203
16.3.6 Circuit-breaker specification and selection ............................
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.