IEC 62282-3-201:2017/AMD1:2022

Amendment 1 - Fuel cell technologies - Part 3-201: Stationary fuel cell power systems - Performance test methods for small fuel cell power systems

Amendement 1 - Technologies des piles à combustible - Partie 3-201: Systèmes à piles à combustible stationnaires - Méthodes d'essai des performances pour petits systèmes à piles à combustible

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 02-Feb-2022
• ICS: 27.070 - Fuel cells
• Technical Committee: TC 105 - Fuel cell technologies
• Drafting Committee: MT 203 - TC 105/MT 203
• Current Stage: PPUB - Publication issued
• Start Date: 03-Feb-2022
• Completion Date: 21-Feb-2022

Relations

• Amends: IEC 62282-3-201:2017 - Fuel cell technologies - Part 3-201: Stationary fuel cell power systems - Performance test methods for small fuel cell power systems
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023
• Revised: IEC 62282-3-201:2025 - Fuel cell technologies - Part 3-201: Stationary fuel cell power systems - Performance test methods for small fuel cell power systems
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023

Overview

IEC 62282-3-201:2017/AMD1:2022 is the latest amendment to the international standard focused on fuel cell technologies, specifically addressing stationary fuel cell power systems. This amendment provides updated performance test methods tailored for small stationary fuel cell power systems, expanding testing capabilities to evaluate both electric and thermal performance over extended periods, up to ten years of operation. Developed by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), this document enhances the framework for accurate, reliable, and standardized assessment of small fuel cell systems' long-term efficiency and degradation.

Key Topics

• Performance Testing for Small Fuel Cell Systems
  The amendment introduces new methods to evaluate the electric and heat recovery efficiency of small stationary fuel cell power systems. Key metrics include electric efficiency, heat recovery rate, and degradation rate over time.

• Long-Term Efficiency Estimation
  A major feature is the method to estimate system performance over a 10-year operational life cycle. This includes establishing a test duration with multiple runs and employing linear regression analysis to project efficiency degradation and heat recovery over extended use.

• Degradation Rate Evaluation
  The degradation rate of electric efficiency-expressed in percentage points per hour (%/h)-is defined and calculated based on test data. This enables users to understand how system efficiency decreases under real-world operating conditions.

• Electric Demand-Following Tests
  Methods for testing systems under varying power output demands have been added. This simulates real operational scenarios where power output may change, such as load-following applications, enhancing the relevance of test results for dynamic system use.

• Test Setup and Symbols
  The amendment details necessary equipment capabilities, such as the ability to simulate electric load profiles, and introduces new symbols and definitions ensuring clarity in reporting and analysis of test results.

Applications

• Stationary Power Generation
  Testing small stationary fuel cell systems used for reliable, clean energy generation in residential, commercial, and remote locations, enabling performance verification aligned with international standards.

• Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems
  Evaluation of fuel cells that simultaneously generate electricity and heat, ensuring optimal efficiency and operational reliability over their service life.

• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Support
  The standard serves as a reference for conducting life cycle assessment calculations (as linked to IEC TS 62282-9-101), facilitating environmental impact analysis and sustainability evaluations of fuel cell technologies.

• Product Development and Certification
  Manufacturers can apply these test methods to refine product performance, improve reliability, and meet certification requirements.

Related Standards

• IEC 62282 Series
  The broader series on fuel cell technologies covers portable, stationary, and transport applications, with comprehensive guidance on safety, performance testing, and system requirements.

• IEC TS 62282-9-101
  Provides life cycle assessment methodologies specifically for fuel cells, linking directly with the performance testing criteria of IEC 62282-3-201:2017/AMD1:2022.

• ISO/IEC Directives
  The amendment follows ISO/IEC Directives Part 1 and Part 2 for standardization processes, ensuring consistency and alignment with international standard development best practices.

---

For professionals involved in fuel cell technology development, deployment, or certification, IEC 62282-3-201:2017/AMD1:2022 is an essential standard ensuring small stationary fuel cell power systems meet stringent, globally accepted performance test methods for efficiency and reliability over their operational lifespan. Embracing these protocols supports innovation, environmental compliance, and sustainable energy advancement.

Standards Content (Sample)

IEC 62282-3-201 ®
Edition 2.0 2022-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
AMENDMENT 1
AMENDEMENT 1
Fuel cell technologies –
Part 3-201: Stationary fuel cell power systems – Performance test methods for
small fuel cell power systems
Technologies des piles à combustible –
Partie 3-201: Systèmes à piles à combustible stationnaires – Méthodes d’essai
des performances pour petits systèmes à piles à combustible

IEC 62282-3-201:2017-08/AMD1:2022-02(en-fr)

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IEC 62282-3-201 ®
Edition 2.0 2022-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
A MENDMENT 1
AM ENDEMENT 1
Fuel cell technologies –
Part 3-201: Stationary fuel cell power systems – Performance test methods for

small fuel cell power systems
Technologies des piles à combustible –

Partie 3-201: Systèmes à piles à combustible stationnaires – Méthodes d’essai

des performances pour petits systèmes à piles à combustible

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 27.070 ISBN 978-2-8322-1071-0

– 2 – IEC 62282-3-201:2017/AMD1:2022
© IEC 2022
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES –
Part 3-201: Stationary fuel cell power systems –
Performance test methods for small fuel cell power systems

AMENDMENT 1
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
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9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Amendment 1 to IEC 62282-3-201:2017 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 105:
Fuel cell technologies.
The text of this Amendment is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
105/839/CDV 105/866/RVC
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this Amendment is English.

© IEC 2022
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications/.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
___________
INTRODUCTION to Amendment 1
This amendment to IEC 62282-3-201:2017 provides a method of estimating the electric and
heat recovery efficiency of small stationary fuel cell power systems for a duration of up to ten
years of operation. Furthermore, this amendment to IEC 62282-3-201:2017 provides an
evaluation method for electric demand-following small stationary fuel cell power systems, which
are operating at changing levels of power output. It has been developed as a reference for the
life cycle assessment calculations in IEC TS 62282-9-101.
3 Terms and definitions
Add, at the end of Clause 3, the following new entries:
3.41
test duration
duration of the complete test for the estimation of the electric and heat recovery efficiency up
to ten years of operation, comprising a specific number of test runs
3.42
degradation rate
reduction of the electric efficiency of a stationary fuel cell power system per time of operation
Note 1 to entry: The degradation rate is expressed in efficiency per cent points per time (%/h).
4 Symbols
Table 1 – Symbols and their meanings for electric/thermal performance
Replace the existing title of Table 1 with the following new title:
Symbols and their meanings for electric and thermal performance
Under the header relating to "Time", in the unit column for "Test duration", add the unit "h" after
"s" and insert between the existing definitions of "Test duration" and "Start-up time" the
following new symbol, definition and unit, as shown:

– 4 – IEC 62282-3-201:2017/AMD1:2022
© IEC 2022
t Time
Test duration
∆t s, h
∆t
Number of hours between point s and point a h
a
∆t
Start-up time s
st
Under the header relating to "Efficiency", add, after the last existing definition of "Operation
cycle electrical efficiency", the following new symbols, definitions and units:
η
Estimated average electric efficiency during one year of operation %
el,est,av
η (k)
Estimated electric efficiency at the end of year k %
el,est
Calculated value of the linear regression of the electric efficiency at the time of
η
%
el,init
point a
Δη
Approximated degradation rate of the electric efficiency %/h
el
η (k)
Estimated heat recovery efficiency at the end of year k %
th,est
9 Test set-up
Add, after the first paragraph and before Figure 3, the following new paragraph:
For the electric demand-following test (14.14), the electric load shall be capable of applying or
simulating an electric load profile to the system. It may be replaced or upgraded by a device,
which is capable of doing this. Alternatively, the tested small stationary fuel cell power system
may be equipped with means for setting and operating a load profile.
14 Type tests on electric/thermal performance
Replace the existing title of Clause 14 with the following new title:
Type tests on electric and thermal performance
Add, at the end of 14.12.11, the following new subclauses:
14.13 Estimation of electric and heat recovery efficiency up to ten years of operation
14.13.1 General
The main objective of this test is to identify and evaluate the environmental performance of a
small stationary fuel cell power system based on life cycle approach. The test estimates the
electric efficiency through lifetime due to long term effects on the small stationary fuel cell power
system.
NOTE Approximating the degradation rate on small stationary fuel cell power systems is only useful if there is
substantial daily operation, which is not the case for e.g. backup power systems.
Figure 16 shows an example of electric efficiency during ten years of operation.

© IEC 2022
Key
s starting point of the operation
a point at which degradation rate starts to be almost constant
b point at which degradation rate is confirmed as almost constant
c point when the operation duration is ten years, at which the electric efficiency is calculated by the linear
extrapolation of the behaviour between a and b
Δt number of hours between point s and point a
a
η calculated value of the linear regression of the electric efficiency at the time of point a
el,init
Δη approximated degradation rate of the electric efficiency
el
Figure 16 – Example of electric efficiency during ten years of operation
In general, electric efficiency is gradually degraded with the passage of time. However, the
degradation rate is not stable at the beginning of the lifetime of a small stationary fuel cell power
system, such as the time between the points s and a.
The approximated degradation rate Δη is obtained from the change rate of electric efficiency
el
over the test duration from point a to point b. Electric efficiency at point b is expected to be
lower than that at point a.
14.13.2 Test method
Start up the system and operate it at rated power output, either
• in continuous mode, if the purpose of the system is to deliver power output in a continuous
way (e.g. combined heat and power systems) and if allowed by the system specification, or

– 6 – IEC 62282-3-201:2017/AMD1:2022
© IEC 2022
• in cycling mode, if the purpose of the system is to deliver power output in a continuous way,
but the system requires regular start-stop operation cycles (e.g. for recovery purposes). The
system shall be operated at maximum allowed continuous operating hours at rated electric
power output and at minimum required continuous operation at zero electric power output,
as given by the system specifications, or
NOTE 1 Typically this is a daily recovery cycle, such as 23 h of rated operation and 1 h of zero electric power
output.
• in discontinuous mode, if the purpose of the system is to deliver power output in a non-
continuous way (e.g. power generators in remote areas). A daily duty cycle, which is typical
for such a system and its application, shall be specified and applied to the system during
testing. The duty cycle shall include at least one phase of rated power output, which is
longer than 3,5 h.
NOTE 2 The minimum test duration for a rated power output test is 3,5 h (30 min of stabilization followed by
3 h of measurements, see test methods in 14.2, 14.3 and 14.4).
During the test several different test runs of equal duration are carried out. Define the duration
of the test runs and carry out performance measurements according to 14.2, 14.3 and 14.4 for
each test run, which is named as run(m−1), run(m), run(m+1), and so forth in Figure 16.
The duration of the test run shall be chosen between a minimum of three hours and a maximum
of 24 h. The first test run shall be applied right after start-up in point s, when rated output is
reached. Continuous processing of test runs is not required, there may be gaps between two
test runs, but operation shall be continued during this gap.
Small stationary fuel cell power systems may operate in a cycling or discontinuous mode. In
this case, the test run shall be put in a period of rated operation and not in a period of the
system being in start-up, ramp-up, shutdown, storage or pre-generation state.
The test shall be continued until at least 1 000 h after the degradation rate of the electric
efficiency has become almost constant, which means that the coefficient of determination of the
linear regression between point a and point b is higher than 0,95.
The electric efficiency of each test run shall be calculated according to 14.10.
Point a and point b shall be found by tracing back the efficiency results of the single test runs
and calculating the coefficient of determination after each test. The interval for the calculation
of the coefficient of determination shall be evaluated on the following requirements:
• coefficient of determination of the electric efficiency > 0,95;
• duration of the interval ≥ 1 000 h;
• number of tests runs in the interval ≥ 6.
If an interval is found, which fulfils these requirements, the starting point of the interval is point
a and the ending point is point b.
14.13.3 Calculation of estimated electric efficiency
The approximated degradation rate Δη (%/h) shall be determined from the absolute value of
el
the slope of the linear regression between the points a and b.
The estimated electric efficiency after each year of operation is obtained by linear extrapolation
of the behaviour between point a and point b when the degradation rate of the electric efficiency
is almost constant, which means that the coefficient of determination of the linear regression of
the electric efficiency is higher than 0,95.
The estimated electric efficiency after ten years (maximum 87 600 h) of operation is obtained
by using the same approach.
© IEC 2022
The estimated electric efficiency at the end of each year of operation shall be calculated by
using Equation (59). The expected annual operating hours depend on the appliance purpose
and shall be specified by the manufacturer. Operating hours are time intervals, where the stack
is hot and in pre-generation state or operation state. Expected cold state intervals, for example
due to seasonal shutdowns, may be subtracted from the maximum annual operating hours,
which are 8 760 h.
η k η −∆η × kt×−∆t (59)
( )
( )
el,est el,init el op a
where
η (k) is the estimated electric efficiency at the end of year k (%);
el,est
η is the calculated value of the linear regression of the electric efficiency at the time
el,init
of point a (%);
Δη is the approximated degradation rate of the electric efficiency (%/h);
el
t is the number of expected annual operating hours (h);
op
Δt is the number of hours between point s and point a (h).
a
The estimated average electric efficiency during the first year of operation is calculated from
the average of the measured electric efficiency at point s and the estimated electric efficiency
at the end of the first year of operation using Equation (60).
ηηs1+
( ) ( )
el el,est
η year1 = (60)
( )
el,est,av
where
(year1) is the estimated average electric efficiency during the first year of
η
el,est,av
operation (%);
η (s) is the measured electric efficiency after the start of the test (point s) (%);
el
η (1) is the estimated electric efficiency at the end of the first year of operation
el,est
(%).
The estimated average electric efficiency during the second year of operation is calculated from
the average of the estimated electric efficiency after the first year and the second year of
operation using Equation (61), calculated by linear extrapolation of the approximated
degradation rate using Equation (59).
ηη12+
( ) ( )
el,est el,est
η = (61)
(year2)
el,est,av
where
η (year2) is the estimated average electric efficiency during the second year of
el,est,av
operation (%);
η (1) is the estimated electric efficiency at the end of year 1 (%);
el,est
η (2) is the estimated electric efficiency at the end of year 2 (%).
el,est
The estimated average electric efficiency during the third year and during each other year up
to the tenth year shall be calculated, using the same approach as that used during the second
year.
=
– 8 – IEC 62282-3-201:2017/AMD1:2022
© IEC 2022
14.13.4 Calculation of estimated heat recovery efficiency
The calculation of the estimated heat recovery efficiency during ten years of operation is based
on the assumption that the overall energy efficiency remains rather constant. This means that
losses in electric efficiency are gained in heat recovery efficiency.
NOTE This assumption is proved by experience but is not valid for all cases.
Each estimated heat recovery efficiency at the end of each year of operation can be calculated
by subtracting each estimated electric efficiency at the same year from the initial overall energy
efficiency measured at point s, which is the sum of the electric efficiency and heat recovery
efficiency at the first test run, using Equation (62).
η (k) = η (s) + η (s) – η (k) (62)
th,est th el el,est
where
η (k) is the estimated heat recovery efficiency at the end of year k (%);
th,est
η (s) is the measured heat recovery efficiency at the initial test run (%);
th
η (s) is the measured electric efficiency at the initial test run (%);
el
η (k) is the estimated electric efficiency at the end of year k (%).
el,est
The estimated average heat recovery efficiency during each year of operation shall be
calculated by the average of the estimated heat recovery efficiency at the beginning and at the
end of that year, using the approach of Equation (61).
14.14 Electric demand-following test
14.14.1 General
This test is for measuring the fuel consumption, the electric power output and the recovered
thermal power of a stationary small fuel cell power system, operating in electric demand-
following mode. Subsequently it provides a calculation method for electric, heat recovery and
overall efficiencies, based on the measured values.
NOTE The test conditions are defined in Clause 11.
The test is carried out by applying in principle the test methods of 14.2, 14.3 and 14.4 to the
system.
14.14.2 Electric demand profile
The test shall be carried out using a 24 h electric demand profile, which is applied to the system.
The profile shall be chosen from available regional energy demand data. Depending on the
objective of the test, it may be necessary to carry out tests with several different profiles.
The ratio of the maximum electric demand of the profile and the maximum electric power output
of the small stationary fuel cell system shall be chosen in a way that represents a typical
application. The maximum demand of the profile may exceed the maximum electric power
output of the fuel cell system temporarily, but not permanently. The demand profile shall
represent a full day (24 h), with a resolution of at least 15 min.
Figure 17 shows an example of an electric demand for a residential application.

© IEC 2022
Figure 17 – Example of the electric demand of a residential application
14.14.3 Test method
Carry out the test by concurrently applying the test methods for the fuel consumption test
(14.2.1.2 or 14.2.2.2), for the electric power output test (14.3.2) and for the heat recovery test
(14.4.2).
Apply the following instead of 14.2.1.2 c) and d):
c) Start the test by applying the values of electric demand profile to the system.
d) Measure the fuel temperature, fuel pressure, and integrated fuel input flow (in volume or in
mass). Each measurement shall be taken at intervals of 15 s or less during the entire
duration of the electric demand profile of 24 h.
Apply the following instead of 14.2.2.2 c) and e):
c) Start the test by applying the values of electric demand profile to the system.
e) Each measurement shall be taken at intervals of 15 s or less during the entire duration of
the electric demand profile of 24 h. If fuel is to be supplied intermittently, the mass of the
supplied fuel shall be measured and added to the value measured in d).
Apply the following instead of 14.3.2 c) and d):
c) Start the test by applying the values of electric demand profile to the system.
d) Measure the electric energy output and electric energy input over the test duration. Each
measurement shall be taken at intervals of 15 s or less during the entire duration of the
electric demand profile of 24 h.

– 10 – IEC 62282-3-201:2017/AMD1:2022
© IEC 2022
Apply the following instead of 14.4.2 c), d) and e):
c) Set the temperature of the outgoing fluid at a level appropriate for the recovered heat usage
conditions. Control the amount of cooling fluid entering the thermal load to maintain the said
conditions throughout the test.
d) Start the test by applying the values of electric demand profile to the system.
e) Measure the outgoing heat recovery fluid temperature at outlet, returning heat recovery fluid
temperature at inlet, and volumetric or mass flow rate at inlet or outlet. Each measurement
shall be taken at intervals of 15 s or less during the entire duration of the electric demand
profile of 24h.
For the systems including batteries, at the end of the test of the 24 h electric demand profile,
the system shall be shut down. Subsequently, electric energy shall be supplied from outside of
the system until a nominal state of charge of the battery is reached. This electric energy shall
be measured and subtracted from the electric energy output measured in 14.3.2 d).
14.14.4 Calculation of results
The average net electric power output P in kW shall be calculated according to the methods in
n
14.3.3. The average fuel power input P in kJ/s shall be calculated according to the methods
fin
in 14.2.1.3.2 or 14.2.2.3.
The average recovered thermal power in kJ/s shall be calculated according to the following
procedures:
a) Volumetric measurement
1) The recovered thermal power at each measurement interval, P i in kJ/s, shall be
HR
calculated using the following Equation (63).
P TT− × q ×ρc× (63)
i i i i ii
( )
HR HR1 HR2 VHR HR HR
where
P i is the recovered thermal power at the measurement interval i (kJ/s);
HR
i is the temperature of heat recovery fluid at outlet at the measurement interval
T
HR1
i (K);
T i is the temperature of heat recovery fluid at inlet at the measurement interval
HR2
i (K);
q i is the volumetric flow rate of heat recovery fluid at the measurement interval
VHR
i (m /s);
ρ i is the density of heat recovery fluid at T i (kg/m );
HR HR1
c i is the specific heat capacity of heat recovery fluid at the temperature
HR
intermediate between T i and T i (kJ/(kg·K)). If water is to be used as
HR1 HR2
the heat recovery fluid, 4,186 kJ/(kg·K) shall be used for its specific heat
capacity.
2) The average recovered thermal power, P in kJ/s, shall be determined by calculating
HR
the average value of all values of P i calculated in 1).
HR
=
© IEC 2022
b) Mass measurement
1) The recovered thermal power at each measurement interval, P i in kJ/s, shall be
HR
calculated, using the following Equation (64).
P= TT− ×q ×c (64)
i ( i i ) ii
HR HR1 HR2 mHR HR
where
P i is the recovered thermal power at the measurement interval i (kJ/s);
HR
T i is the temperature of heat recovery fluid at outlet at the measurement interval
HR1
i (K);
i is the temperature of heat recovery fluid at inlet at the measurement interval
T
HR2
i (K);
q i is the mass flow rate of heat recovery fluid at the measurement interval i
mHR
(kg/s);
c i is the specific heat capacity of heat recovery fluid at the temperature
HR
intermediate between T i and T i (kJ/(kg·K)). If water is to be used as
HR1 HR2
the heat recovery fluid, 4,186 kJ/(kg·K) shall be used for its specific heat
capacity.
2) The average recovered thermal power, P in kJ/s, shall be determined by calculating
HR
the average value of all values of P i calculated in 1).
HR
14.14.5 Calculation of efficiencies
The average electric efficiency, the average heat recovery efficiency and the average overall
efficiency of the small stationary fuel cell power system for the applied electric demand profile
shal
...