IEC 60228:2023
(Main)Conductors of insulated cables
Conductors of insulated cables
IEC 60228:2023 specifies the nominal cross-sectional areas, in the range 0,5 mm2 to 3 500 mm2, for conductors in electric power cables and cords of a wide range of types. Requirements for numbers and sizes of wires and resistance values are also included. These conductors include solid, stranded and Milliken, copper, aluminium and aluminium alloy conductors in cables for fixed installations and flexible copper conductors. This document does not apply to conductors for telecommunication purposes. The applicability of this document to a particular type of cable is as specified in the standard for the type of cable. Unless specified otherwise in a particular clause, IEC 60028 ED4 relates to the conductors in the finished cable and not to the conductor as made or supplied for inclusion into a cable. Conductors described in this document are specified in metric sizes. Informative annexes provide supplementary information covering temperature correction factors for resistance measurement (Annex B) and guidance on dimensional limits of circular conductors (Annex C). This document has the status of a horizontal publication in accordance with IEC Guide 108.
Ames des câbles isolés
L'IEC 60228:2023 spécifie les sections nominales, dans la plage de 0,5 mm2 à 3 500 mm2, des âmes d’un large éventail de types de câbles et de cordons électriques. Des exigences relatives au nombre et au diamètre des fils sont également spécifiées, ainsi que des valeurs de résistance. Les âmes concernées sont les âmes massives, câblées et segmentées, en cuivre, aluminium et alliage d’aluminium, destinées aux câbles pour installations fixes, ainsi que les âmes souples en cuivre. Le présent document ne s’applique pas aux âmes utilisées à des fins de télécommunication. L’applicabilité du présent document à un type de câble particulier est précisée dans la norme relative à ce type de câble. Sauf indication contraire dans un article particulier, le présent document porte sur les âmes des câbles terminés, et non sur les âmes seules ou fournies en vue d’une intégration dans un câble. Les âmes décrites dans le présent document sont spécifiées en tailles métriques. Des annexes informatives donnent des informations complémentaires sur les facteurs de correction de température à utiliser pour les mesures de résistance (Annexe B) et des recommandations sur les limites dimensionnelles des âmes circulaires (Annexe C).
General Information
Relations
Overview
IEC 60228:2023 - "Conductors of insulated cables" - is the fourth edition (2023) International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard that defines the nominal metric conductor sizes, construction classes and core requirements for conductors used in electric power cables and cords. The standard covers conductor cross-sectional areas from 0.5 mm² up to 3 500 mm², and addresses solid, stranded, Milliken and flexible conductor types in copper, aluminium and aluminium alloy. IEC 60228 is a horizontal reference intended for cable product standards, manufacturers, designers and testing laboratories.
Key topics and technical requirements
- Nominal cross-sectional areas: Standardized metric sizes for power and flexible conductors (0.5 mm² to 3 500 mm²).
- Conductor classes and constructions: Definitions and requirements for:
- Class 1 - solid conductors
- Class 2 - stranded conductors (including compacted and Milliken constructions)
- Classes 5 & 6 - flexible copper conductors
- Numbers and sizes of wires: Rules for wire counts and strand dimensions for different conductor classes.
- Electrical resistance values: Specified resistance limits and measurement methods for conductors; guidance on correction for temperature.
- Materials and mechanical properties: Requirements for copper, aluminium and aluminium alloy conductors, including tensile strength limits for solid and stranded aluminium conductors.
- Compliance and testing: Clauses and an informative annex structure to support verification - Annex A covers measurement of resistance (normative), Annex B provides temperature correction factors (informative) and Annex C offers guidance on dimensional limits of circular conductors (informative).
- Scope boundaries: Not applicable to telecommunication conductors; where relevant the cable‑type standard specifies applicability to particular cable constructions. The standard generally applies to conductors in the finished cable.
Applications and who uses IEC 60228
IEC 60228 is used by:
- Cable manufacturers for conductor specification, production and quality control.
- Electrical and power system designers when selecting conductor sizes and classes for fixed installations and flexible cords.
- Test laboratories and certification bodies for resistance measurement, dimensional checks and compliance testing.
- Procurement and standards committees drafting product standards and national regulations that reference conductor characteristics.
Practical applications include low- and medium-voltage power cables, industrial flexible cords, repair/maintenance specifications and cross-border procurement where harmonized conductor data is required.
Related standards
- IEC Guide 108 - horizontal publication status guidance.
- IECEE OD-5014 - instrument accuracy limits (referenced).
- Other IEC cable product standards from IEC TC 20, which reference IEC 60228 for conductor requirements.
Keywords: IEC 60228, conductors of insulated cables, conductor cross-sectional area, stranded conductors, Milliken conductor, copper conductor, aluminium conductor, resistance measurement, temperature correction factors.
Standards Content (Sample)
IEC 60228 ®
Edition 4.0 2023-12
COMMENTED VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
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Conductors of insulated cables
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IEC 60228 ®
Edition 4.0 2023-12
COMMENTED VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Conductors of insulated cables
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 29.060.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-8003-4
– 2 – IEC 60228:2023 CMV IEC 2023
CONTENTS
FOREWORD .4
INTRODUCTION .7
1 Scope .8
2 Normative references .8
3 Terms and definitions .8
4 Classification .9
5 Materials.9
5.1 Introduction General .9
5.2 Circular and shaped solid aluminium conductors .9
5.3 Circular and shaped stranded aluminium conductors . 10
6 Solid conductors and stranded conductors . 10
6.1 Solid conductors (class 1) . 10
6.1.1 Construction . 10
6.1.2 Resistance . 10
6.2 Stranded circular non-compacted conductors (class 2) . 10
6.2.1 Construction . 10
6.2.2 Resistance . 11
6.3 Stranded compacted circular conductors and stranded shaped conductors
(class 2) . 11
6.3.1 Construction . 11
6.3.2 Resistance . 11
6.4 Milliken conductors (class 2) . 11
6.4.1 Construction . 11
6.4.2 Resistance . 11
7 Flexible conductors (classes 5 and 6) . 11
7.1 Construction . 11
7.2 Resistance . 12
8 Check of compliance with Clause 6 and Clause 7 . 12
Annex A (normative) Measurement of resistance . 17
Annex B (informative) Exact formulae for the temperature correction factors . 19
Annex C (informative) Guidance on the dimensional limits of circular conductors . 20
C.1 Object Purpose . 20
C.2 Dimensional limits for circular copper conductors . 20
C.3 Dimensional limits for stranded compacted circular copper, aluminium and
aluminium alloy conductors . 20
C.4 Dimensional limits for circular solid aluminium conductors . 20
Bibliography . 24
List of comments . 25
Table 1 – Tensile strength limits for circular and shaped solid aluminium conductors.9
Table 2 – Tensile strength limits for circular and shaped stranded aluminium
conductors . 10
Table 3 – Class 1 solid conductors for single-core and multi-core cables . 13
Table 4 – Class 2 stranded conductors for single-core and multi-core cables . 14
Table 5 – Class 5 flexible copper conductors for single-core and multi-core cables . 15
Table 6 – Class 6 flexible copper conductors for single-core and multi-core cables . 16
Table A.1 – Temperature correction factors k for conductor resistance to correct the
t
measured resistance at t °C to 20 °C . 18
Table C.1 – Maximum diameters of solid, non-compacted stranded and flexible circular
copper conductors . 21
Table C.2 – Minimum and maximum diameters of stranded compacted circular copper,
aluminium and aluminium alloy conductors. 22
Table C.3 – Minimum and maximum diameters of solid circular aluminium conductors . 23
– 4 – IEC 60228:2023 CMV IEC 2023
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
CONDUCTORS OF INSULATED CABLES
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
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Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
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3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
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6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
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9) IEC draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
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the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at https://patents.iec.ch. IEC
shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This commented version (CMV) of the official standard IEC 60228:2023 edition 4.0 allows
the user to identify the changes made to the previous IEC 60228:2004 edition 3.0.
Furthermore, comments from IEC TC 20 experts are provided to explain the reasons of
the most relevant changes, or to clarify any part of the content.
A vertical bar appears in the margin wherever a change has been made. Additions are in
green text, deletions are in strikethrough red text. Experts' comments are identified by a
blue-background number. Mouse over a number to display a pop-up note with the
comment.
This publication contains the CMV and the official standard. The full list of comments is
available at the end of the CMV.
IEC 60228 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 20: Electric cables. It is an
International Standard.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2004. This edition
constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) a description of Milliken conductors has been added;
b) nominal cross-sectional areas above 2 500 mm have been added;
c) the old 2 500 mm aluminium resistance value has been corrected and a new value
introduced.
For legacy systems where the 2 500 mm aluminium conductor was designed taking into
account the value presented in previous editions and no longer tabulated, then the original
design can be maintained and still utilized.
The suppliers can furthermore utilize such superseded design of 2 500 mm aluminium
conductors either in systems already designed and qualified but not delivered or for example
to produce repair and additional spare lengths for delivered systems.
The choice of utilizing the original superseded design of 2 500 mm aluminium conductors
or a new one based on the new resistance tabulated value is a matter of agreement between
the supplier and final users.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
20/2125/FDIS 20/2131/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/publications.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn, or
• revised.
– 6 – IEC 60228:2023 CMV IEC 2023
Conductors described in IEC 60228 are specified in metric sizes. Canada at present uses
conductor sizes and characteristics according to the American Wire Gauge (AWG) system and
kcmil for larger sizes as shown below. The use of these sizes is currently prescribed uniformly
across Canada for installations by sub-national regulations. IEC TC 20 cable product standards
do not prescribe cables with AWG/kcmil conductors. 1
AWG kcmil
Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal
Conductor cross- Conductor cross- Conductor cross- Conductor cross-
size sectional size sectional size sectional size sectional
area area area area
2 2 2 2
mm mm mm mm
- - - - 250 127 750 380
- - - - 300 152 800 405
20 0,519 4 21,2 350 177 900 456
18 0,823 3 26,7 400 203 1000 507
16 1,31 2 33,6 450 228 1200 608
14 2,08 1 42,4 500 253 1250 633
12 3,31 1/0 53,5 550 279 1500 760
10 5,26 2/0 67,4 600 304 1750 887
8 8,37 3/0 85,0 650 329 2000 1010
6 13,3 4/0 107 700 355 - -
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.
INTRODUCTION
This document is intended as a fundamental reference standard for IEC technical committees
and National Committees in drafting standards for electric cables, and to the National
Committees in drafting specifications for use in their own countries. These committees should
select from the tables of this general standard the conductors appropriate to the particular
applications with which they are concerned relevant to them and either include the applicable
details in their cable specifications or make appropriate references to this document.
In preparing this edition the main objects have been to incorporate IEC 60228A into it and
maintain a simplified yet informative standard so far as is compatible with technical and
economic considerations.
– 8 – IEC 60228:2023 CMV IEC 2023
CONDUCTORS OF INSULATED CABLES
1 Scope
This document specifies the nominal cross-sectional areas, in the range 0,5 mm to 2 500 3
500 mm , for conductors in electric power cables and cords of a wide range of types.
Requirements for numbers and sizes of wires and resistance values are also included. These
conductors include solid, stranded and Milliken, copper, aluminium and aluminium alloy
conductors in cables for fixed installations and flexible copper conductors.
This document does not apply to conductors for telecommunication purposes.
The applicability of this document to a particular type of cable is as specified in the standard
for the type of cable.
Unless specified otherwise in a particular clause, this document relates to the conductors in
the finished cable and not to the conductor as made or supplied for inclusion into a cable.
Conductors described in this document are specified in metric sizes.
Informative annexes provide supplementary information covering temperature correction
factors for resistance measurement (Annex B) and guidance on dimensional limits of circular
conductors (Annex C).
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IECEE OD-5014, Instrument Accuracy Limits
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
metal-coated
coated with a thin layer of suitable metal, such as tin or tin alloy
3.2
nominal cross-sectional area
value that identifies a particular size of conductor but is not subject to direct measurement
Note 1 to entry: Each particular size of conductor in this document is required to meet a maximum resistance value.
3.3
Milliken conductor
stranded conductor comprising an assembly of shaped conductors, lightly insulated from each
other 2
4 Classification
The conductors have been divided into four classes, 1, 2, 5 and 6. Those in classes 1 and 2
are intended for use in cables for fixed installations. Classes 5 and 6 are intended for use in
flexible cables and cords but may can also be used for fixed installations.
• class 1: solid conductors;
• class 2: stranded conductors;
• class 5: flexible conductors;
• class 6: flexible conductors which are more flexible made with smaller diameter wires than
class 5 for the same nominal conductor cross-section.
5 Materials
5.1 Introduction General
The wires of conductors shall consist of one of the following (except for the Milliken central
element):
• plain or metal-coated annealed copper;
• aluminium or aluminium alloy. 3 4
The wires of stranded conductors (for example Milliken conductors) can be oxidized or
enamelled.
5.2 Circular and shaped solid aluminium conductors
Circular and shaped solid aluminium conductors shall be made from aluminium such that the
tensile strength of the completed conductor is within the limits given in Table 1.
Table 1 – Tensile strength limits for circular
and shaped solid aluminium conductors
Nominal cross-sectional area Tensile strength
2 2
mm N/mm
10 and 16 110 to 165
25 and 35 60 to 130
50 60 to 110
70 and above 60 to 90
NOTE The values given above are not applicable to aluminium alloy conductors.
There are no limits defined for the tensile strength of aluminium alloy solid conductors.
– 10 – IEC 60228:2023 CMV IEC 2023
5.3 Circular and shaped stranded aluminium conductors
Stranded aluminium conductors shall be made from aluminium such that the tensile strength of
the individual wires is within the limits given in Table 2:
Table 2 – Tensile strength limits for circular
and shaped stranded aluminium conductors
Nominal cross-sectional area Tensile strength
2 2
mm N/mm
10 up to 200
16 and above 125 to 205
NOTE 1 The values given above are not applicable to aluminium alloy conductors.
There are no limits defined for the tensile strength of aluminium alloy stranded conductors.
NOTE 2 This data can only be checked on wires taken before stranding and not on wires taken
from a stranded conductor.
6 Solid conductors and stranded conductors
6.1 Solid conductors (class 1)
6.1.1 Construction
a) Solid conductors (class 1) or conductor wires shall consist of one of the materials specified
in Clause 5.
b) Solid copper conductors shall be of circular cross-section.
NOTE Solid copper conductors having nominal cross-sectional areas of 25 mm and above are for particular
types of cable, e.g. mineral insulated, and not for general purposes.
2 2
c) Solid aluminium and solid aluminium alloy conductors of sizes 10 mm to 35 mm shall be
of circular cross-section. Larger sizes shall be of circular cross-section for single-core
cables and may be of either circular or shaped cross-section for multi-core cables.
6.1.2 Resistance
The resistance of each conductor at 20 ºC, when determined in accordance with Clause 8, shall
not exceed the appropriate maximum value given in Table 3.
NOTE For solid aluminium alloy conductors, having the same nominal cross-sectional area as
an aluminium conductor, the resistance value given in Table 3 should be multiplied by a factor
of 1,162 unless otherwise agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
6.2 Stranded circular non-compacted conductors (class 2)
6.2.1 Construction
a) Stranded circular non-compacted conductors (class 2) shall consist of one of the materials
specified in Clause 5.
b) Stranded aluminium or aluminium alloy conductors shall have a cross-sectional area not
.
less than 10 mm
c) The wires in each conductor shall all have the same nominal diameter.
d) The number of wires in each conductor shall be not less than the appropriate minimum
number given in Table 4.
6.2.2 Resistance
The resistance of each conductor at 20 °C, when determined in accordance with Clause 8, shall
not exceed the appropriate maximum value given in Table 4.
6.3 Stranded compacted circular conductors and stranded shaped conductors
(class 2)
6.3.1 Construction
a) Stranded compacted circular conductors and stranded shaped conductors (class 2) shall
consist of one of the materials specified in Clause 5. Stranded compacted circular aluminium
or aluminium alloy conductors shall have a nominal cross-sectional area not less than
10 mm . Stranded compacted circular copper conductors shall have a nominal
cross-sectional area not less than 1,5 mm . Stranded shaped copper, aluminium or
aluminium alloy conductors shall have a nominal cross-sectional area of not less than
25 mm .
b) The ratio of the diameters of two different wires in the same conductor shall not exceed 2,
except for conductors made with pre-shaped wires.
c) The number of wires in each conductor shall be not less than the appropriate minimum
number given in Table 4, except for conductors made with pre-shaped wires. This
requirement applies to conductors made with wires of circular cross-section before
compaction.
NOTE This requirement applies to conductors made with wires of circular cross-section before compaction and not
to conductors made with pre-shaped wires.
6.3.2 Resistance
The resistance of each conductor at 20 °C, when determined in accordance with Clause 8, shall
not exceed the appropriate maximum value given in Table 4.
6.4 Milliken conductors (class 2)
6.4.1 Construction
a) Milliken conductors (class 2) shall consist of any of the materials specified in Clause 5.
Milliken conductors shall have a nominal cross-sectional area not less than 800 mm , and
the minimum number of wires for each cross section is not specified. 5
b) The ratio of the diameters of two different wires of any segment shall not exceed 2 (Milliken
central element excluded).
c) The Milliken central element can be empty, with a solid conductor, wires or with a plastic
filler.
d) This conductor may be constructed from 4, 5, or 6 equal segments. The number of wires in
each segment is defined by the manufacturer. In the case of a central element formed with
wires, it can be considered as an additional segment with a polygonal shape.
6.4.2 Resistance
The resistance of the whole conductor at 20 °C, for all different constructions described in 6.4.1,
when determined in accordance with Clause 8, shall not exceed the appropriate maximum value
given in Table 4.
7 Flexible conductors (classes 5 and 6)
7.1 Construction
a) Flexible conductors (classes 5 and 6) shall consist of plain or metal-coated annealed copper.
b) The wires in each conductor shall have the same nominal diameter.
– 12 – IEC 60228:2023 CMV IEC 2023
c) The diameter of the wires in each conductor shall not exceed the appropriate maximum
value given in Table 5 for class 5 or Table 6 for class 6 conductors.
7.2 Resistance
The resistance of each conductor at 20 °C, when determined in accordance with Clause 8, shall
not exceed the appropriate maximum value given in Table 5 or Table 6.
8 Check of compliance with Clause 6 and Clause 7
Compliance with the requirements for construction of 6.1.1, 6.2.1, 6.3.1, 6.4.1 and 7.1 shall be
checked on the completed cable by inspection and measurement where practicable.
Compliance with the requirements for resistance given in 6.1.2, 6.2.2, 6.3.2, 6.4.2, and 7.2 shall
be checked by measurement in accordance with Annex A and corrected for temperature by the
factors in Table A.1.
Table 3 – Class 1 solid conductors for single-core and multi-core cables
1 2 3 4
Nominal cross- Maximum resistance of conductor at 20 ºC
sectional area
Circular, annealed copper conductors Aluminium and
aluminium alloy
Plain Metal-coated
conductors, circular or
c
shaped
Ω/km Ω/km Ω/km
mm
0,5 36,0 36,7 -
0,75 24,5 24,8 -
1,0 18,1 18,2 -
1,5 12,1 12,2 -
2,5 7,41 7,56 -
4 4,61 4,70 -
6 3,08 3,11 -
a
10 1,83 1,84
3,08
a
16 1,15 1,16
1,91
b a
25 -
0,727 1,20
b a
35 -
0,524 0,868
b
50 - 0,641
0,387
b
70 - 0,443
0,268
b d
95 -
0,193 0,320
b d
120 -
0,153 0,253
b d
150 -
0,124 0,206
b d
185 -
0,101 0,164
b d
240 -
0,077 5 0,125
b d
300 -
0,062 0 0,100
b
400 - 0,077 8
0,046 5
500 - - 0,060 5
630 - - 0,046 9
800 - - 0,036 7
1 000 - - 0,029 1
1 200 - - 0,024 7
1 400 - - 0,021 2
1 600 - - 0,018 6
a 2 2
Aluminium conductors 10 mm to 35 mm circular only; see 6.1.1 c).
b
See note in 6.1.1 b).
c
See note in 6.1.2.
d
For single-core cables, four sectoral shaped conductors may be assembled into a single circular conductor.
The maximum resistance of the assembled conductor shall be 25 % of that of the individual component
conductors.
– 14 – IEC 60228:2023 CMV IEC 2023
Table 4 – Class 2 stranded conductors for single-core and multi-core cables 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Minimum number of wires in the conductor Maximum resistance of conductor at 20 °C
Nominal
cross-
Circular Aluminium or
Circular Shaped Annealed copper conductor
sectional
compacted aluminium alloy
area
b
conductor
Cu Al Cu Al Cu Al Plain wires Metal-coated
wires
Ω/km Ω/km Ω/km
mm
0,5 7 - - - - - 36,0 36,7 -
0,75 7 - - - - - 24,5 24,8 -
1,0 7 - - - - - 18,1 18,2 -
1,5 7 - 6 - - - 12,1 12,2 -
2,5 7 - 6 - - - 7,41 7,56 -
4 7 - 6 - - - 4,61 4,70 -
6 7 - 6 - - - 3,08 3,11 -
10 7 7 6 6 - - 1,83 1,84 3,08
16 7 7 6 6 - - 1,15 1,16 1,91
25 7 7 6 6 6 6 0,727 0,734 1,20
35 7 7 6 6 6 6 0,524 0,529 0,868
50 19 19 6 6 6 6 0,387 0,391 0,641
70 19 19 12 12 12 12 0,268 0,270 0,443
95 19 19 15 15 15 15 0,193 0,195 0,320
120 37 37 18 15 18 15 0,153 0,154 0,253
150 37 37 18 15 18 15 0,124 0,126 0,206
185 37 37 30 30 30 30 0,099 1 0,100 0,164
240 37 37 34 30 34 30 0,075 4 0,076 2 0,125
300 61 61 34 30 34 30 0,060 1 0,060 7 0,100
400 61 61 53 53 53 53 0,047 0 0,047 5 0,077 8
500 61 61 53 53 53 53 0,036 6 0,036 9 0,060 5
630 91 91 53 53 53 53 0,028 3 0,028 6 0,046 9
800 91 91 53 53 - - 0,022 1 0,022 4 0,036 7
1 000 91 91 53 53 - - 0,017 6 0,017 7 0,029 1
b
1 200 0,0151 0,0151 0,0247
1 200 91 91 53 53 - - 0,015 1 0,015 1 0,024 7
a b
1 400 0,0129 0,0129 0,0212
a
91 91 53 53 - - 0,012 9 0,012 9 0,021 2
1 400
b
1 600 0,0113 0,0113 0,0186
1 600 91 91 53 53 - - 0,011 3 0,011 3 0,018 6
a b
- 0,010 1 0,010 1 0,016 5
1 800
b
2 000 - 0,009 0 0,009 0 0,014 9
b
2 500 - 0,007 2 0,007 2 0,01270,011 9
a
- 0,006 0 0,006 0 0,009 9
3 000
3 200 - 0,005 6 0,005 6 0,009 3
a
- 0,005 1 0,005 1 0,008 5
3 500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
a
These sizes are non-preferred. Other non-preferred sizes are recognized for some specialized applications but
are not within the scope of this document. 7
b
The minimum number of wires for these sizes is not specified. These sizes may be constructed from 4, 5 or 6
equal segments (Milliken).
b
For stranded aluminium alloy conductors having the same nominal cross-sectional area as an aluminium
conductor the resistance value should be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
Table 5 – Class 5 flexible copper conductors for single-core and multi-core cables
1 2 3 4
Nominal cross- Maximum diameter of Maximum resistance of conductor at 20 °C
sectional area wires in conductor
Plain wires Metal-coated wires
mm Ω/km Ω/km
mm
0,5 0,21 39,0 40,1
0,75 0,21 26,0 26,7
1,0 0,21 19,5 20,0
1,5 0,26 13,3 13,7
2,5 0,26 7,98 8,21
4 0,31 4,95 5,09
6 0,31 3,30 3,39
10 0,41 1,91 1,95
16 0,41 1,21 1,24
25 0,41 0,780 0,795
35 0,41 0,554 0,565
50 0,41 0,386 0,393
70 0,51 0,272 0,277
95 0,51 0,206 0,210
120 0,51 0,161 0,164
150 0,51 0,129 0,132
185 0,51 0,106 0,108
240 0,51 0,080 1 0,081 7
300 0,51 0,064 1 0,065 4
400 0,51 0,048 6 0,049 5
500 0,61 0,038 4 0,039 1
630 0,61 0,028 7 0,029 2
– 16 – IEC 60228:2023 CMV IEC 2023
Table 6 – Class 6 flexible copper conductors for single-core and multi-core cables
1 2 3 4
Nominal cross- Maximum diameter of Maximum resistance of conductor at 20 °C
sectional area wires in conductor
Plain wires Metal-coated wires
mm Ω/km Ω/km
mm
0,5 0,16 39,0 40,1
0,75 0,16 26,0 26,7
1,0 0,16 19,5 20,0
1,5 0,16 13,3 13,7
2,5 0,16 7,98 8,21
4 0,16 4,95 5,09
6 0,21 3,30 3,39
10 0,21 1,91 1,95
16 0,21 1,21 1,24
25 0,21 0,780 0,795
35 0,21 0,554 0,565
50 0,31 0,386 0,393
70 0,31 0,272 0,277
95 0,31 0,206 0,210
120 0,31 0,161 0,164
150 0,31 0,129 0,132
185 0,41 0,106 0,108
240 0,41 0,080 1 0,081 7
300 0,41 0,064 1 0,065 4
Annex A
(normative)
Measurement of resistance
The cable shall be kept in the test area for a sufficient time to ensure that the conductor
temperature has reached a level which permits an accurate determination of resistance using
the correction factors provided.
Measure the DC resistance of the conductor(s), either on a complete length of cable or flexible
cord or on a sample of cable of flexible cord of at least 1 m in length, at room temperature and
record the temperature at which the measurement is made. Adjust the measured resistance by
means of the correction factors given in Table A.1.
Calculate the resistance per kilometre length of cable from the length of the complete cable and
not from the length of the individual core or wires.
If necessary, correction to 20 °C and 1 km length shall be made by applying the following
formula:
R = Rk××
20 t t
L
where
k is the temperature correction factor from Table A.1;
t
R is the conductor resistance at 20 °C, in Ω/km;
R is the measured conductor resistance, in Ω;
t
L is the length of the cable, in m.
The expanded measurement uncertainty (k = 2) for R shall be in accordance with
IECEE OD-5014.
– 18 – IEC 60228:2023 CMV IEC 2023
Table A.1 – Temperature correction factors k for conductor resistance
t
to correct the measured resistance at t °C to 20 °C
1 2 1 2
Temperature of Temperature of
Correction factor Correction factor
k k
t t
conductor at time of conductor at time of
measurement measurement
All conductors All conductors
t °C t °C
0 1,087 21 0,996
1 1,082 22 0,992
2 1,078 23 0,988
3 1,073 24 0,984
4 1,068 25 0,980
5 1,064 26 0,977
6 1,059 27 0,973
7 1,055 28 0,969
8 1,050 29 0,965
9 1,046 30 0,962
10 1,042 31 0,958
11 1,037 32 0,954
12 1,033 33 0,951
13 1,029 34 0,947
14 1,025 35 0,943
15 1,020 36 0,940
16 1,016 37 0,936
17 1,012 38 0,933
18 1,008 39 0,929
19 1,004 40 0,926
20 1,000
NOTE The values of correction factors are based on a resistance-temperature coefficient of 0,004 per Kelvin
k
t
at 20 °C.
The values of temperature correction factors specified in column 2 are approximate but give practical values well
within the accuracy that can normally be achieved in measurements of conductor temperature and length of cable
or flexible cords.
For more accurate values for the temperature correction factors for copper and aluminium, reference should be
made to Annex B. However, these should not be treated as a requirement for testing in compliance with this
document in the assessment of resistances.
Annex B
(informative)
Exact formulae for the temperature correction factors
a) Annealed copper conductors: plain or metal-coated
254,5 1
k
t,Cu
234,t5 ++1 0,00393()t − 20
b) Aluminium conductors
248 1
k
t,Al
228 ++t 1 0,t00403()− 20
NOTE For aluminium alloys, reference should be made to the manufacturer.
In all the above cases, t refers to the temperature of the conductor at the time of measurement
in degrees Celsius.
==
==
– 20 – IEC 60228:2023 CMV IEC 2023
Annex C
(informative)
Guidance on the dimensional limits of circular conductors
C.1 Object Purpose
This Annex C is intended as a guide for manufacturers of cables and cable connectors to assist
in ensuring that the conductors and connectors are dimensionally compatible. It gives guidance
on dimensional limits for the following types of conductor included in this document:
a) circular solid conductors, (class 1) of copper, aluminium and or aluminium alloy;
b) circular and compacted circular stranded conductors, (class 2) of copper, aluminium and or
aluminium alloy;
c) flexible conductors, (classes 5 and 6) of copper.
C.2 Dimensional limits for circular copper conductors
The diameters of circular copper conductors should not exceed the values given in Table C.1.
If minimum diameters for class 1 circular copper conductors are needed required, reference
can be made to the minimum diameters for solid circular aluminium or aluminium alloy
conductors indicated in Table C.3.
C.3 Dimensional limits for stranded compacted circular copper, aluminium
and aluminium alloy conductors
The diameters of stranded compacted circular copper, aluminium and aluminium alloy
conductors should not exceed the maximum values and should be not less than the minimum
values given in Table C.2.
In the exceptional case of uncompacted circular stranded aluminium or aluminium alloy
conductors, the maximum diameters should not exceed the corresponding values for copper
conductors given in column 3 of Table C.1.
C.4 Dimensional limits for circular solid aluminium conductors
The diameters of circular solid aluminium and aluminium alloy conductors should not exceed
the maximum values and should be not less than the minimum values given in Table C.3.
Table C.1 – Maximum diameters of solid, non-compacted
stranded and flexible circular copper conductors
1 2 3 4
Nominal Conductors in cables for fixed installations
cross-sectional area
Solid Stranded Flexible conductors
(Class 1) (Class 2) (Classes 5 and 6)
mm mm mm
mm
0,5 0,9 1,1 1,1
0,75 1,0 1,2 1,3
1,0 1,2 1,4 1,5
1,5 1,5 1,7 1,8
2,5 1,9 2,2 2,4
4 2,4 2,7 3,0
6 2,9 3,3 3,9
10 3,7 4,2 5,1
16 4,6 5,3 6,3
a
5,7 6,6 7,8
a
6,7 7,9 9,2
a
7,8 9,1 11,0
a
9,4 11,0 13,1
a
11,0 12,9 15,1
a
12,4 14,5 17,0
a
13,8 16,2 19,0
185 15,4 18,0 21,0
240 17,6 20,6 24,0
300 19,8 23,1 27,0
400 22,2 26,1 31,0
500 - 29,2 35,0
630 - 33,2 39,0
800 - 37,6 -
1 000 - 42,2 -
NOTE The values given for flexible conductors are intended to allow for both class 5 and class 6 conductors.
a
See 6.1.1 b).
– 22 – IEC 60228:2023 CMV IEC 2023
Table C.2 – Minimum and maximum diameters of stranded compacted
circular copper, aluminium and aluminium alloy conductors
1 2 3
Nominal cross-sectional Stranded compacted circular conductors (Class 2)
area
Minimum diameter Maximum diameter
mm mm
mm
10 3,6 4,0
16 4,6 5,2
25 5,6 6,5
35 6,6 7,5
50 7,7 8,6
70 9,3 10,2
95 11,0 12,0
120 12,3 13,5
150 13,7 15,0
185 15,3 16,8
240 17,6 19,2
300 19,7 21,6
400 22,3 24,6
500 25,3 27,6
630 28,7 32,5
NOTE 1 The dimensional limits of aluminium conductors with cross-sectional areas
above 630 mm are not given as the compaction technology is not generally
established.
NOTE 2 No values are given for compacted copper conductors in the size range
2 2
1,5 mm to 6 mm .
Table C.3 – Minimum and maximum diameters of solid circular aluminium conductors
1 2 3
Nominal cross- Solid conductors (Class 1)
sectional area
Minimum diameter Maximum diameter
mm mm
mm
10 3,4 3,7
16 4,1 4,6
25 5,2 5,7
35 6,1 6,7
50 7,2 7,8
70 8,7 9,4
95 10,3 11,0
120 11,6 12,4
150 12,9 13,8
185 14,5 15,4
240 16,7 17,6
300 18,8 19,8
400 21,2 22,2
500 24,0 25,1
630 27,3 28,4
800 30,9 32,1
1000 34,8 36,0
1200 37,8 39,0
– 24 – IEC 60228:2023 CMV IEC 2023
Bibliography
IEC Guide 108, Guidelines for ensuring the coherence of IEC publications – Horizontal
functions, horizontal publications and their application
List of comments
1 As IEC TC 20 do not prescribe cables with AWG/kcmil conductors it has been decided to
remove the below table and the paragraph.
See IEC TR 62602 to find AWG/kcmil information.
2 Segmented conductors without lightly insultation between them used for DC applications
are not considered Milliken.
3 Copper coated aluminium is not considered because of possible safety risks, including
possible corrosion of the metals which make them unsuitable for household use.
4 Conductors can be made of aluminium or copper, and only these materials are considered
in order to evaluate the resistance. Additional materials, i.e. lacquers, paint, tapes and
powders are allowed as part of the conductor design to improve characteristics but they
are not covered by this standard.
5 For cross-sections from 800 mm² to 1600 mm² the minimum number of wires indicated in
Table 4 is not applicable to Milliken conductors.
6 Milliken conductors from 800 mm² take the same DC resistance value than circular
conductors.
Circular conductors are considered up to 1600 mm².
7 Preferred sizes follow the Renard series of preferred numbers.
___________
IEC 60228 ®
Edition 4.0 2023-12
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Conductors of insulated cables
Ames des câbles isolés
– 2 – IEC 60228:2023 IEC 2023
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Classification . 8
5 Materials . 8
5.1 General . 8
5.2 Circular and shaped solid aluminium conductors . 8
5.3 Circular and shaped stranded aluminium conductors . 9
6 Solid conductors and stranded conductors . 9
6.1 Solid conductors (class 1) . 9
6.1.1 Construction . 9
6.1.2 Resistance . 9
6.2 Stranded circular non-compacted conductors (class 2) . 9
6.2.1 Construction .
...
IEC 60228 ®
Edition 4.0 2023-12
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Conductors of insulated cables
Ames des câbles isolés
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IEC 60228 ®
Edition 4.0 2023-12
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Conductors of insulated cables
Ames des câbles isolés
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 29.060.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-7808-6
– 2 – IEC 60228:2023 IEC 2023
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Classification . 8
5 Materials . 8
5.1 General . 8
5.2 Circular and shaped solid aluminium conductors . 8
5.3 Circular and shaped stranded aluminium conductors . 9
6 Solid conductors and stranded conductors . 9
6.1 Solid conductors (class 1) . 9
6.1.1 Construction . 9
6.1.2 Resistance . 9
6.2 Stranded circular non-compacted conductors (class 2) . 9
6.2.1 Construction . 9
6.2.2 Resistance . 10
6.3 Stranded compacted circular conductors and stranded shaped conductors
(class 2) . 10
6.3.1 Construction . 10
6.3.2 Resistance . 10
6.4 Milliken conductors (class 2) . 10
6.4.1 Construction . 10
6.4.2 Resistance . 10
7 Flexible conductors (classes 5 and 6) . 10
7.1 Construction . 10
7.2 Resistance . 11
8 Check of compliance with Clause 6 and Clause 7 . 11
Annex A (normative) Measurement of resistance . 16
Annex B (informative) Exact formulae for the temperature correction factors . 18
Annex C (informative) Guidance on the dimensional limits of circular conductors . 19
C.1 Purpose . 19
C.2 Dimensional limits for circular copper conductors . 19
C.3 Dimensional limits for stranded compacted circular copper, aluminium and
aluminium alloy conductors . 19
C.4 Dimensional limits for circular solid aluminium conductors . 19
Bibliography . 23
Table 1 – Tensile strength limits for circular and shaped solid aluminium conductors . 8
Table 2 – Tensile strength limits for circular and shaped stranded aluminium
conductors . 9
Table 3 – Class 1 solid conductors for single-core and multi-core cables . 12
Table 4 – Class 2 stranded conductors for single-core and multi-core cables . 13
Table 5 – Class 5 flexible copper conductors for single-core and multi-core cables . 14
Table 6 – Class 6 flexible copper conductors for single-core and multi-core cables . 15
Table A.1 – Temperature correction factors k for conductor resistance to correct the
t
measured resistance at t °C to 20 °C . 17
Table C.1 – Maximum diameters of solid, non-compacted stranded and flexible circular
copper conductors . 20
Table C.2 – Minimum and maximum diameters of stranded compacted circular copper,
aluminium and aluminium alloy conductors . 21
Table C.3 – Minimum and maximum diameters of solid circular aluminium conductors . 22
– 4 – IEC 60228:2023 IEC 2023
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
CONDUCTORS OF INSULATED CABLES
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between
any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
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Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) IEC draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). IEC takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights in
respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, IEC had not received notice of (a) patent(s), which
may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent
the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at https://patents.iec.ch. IEC
shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC 60228 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 20: Electric cables. It is an
International Standard.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2004. This edition
constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) a description of Milliken conductors has been added;
b) nominal cross-sectional areas above 2 500 mm have been added;
c) the old 2 500 mm aluminium resistance value has been corrected and a new value
introduced.
For legacy systems where the 2 500 mm aluminium conductor was designed taking into
account the value presented in previous editions and no longer tabulated, then the original
design can be maintained and still utilized.
The suppliers can furthermore utilize such superseded design of 2 500 mm aluminium
conductors either in systems already designed and qualified but not delivered or for example
to produce repair and additional spare lengths for delivered systems.
The choice of utilizing the original superseded design of 2 500 mm aluminium conductors
or a new one based on the new resistance tabulated value is a matter of agreement between
the supplier and final users.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
20/2125/FDIS 20/2131/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/publications.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn, or
• revised.
– 6 – IEC 60228:2023 IEC 2023
INTRODUCTION
This document is intended as a fundamental reference standard for IEC technical committees
and National Committees in drafting standards for electric cables, and to the National
Committees in drafting specifications for use in their own countries. These committees select
from the tables of this general standard the conductors appropriate to the particular applications
relevant to them and either include the applicable details in their cable specifications or make
appropriate references to this document.
CONDUCTORS OF INSULATED CABLES
1 Scope
2 2
This document specifies the nominal cross-sectional areas, in the range 0,5 mm to 3 500 mm ,
for conductors in electric power cables and cords of a wide range of types. Requirements for
numbers and sizes of wires and resistance values are also included. These conductors include
solid, stranded and Milliken, copper, aluminium and aluminium alloy conductors in cables for
fixed installations and flexible copper conductors.
This document does not apply to conductors for telecommunication purposes.
The applicability of this document to a particular type of cable is as specified in the standard
for the type of cable.
Unless specified otherwise in a particular clause, this document relates to the conductors in
the finished cable and not to the conductor as made or supplied for inclusion into a cable.
Conductors described in this document are specified in metric sizes.
Informative annexes provide supplementary information covering temperature correction
factors for resistance measurement (Annex B) and guidance on dimensional limits of circular
conductors (Annex C).
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IECEE OD-5014, Instrument Accuracy Limits
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
metal-coated
coated with a thin layer of suitable metal, such as tin or tin alloy
3.2
nominal cross-sectional area
value that identifies a particular size of conductor but is not subject to direct measurement
Note 1 to entry: Each particular size of conductor in this document is required to meet a maximum resistance value.
– 8 – IEC 60228:2023 IEC 2023
3.3
Milliken conductor
stranded conductor comprising an assembly of shaped conductors, lightly insulated from each
other
4 Classification
The conductors have been divided into four classes, 1, 2, 5 and 6. Those in classes 1 and 2
are intended for use in cables for fixed installations. Classes 5 and 6 are intended for use in
flexible cables and cords but can also be used for fixed installations.
• class 1: solid conductors;
• class 2: stranded conductors;
• class 5: flexible conductors;
• class 6: flexible conductors made with smaller diameter wires than class 5 for the same
nominal conductor cross-section.
5 Materials
5.1 General
The wires of conductors shall consist of one of the following (except for the Milliken central
element):
• plain or metal-coated annealed copper;
• aluminium or aluminium alloy.
The wires of stranded conductors (for example Milliken conductors) can be oxidized or
enamelled.
5.2 Circular and shaped solid aluminium conductors
Circular and shaped solid aluminium conductors shall be made from aluminium such that the
tensile strength of the completed conductor is within the limits given in Table 1.
Table 1 – Tensile strength limits for circular
and shaped solid aluminium conductors
Nominal cross-sectional area Tensile strength
2 2
mm N/mm
10 and 16 110 to 165
25 and 35 60 to 130
50 60 to 110
70 and above 60 to 90
There are no limits defined for the tensile strength of aluminium alloy solid conductors.
5.3 Circular and shaped stranded aluminium conductors
Stranded aluminium conductors shall be made from aluminium such that the tensile strength of
the individual wires is within the limits given in Table 2:
Table 2 – Tensile strength limits for circular
and shaped stranded aluminium conductors
Nominal cross-sectional area Tensile strength
2 2
mm N/mm
10 up to 200
16 and above 125 to 205
There are no limits defined for the tensile strength of aluminium alloy stranded conductors.
This data can only be checked on wires taken before stranding and not on wires taken from a
stranded conductor.
6 Solid conductors and stranded conductors
6.1 Solid conductors (class 1)
6.1.1 Construction
a) Solid conductors or conductor wires shall consist of one of the materials specified in
Clause 5.
b) Solid copper conductors shall be of circular cross-section.
NOTE Solid copper conductors having nominal cross-section areas of 25 mm and above are for particular
types of cable, e.g. mineral insulated, and not for general purposes.
2 2
c) Solid aluminium and solid aluminium alloy conductors of sizes 10 mm to 35 mm shall be
of circular cross-section. Larger sizes shall be of circular cross-section for single-core
cables and may be of either circular or shaped cross-section for multi-core cables.
6.1.2 Resistance
The resistance of each conductor at 20 ºC, when determined in accordance with Clause 8, shall
not exceed the appropriate maximum value given in Table 3.
For solid aluminium alloy conductors, having the same nominal cross-sectional area as an
aluminium conductor, the resistance value given in Table 3 should be multiplied by a factor of
1,162 unless otherwise agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
6.2 Stranded circular non-compacted conductors (class 2)
6.2.1 Construction
a) Stranded circular non-compacted conductors (class 2) shall consist of one of the materials
specified in Clause 5.
b) Stranded aluminium or aluminium alloy conductors shall have a cross-sectional area not
less than 10 mm .
c) The wires in each conductor shall all have the same nominal diameter.
d) The number of wires in each conductor shall be not less than the appropriate minimum
number given in Table 4.
– 10 – IEC 60228:2023 IEC 2023
6.2.2 Resistance
The resistance of each conductor at 20 °C, when determined in accordance with Clause 8, shall
not exceed the appropriate maximum value given in Table 4.
6.3 Stranded compacted circular conductors and stranded shaped conductors
(class 2)
6.3.1 Construction
a) Stranded compacted circular conductors and stranded shaped conductors (class 2) shall
consist of one of the materials specified in Clause 5. Stranded compacted circular aluminium
or aluminium alloy conductors shall have a nominal cross-sectional area not less than
10 mm . Stranded compacted circular copper conductors shall have a nominal
cross-sectional area not less than 1,5 mm . Stranded shaped copper, aluminium or
aluminium alloy conductors shall have a nominal cross-sectional area of not less than
25 mm .
b) The ratio of the diameters of two different wires in the same conductor shall not exceed 2,
except for conductors made with pre-shaped wires.
c) The number of wires in each conductor shall be not less than the appropriate minimum
number given in Table 4, except for conductors made with pre-shaped wires. This
requirement applies to conductors made with wires of circular cross-section before
compaction.
6.3.2 Resistance
The resistance of each conductor at 20 °C, when determined in accordance with Clause 8, shall
not exceed the appropriate maximum value given in Table 4.
6.4 Milliken conductors (class 2)
6.4.1 Construction
a) Milliken conductors (class 2) shall consist of any of the materials specified in Clause 5.
Milliken conductors shall have a nominal cross-sectional area not less than 800 mm , and
the minimum number of wires for each cross section is not specified.
b) The ratio of the diameters of two different wires of any segment shall not exceed 2 (Milliken
central element excluded).
c) The Milliken central element can be empty, with a solid conductor, wires or with a plastic
filler.
d) This conductor may be constructed from 4, 5, or 6 equal segments. The number of wires in
each segment is defined by the manufacturer. In the case of a central element formed with
wires, it can be considered as an additional segment with a polygonal shape.
6.4.2 Resistance
The resistance of the whole conductor at 20 °C, for all different constructions described in 6.4.1,
when determined in accordance with Clause 8, shall not exceed the appropriate maximum value
given in Table 4.
7 Flexible conductors (classes 5 and 6)
7.1 Construction
a) Flexible conductors (classes 5 and 6) shall consist of plain or metal-coated annealed copper.
b) The wires in each conductor shall have the same nominal diameter.
c) The diameter of the wires in each conductor shall not exceed the appropriate maximum
value given in Table 5 for class 5 or Table 6 for class 6 conductors.
7.2 Resistance
The resistance of each conductor at 20 °C, when determined in accordance with Clause 8, shall
not exceed the appropriate maximum value given in Table 5 or Table 6.
8 Check of compliance with Clause 6 and Clause 7
Compliance with the requirements for construction of 6.1.1, 6.2.1, 6.3.1, 6.4.1 and 7.1 shall be
checked on the completed cable by inspection and measurement where practicable.
Compliance with the requirements for resistance given in 6.1.2, 6.2.2, 6.3.2, 6.4.2, and 7.2 shall
be checked by measurement in accordance with Annex A and corrected for temperature by the
factors in Table A.1.
– 12 – IEC 60228:2023 IEC 2023
Table 3 – Class 1 solid conductors for single-core and multi-core cables
1 2 3 4
Nominal cross- Maximum resistance of conductor at 20 ºC
sectional area
Aluminium and
Circular, annealed copper conductors
aluminium alloy
Plain Metal-coated
conductors, circular or
c
shaped
Ω/km Ω/km Ω/km
mm
0,5 36,0 36,7 -
0,75 24,5 24,8 -
1,0 18,1 18,2 -
1,5 12,1 12,2 -
2,5 7,41 7,56 -
4 4,61 4,70 -
6 3,08 3,11 -
a
10 1,83 1,84
3,08
a
16 1,15 1,16
1,91
b a
25 -
0,727 1,20
b a
35 -
0,524 0,868
b
50 - 0,641
0,387
b
70 - 0,443
0,268
b d
95 -
0,193 0,320
b d
120 -
0,153 0,253
b d
150 -
0,124 0,206
b d
185 -
0,101 0,164
b d
240 -
0,077 5 0,125
b d
300 -
0,062 0 0,100
b
400 - 0,077 8
0,046 5
500 - - 0,060 5
630 - - 0,046 9
800 - - 0,036 7
1 000 - - 0,029 1
1 200 - - 0,024 7
1 400 - - 0,021 2
1 600 - - 0,018 6
a 2 2
Aluminium conductors 10 mm to 35 mm circular only; see 6.1.1 c).
b
See note in 6.1.1 b).
c
See note in 6.1.2.
d
For single-core cables, four sectoral shaped conductors may be assembled into a single circular conductor.
The maximum resistance of the assembled conductor shall be 25 % of that of the individual component
conductors.
Table 4 – Class 2 stranded conductors for single-core and multi-core cables
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Minimum number of wires in the conductor Maximum resistance of conductor at 20 °C
Nominal
cross-
Circular Aluminium or
Circular Shaped Annealed copper conductor
sectional
compacted aluminium alloy
area
b
conductor
Cu Al Cu Al Cu Al Plain wires Metal-coated
wires
Ω/km Ω/km Ω/km
mm
0,5 7 - - - - - 36,0 36,7 -
0,75 7 - - - - - 24,5 24,8 -
1,0 7 - - - - - 18,1 18,2 -
1,5 7 - 6 - - - 12,1 12,2 -
2,5 7 - 6 - - - 7,41 7,56 -
4 7 - 6 - - - 4,61 4,70 -
6 7 - 6 - - - 3,08 3,11 -
10 7 7 6 6 - - 1,83 1,84 3,08
16 7 7 6 6 - - 1,15 1,16 1,91
25 7 7 6 6 6 6 0,727 0,734 1,20
35 7 7 6 6 6 6 0,524 0,529 0,868
50 19 19 6 6 6 6 0,387 0,391 0,641
70 19 19 12 12 12 12 0,268 0,270 0,443
95 19 19 15 15 15 15 0,193 0,195 0,320
120 37 37 18 15 18 15 0,153 0,154 0,253
150 37 37 18 15 18 15 0,124 0,126 0,206
185 37 37 30 30 30 30 0,099 1 0,100 0,164
240 37 37 34 30 34 30 0,075 4 0,076 2 0,125
300 61 61 34 30 34 30 0,060 1 0,060 7 0,100
400 61 61 53 53 53 53 0,047 0 0,047 5 0,077 8
500 61 61 53 53 53 53 0,036 6 0,036 9 0,060 5
630 91 91 53 53 53 53 0,028 3 0,028 6 0,046 9
800 91 91 53 53 - - 0,022 1 0,022 4 0,036 7
1 000 91 91 53 53 - - 0,017 6 0,017 7 0,029 1
1 200 91 91 53 53 - - 0,015 1 0,015 1 0,024 7
a
91 91 53 53 - - 0,012 9 0,012 9 0,021 2
1 400
1 600 91 91 53 53 - - 0,011 3 0,011 3 0,018 6
a
- 0,010 1 0,010 1 0,016 5
1 800
2 000 - 0,009 0 0,009 0 0,014 9
2 500 - 0,007 2 0,007 2 0,011 9
a
- 0,006 0 0,006 0 0,009 9
3 000
3 200 - 0,005 6 0,005 6 0,009 3
a
- 0,005 1 0,005 1 0,008 5
3 500
a
These sizes are non-preferred. Other non-preferred sizes are recognized for some specialized applications but
are not within the scope of this document.
b
For stranded aluminium alloy conductors having the same nominal cross-sectional area as an aluminium
conductor the resistance value should be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
– 14 – IEC 60228:2023 IEC 2023
Table 5 – Class 5 flexible copper conductors for single-core and multi-core cables
1 2 3 4
Nominal cross- Maximum diameter of Maximum resistance of conductor at 20 °C
sectional area wires in conductor
Plain wires Metal-coated wires
mm Ω/km Ω/km
mm
0,5 0,21 39,0 40,1
0,75 0,21 26,0 26,7
1,0 0,21 19,5 20,0
1,5 0,26 13,3 13,7
2,5 0,26 7,98 8,21
4 0,31 4,95 5,09
6 0,31 3,30 3,39
10 0,41 1,91 1,95
16 0,41 1,21 1,24
25 0,41 0,780 0,795
35 0,41 0,554 0,565
50 0,41 0,386 0,393
70 0,51 0,272 0,277
95 0,51 0,206 0,210
120 0,51 0,161 0,164
150 0,51 0,129 0,132
185 0,51 0,106 0,108
240 0,51 0,080 1 0,081 7
300 0,51 0,064 1 0,065 4
400 0,51 0,048 6 0,049 5
500 0,61 0,038 4 0,039 1
630 0,61 0,028 7 0,029 2
Table 6 – Class 6 flexible copper conductors for single-core and multi-core cables
1 2 3 4
Nominal cross- Maximum diameter of Maximum resistance of conductor at 20 °C
sectional area wires in conductor
Plain wires Metal-coated wires
mm Ω/km Ω/km
mm
0,5 0,16 39,0 40,1
0,75 0,16 26,0 26,7
1,0 0,16 19,5 20,0
1,5 0,16 13,3 13,7
2,5 0,16 7,98 8,21
4 0,16 4,95 5,09
6 0,21 3,30 3,39
10 0,21 1,91 1,95
16 0,21 1,21 1,24
25 0,21 0,780 0,795
35 0,21 0,554 0,565
50 0,31 0,386 0,393
70 0,31 0,272 0,277
95 0,31 0,206 0,210
120 0,31 0,161 0,164
150 0,31 0,129 0,132
185 0,41 0,106 0,108
240 0,41 0,080 1 0,081 7
300 0,41 0,064 1 0,065 4
– 16 – IEC 60228:2023 IEC 2023
Annex A
(normative)
Measurement of resistance
The cable shall be kept in the test area for a sufficient time to ensure that the conductor
temperature has reached a level which permits an accurate determination of resistance using
the correction factors provided.
Measure the DC resistance of the conductor(s), either on a complete length of cable or flexible
cord or on a sample of cable of flexible cord of at least 1 m in length, at room temperature and
record the temperature at which the measurement is made. Adjust the measured resistance by
means of the correction factors given in Table A.1.
Calculate the resistance per kilometre length of cable from the length of the complete cable and
not from the length of the individual core or wires.
If necessary, correction to 20 °C and 1 km length shall be made by applying the following
formula:
R = Rk××
20 t t
L
where
k is the temperature correction factor from Table A.1;
t
R is the conductor resistance at 20 °C, in Ω/km;
R is the measured conductor resistance, in Ω;
t
L is the length of the cable, in m.
The expanded measurement uncertainty (k = 2) for R shall be in accordance with
IECEE OD-5014.
Table A.1 – Temperature correction factors k for conductor resistance
t
to correct the measured resistance at t °C to 20 °C
1 2 1 2
Temperature of Temperature of
Correction factor k Correction factor k
t t
conductor at time of conductor at time of
measurement measurement
All conductors All conductors
t °C t °C
0 1,087 21 0,996
1 1,082 22 0,992
2 1,078 23 0,988
3 1,073 24 0,984
4 1,068 25 0,980
5 1,064 26 0,977
6 1,059 27 0,973
7 1,055 28 0,969
8 1,050 29 0,965
9 1,046 30 0,962
10 1,042 31 0,958
11 1,037 32 0,954
12 1,033 33 0,951
13 1,029 34 0,947
14 1,025 35 0,943
15 1,020 36 0,940
16 1,016 37 0,936
17 1,012 38 0,933
18 1,008 39 0,929
19 1,004 40 0,926
20 1,000
NOTE The values of correction factors k are based on a resistance-temperature coefficient of 0,004 per Kelvin
t
at 20 °C.
The values of temperature correction factors specified in column 2 are approximate but give practical values well
within the accuracy that can normally be achieved in measurements of conductor temperature and length of cable
or flexible cords.
For more accurate values for the temperature correction factors for copper and aluminium, reference should be
made to Annex B. However, these should not be treated as a requirement for testing in compliance with this
document in the assessment of resistances.
– 18 – IEC 60228:2023 IEC 2023
Annex B
(informative)
Exact formulae for the temperature correction factors
a) Annealed copper conductors: plain or metal-coated
254,5 1
k
t,Cu
234,t5++1 0,00393()t− 20
b) Aluminium conductors
248 1
k
t,Al
228++t 1 0,t00403()− 20
For aluminium alloys, reference should be made to the manufacturer.
In all the above cases, t refers to the temperature of the conductor at the time of measurement
in degrees Celsius.
==
==
Annex C
(informative)
Guidance on the dimensional limits of circular conductors
C.1 Purpose
This Annex C is intended as a guide for manufacturers of cables and cable connectors to assist
in ensuring that the conductors and connectors are dimensionally compatible. It gives guidance
on dimensional limits for the following types of conductor included in this document:
a) circular solid conductors, (class 1) of copper, aluminium or aluminium alloy;
b) circular and compacted circular stranded conductors, (class 2) of copper, aluminium or
aluminium alloy;
c) flexible conductors, (classes 5 and 6) of copper.
C.2 Dimensional limits for circular copper conductors
The diameters of circular copper conductors should not exceed the values given in Table C.1.
If minimum diameters for class 1 circular copper conductors are required, reference can be
made to the minimum diameters for solid circular aluminium or aluminium alloy conductors
indicated in Table C.3.
C.3 Dimensional limits for stranded compacted circular copper, aluminium
and aluminium alloy conductors
The diameters of stranded compacted circular copper, aluminium and aluminium alloy
conductors should not exceed the maximum values and should be not less than the minimum
values given in Table C.2.
In the exceptional case of uncompacted circular stranded aluminium or aluminium alloy
conductors, the maximum diameters should not exceed the corresponding values for copper
conductors given in column 3 of Table C.1.
C.4 Dimensional limits for circular solid aluminium conductors
The diameters of circular solid aluminium and aluminium alloy conductors should not exceed
the maximum values and should be not less than the minimum values given in Table C.3.
– 20 – IEC 60228:2023 IEC 2023
Table C.1 – Maximum diameters of solid, non-compacted
stranded and flexible circular copper conductors
1 2 3 4
Nominal Conductors in cables for fixed installations
cross-sectional area
Solid Stranded Flexible conductors
(Class 1) (Class 2) (Classes 5 and 6)
mm mm mm
mm
0,5 0,9 1,1 1,1
0,75 1,0 1,2 1,3
1,0 1,2 1,4 1,5
1,5 1,5 1,7 1,8
2,5 1,9 2,2 2,4
4 2,4 2,7 3,0
6 2,9 3,3 3,9
10 3,7 4,2 5,1
16 4,6 5,3 6,3
a
5,7 6,6 7,8
a
6,7 7,9 9,2
a
7,8 9,1 11,0
a
9,4 11,0 13,1
a
11,0 12,9 15,1
a
12,4 14,5 17,0
a
13,8 16,2 19,0
185 15,4 18,0 21,0
240 17,6 20,6 24,0
300 19,8 23,1 27,0
400 22,2 26,1 31,0
500 - 29,2 35,0
630 - 33,2 39,0
800 - 37,6 -
1 000 - 42,2 -
NOTE The values given for flexible conductors are intended to allow for both class 5 and class 6 conductors.
a
See 6.1.1 b).
Table C.2 – Minimum and maximum diameters of stranded compacted
circular copper, aluminium and aluminium alloy conductors
1 2 3
Nominal cross-sectional Stranded compacted circular conductors (Class 2)
area
Minimum diameter Maximum diameter
mm mm
mm
10 3,6 4,0
16 4,6 5,2
25 5,6 6,5
35 6,6 7,5
50 7,7 8,6
70 9,3 10,2
95 11,0 12,0
120 12,3 13,5
150 13,7 15,0
185 15,3 16,8
240 17,6 19,2
300 19,7 21,6
400 22,3 24,6
500 25,3 27,6
630 28,7 32,5
NOTE 1 The dimensional limits of aluminium conductors with cross-sectional areas
above 630 mm are not given as the compaction technology is not generally
established.
NOTE 2 No values are given for compacted copper conductors in the size range
2 2
1,5 mm to 6 mm .
– 22 – IEC 60228:2023 IEC 2023
Table C.3 – Minimum and maximum diameters of solid circular aluminium conductors
1 2 3
Nominal cross- Solid conductors (Class 1)
sectional area
Minimum diameter Maximum diameter
mm mm
mm
10 3,4 3,7
16 4,1 4,6
25 5,2 5,7
35 6,1 6,7
50 7,2 7,8
70 8,7 9,4
95 10,3 11,0
120 11,6 12,4
150 12,9 13,8
185 14,5 15,4
240 16,7 17,6
300 18,8 19,8
400 21,2 22,2
500 24,0 25,1
630 27,3 28,4
800 30,9 32,1
1000 34,8 36,0
1200 37,8 39,0
Bibliography
IEC Guide 108, Guidelines for ensuring the coherence of IEC publications – Horizontal
functions, horizontal publications and their application
___________
– 24 – IEC 60228:2023 IEC 2023
SOMMAIRE
AVANT-PROPOS . 26
INTRODUCTION . 28
1 Domaine d’application . 29
2 Références normatives . 29
3 Termes et définitions . 29
4 Classification . 30
5 Matériaux . 30
5.1 Généralités . 30
5.2 Âmes massives circulaires et sectorales en aluminium . 30
5.3 Âmes câblées circulaires et sectorales en aluminium . 31
6 Âmes massives et câblées. 31
6.1 Âmes massives (classe 1) . 31
6.1.1 Construction . 31
6.1.2 Résistance . 31
6.2 Âmes câblées de section circulaire, non rétreintes (classe 2) . 31
6.2.1 Construction . 31
6.2.2 Résistance . 32
6.3 Âmes câblées rétreintes de section circulaire et âmes sectorales câblées
(classe 2) . 32
6.3.1 Construction . 32
6.3.2 Résistance . 32
6.4 Âmes segmentées (classe 2) . 32
6.4.1 Construction . 32
6.4.2 Résistance . 32
7 Âmes souples (classes 5 et 6) . 32
7.1 Construction . 32
7.2 Résistance . 33
8 Vérification de la conformité aux Articles 6 et 7 . 33
Annexe A (normative) Mesurage de la résistance . 38
Annexe B (informative) Formules exactes pour les facteurs de correction de
température . 40
Annexe C (informative) Recommandations concernant les limites dimensionnelles des
âmes circulaires .
...
Frequently Asked Questions
IEC 60228:2023 is a standard published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Its full title is "Conductors of insulated cables". This standard covers: IEC 60228:2023 specifies the nominal cross-sectional areas, in the range 0,5 mm2 to 3 500 mm2, for conductors in electric power cables and cords of a wide range of types. Requirements for numbers and sizes of wires and resistance values are also included. These conductors include solid, stranded and Milliken, copper, aluminium and aluminium alloy conductors in cables for fixed installations and flexible copper conductors. This document does not apply to conductors for telecommunication purposes. The applicability of this document to a particular type of cable is as specified in the standard for the type of cable. Unless specified otherwise in a particular clause, IEC 60028 ED4 relates to the conductors in the finished cable and not to the conductor as made or supplied for inclusion into a cable. Conductors described in this document are specified in metric sizes. Informative annexes provide supplementary information covering temperature correction factors for resistance measurement (Annex B) and guidance on dimensional limits of circular conductors (Annex C). This document has the status of a horizontal publication in accordance with IEC Guide 108.
IEC 60228:2023 specifies the nominal cross-sectional areas, in the range 0,5 mm2 to 3 500 mm2, for conductors in electric power cables and cords of a wide range of types. Requirements for numbers and sizes of wires and resistance values are also included. These conductors include solid, stranded and Milliken, copper, aluminium and aluminium alloy conductors in cables for fixed installations and flexible copper conductors. This document does not apply to conductors for telecommunication purposes. The applicability of this document to a particular type of cable is as specified in the standard for the type of cable. Unless specified otherwise in a particular clause, IEC 60028 ED4 relates to the conductors in the finished cable and not to the conductor as made or supplied for inclusion into a cable. Conductors described in this document are specified in metric sizes. Informative annexes provide supplementary information covering temperature correction factors for resistance measurement (Annex B) and guidance on dimensional limits of circular conductors (Annex C). This document has the status of a horizontal publication in accordance with IEC Guide 108.
IEC 60228:2023 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 29.060.20 - Cables. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
IEC 60228:2023 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to IEC 60228:2004. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
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IEC 60228:2023 표준은 전기 전력 케이블 및 코드용 절연 케이블의 도체에 대한 명세를 제공하는 중요한 문서입니다. 이 표준의 범위는 0.5 mm²에서 3,500 mm²까지의 공칭 단면적을 포함하며, 고정 설치 및 유연한 구리 도체를 포함한 다양한 도체 유형에 대한 요구사항을 다룹니다. IEC 60228:2023의 강점은 다양한 종류의 도체, 즉 단단한 도체, 선꼬기 도체, 밀리켄 도체, 구리, 알루미늄 및 알루미늄 합금 도체에 대한 상세한 규정을 포함하고 있다는 점입니다. 이 표준은 도체의 수와 크기 및 저항 값에 대한 요구사항을 명확히 하여, 전력 케이블의 안전성과 성능을 보장하는 데 기여합니다. 특히, 이 문서는 통신 목적의 도체에는 적용되지 않으며, 특정 케이블 유형에 대한 적용 가능성도 명확히 규정되어 있어 사용자에게 큰 편의를 제공합니다. 또한 IEC 60228:2023은 미터 단위로 도체를 규정하고 있어 국제적으로 일관된 기준을 제공함으로써 다양한 국가 및 지역에서의 사용을 용이하게 합니다. 또한 부록에서는 저항 측정에 대한 온도 보정 인자(부록 B)와 원형 도체의 치수 한계에 대한 지침(부록 C)을 제공하여 사용자에게 유용한 참고 자료를 제공합니다. 이 문서는 IEC Guide 108에 따라 수평 출판물의 지위를 갖추고 있어, 글로벌 표준화에 기여하는 바가 큽니다. 전체적으로 IEC 60228:2023 표준은 전기 전력 케이블의 도체에 관한 포괄적이며 신뢰할 수 있는 기준을 제공하여, 전력 산업의 안전성과 효율성을 높이는 데 중요한 역할을 합니다.
IEC 60228:2023は、様々なタイプの電力ケーブルおよびコードにおける導体の公称断面積を、0.5 mm²から3,500 mm²の範囲で規定する重要な標準です。この標準は、固定設置用の固体、ストランド、およびミリケンの銅、アルミニウム、アルミニウム合金導体や、柔軟な銅導体の要件を網羅しています。 この標準の強みは、その明確な適用範囲にあります。特に、電力ケーブルにおける導体の数やサイズ、抵抗値に関する要件が具体的に定められているため、設計者やエンジニアは計算や選定の基準を明確に理解することができます。また、本標準に記載された導体は、メートル法のサイズで定義されており、国際的な標準化の要件に適合しています。 さらに、附属書ビ（Annex B）には抵抗測定のための温度補正係数、附属書シー（Annex C）には円形導体の寸法限界に関するガイダンスが提供されており、実務での利用に際しての補足情報が充実しています。このように、IEC 60228:2023は、導体の選定と取り扱いにおける明確な基準を示すことによって、業界の専門家にとって非常に価値のある文書となっています。 さらには、IECガイド108に基づく横断的な出版物としての地位を持ち、この標準が他の関連する標準との整合性を保つために役立つことも評価されます。このような標準化ドキュメントは、技術的な信頼性を向上させるだけでなく、電力ケーブル関連の製品の安全性や性能も確保する上で極めて重要です。
The IEC 60228:2023 standard provides comprehensive specifications for conductors of insulated cables, addressing a nominal cross-sectional area range from 0.5 mm² to 3,500 mm². This extensive scope is particularly significant as it covers a variety of conductor types utilized in electric power cables and cords, including solid, stranded, and Milliken conductors made from copper, aluminium, and aluminium alloys. One of the key strengths of this standard is its detailed requirements regarding the number and sizes of wires as well as the resistance values associated with different conductor types. This specificity ensures that manufacturers and engineers adhere to consistent quality and performance benchmarks when producing or assessing conductors for fixed installations or flexible applications. Additionally, the standard's clear distinctions regarding applicability to specific cable types enhance usability and clarity for stakeholders. The inclusion of detailed metric size specifications for conductors makes the IEC 60228:2023 relevant for global adoption, as it aligns with international practices and facilitates standardization across regions. Informative annexes, such as those providing temperature correction factors for resistance measurement (Annex B) and dimensional limits of circular conductors (Annex C), further enrich the document by offering supplementary insights that can guide users in practical applications. Importantly, the standard establishes that it does not apply to conductors used for telecommunication purposes, thus allowing it to concentrate on the unique requirements of electric power applications. This clear delineation of scope reinforces the standard’s relevance to industry practitioners focused on power cable systems. In summary, IEC 60228:2023 is a vital standard that ensures uniformity, reliability, and performance in the production and application of conductors for insulated cables, making it an indispensable resource for industry professionals in the electric power domain.
IEC 60228:2023は、電力ケーブル及びコードの導体に関する規格であり、その範囲は非常に広範です。この規格は、導体の標準的な断面積を0.5 mm²から3,500 mm²まで規定しており、さまざまなタイプの電気ケーブルに適用されます。特に、銅、アルミニウム及びアルミニウム合金の導体が、固定設置用および柔軟な銅導体として含まれることに注目すべきです。 この標準の強みは、多様な導体の形状をカバーし、単線および撚線、ミリケン導体などを含む点にあります。また、巻線の本数やサイズ、抵抗値に関する要求事項が明記されており、実践的な指針を提供しています。特に、導体に関する要件は、特定のケーブルタイプにおける適用性が明確であり、IEC 60028 ED4に関連する条項も考慮されています。 加えて、本標準には情報的付録があり、抵抗測定の温度補正係数に関する情報（付録B）や円形導体の寸法限界に関するガイダンス（付録C）が提供されています。このような補足的な情報は、実務での利用価値をさらに高めています。 IEC 60228:2023は、IECガイド108に従った横断的な出版物であり、国際的な基準を満たしています。この標準は、電力ケーブルの導体の設計や選定に不可欠であり、ケーブル産業においてその重要性は非常に高いものとなっています。
The IEC 60228:2023 standard serves a crucial role in the specifications concerning the conductors of insulated cables, covering various conductor types including solid, stranded, and Milliken configurations. The scope of this standard is comprehensive, as it outlines nominal cross-sectional areas ranging from 0.5 mm² to 3,500 mm² for conductors in electric power cables and cords that span a diverse array of applications. One of the significant strengths of IEC 60228:2023 is its detailed approach to requirements for the number and sizes of wires, as well as resistance values. This specificity is especially valuable in ensuring that conductors meet the stringent demands of various installations. By addressing both copper and aluminium conductors, including aluminium alloys, the standard maintains relevance across different material choices commonly used in the industry. Additionally, the standard provides clear guidance on the applicability of its provisions to various cable types, ensuring that users can easily identify whether the standard applies to their specific cable configurations. The orientation of this document toward metric sizes further aligns it with international practices, enhancing its utility in global markets. The inclusion of informative annexes is another notable strength. Annex B, which covers temperature correction factors for resistance measurement, is particularly beneficial for professionals seeking accuracy in their assessments of conductor performance under varying environmental conditions. Annex C provides valuable guidance on the dimensional limits of circular conductors, further enriching the standard’s applicability and usability. Moreover, the status of IEC 60228:2023 as a horizontal publication in accordance with IEC Guide 108 reinforces its importance and credibility in the field. This aspect ensures that users can trust the standard's content as a reliable reference point within the wider context of IEC publications. Overall, IEC 60228:2023 stands out as an essential standard that addresses the fundamental aspects of conductors in insulated cables, ensuring both safety and efficiency in electrical engineering applications while remaining highly relevant to current industry needs.
La norme IEC 60228:2023 propose une standardisation détaillée des conducteurs de câbles isolés, établissant des zones de section transversale nominales allant de 0,5 mm² à 3 500 mm². Elle s'applique à une vaste gamme de conducteurs, y compris des conducteurs solides, toronnés et Milliken, fabriqués en cuivre, en aluminium et en alliages d'aluminium, adaptés aux câbles d'alimentation électrique et aux cordons. Une des forces majeures de cette norme réside dans sa capacité à couvrir à la fois les installations fixes et les conducteurs flexibles en cuivre, offrant ainsi une flexibilité et une diversité d'applications. Par ailleurs, l'inclusion de spécifications sur le nombre et la taille des fils ainsi que les valeurs de résistance, garantit que les utilisateurs disposent d'une base solide pour assurer la qualité et la sécurité des installations électriques. De plus, la norme précise que les conducteurs sont spécifiés en tailles métriques, ce qui renforce l'uniformité dans le secteur. L'annexe informative B sur les facteurs de correction de température pour les mesures de résistance et l'annexe C, qui fournit des recommandations sur les limites dimensionnelles des conducteurs circulaires, viennent enrichir ce document, offrant ainsi aux utilisateurs des outils supplémentaires pour une application correcte et sécurisée de la norme. En termes de pertinence, la norme IEC 60228:2023 joue un rôle crucial dans l'harmonisation des pratiques dans le domaine des conducteurs électriques, en se positionnant comme une publication horizontale au sens du Guide IEC 108, ce qui assure une adoption et une mise en œuvre homogènes à l'échelle internationale.
IEC 60228:2023 표준은 전력 케이블 및 전선의 절연 도체에 대한 종합적인 지침을 제공합니다. 이 표준은 0.5 mm²에서 3,500 mm²까지의 nominal 단면적 범위를 설정하며, 다양한 유형의 케이블에 대한 도체의 요구사항을 명확히 규정하고 있습니다. 여기에는 고정 설치를 위한 구리, 알루미늄 및 알루미늄 합금 도체뿐만 아니라 유연한 구리 도체가 포함됩니다. IEC 60228:2023의 강점은 도체의 전기적 특성과 구조에 대한 철저한 규정을 제공함으로써, 안전하고 효율적인 전력 전달을 보장한다는 점입니다. 또한 이 표준은 도체의 수 및 크기, 저항 값에 대한 요구사항을 명확히 하여 제조업체가 일관된 품질의 제품을 공급할 수 있도록 합니다. 또한, 이 문서는 메트릭 단위를 기준으로 도체를 규정하고 있어 국제적으로 보편적인 적용성을 확보하고 있습니다. 부록 B에서는 저항 측정에 대한 온도 보정 인자를 제공하고, 부록 C에서는 원형 도체의 치수 제한에 대한 가이드를 제시함으로써 사용자에게 유용한 추가 정보를 제공합니다. IEC 60228:2023 표준은 특정 유형의 케이블에 대한 적용 가능성을 명시하고 있으며, 따라서 제조업체나 엔지니어들이 특정 케이블의 요구를 충족하기 위해 이 문서를 참조할 수 있습니다. 이와 같은 포괄적인 지침은 시장에서의 투명성을 높이고, 최신 기술적 요구사항을 반영함으로써 전기 산업의 발전에 기여하고 있습니다. 이 표준이 수립된 IEC Guide 108에 의거하여 수평적 출판물로서의 지위를 부여받고 있다는 점 또한 중요합니다.
Die Norm IEC 60228:2023 bietet eine umfassende Spezifikation der Nennquerschnittsflächen von Leitern in elektrischen Energiezuleitungen und -kabeln, deren Bandbreite von 0,5 mm² bis 3.500 mm² reicht. Diese Norm ist für Hersteller und Ingenieure von zentraler Bedeutung, da sie eine Vielzahl von Leiterarten detailliert beschreibt, darunter feste, geflochtene und Milliken-Leiter aus Kupfer, Aluminium und Aluminiumlegierungen sowie flexible Kupferleiter. Ein ausgezeichneter Aspekt der Norm ist die Klarheit der Anforderungen an die Anzahl und Größe der Drähte sowie die Widerstandswerte. Diese Informationen sind entscheidend für die Qualitätssicherung und die langfristige Zuverlässigkeit von Kabeln in festen Installationen. Die Norm schließt spezifische Richtlinien aus, die sich auf die Anwendung in Telekommunikationskabeln beziehen, wodurch der Anwendungsbereich klar abgegrenzt wird und Verwirrung vermieden wird. Die Tatsache, dass die in dieser Norm beschriebenen Leiter in metrischen Größen angegeben sind, erhöht die internationale Anwendbarkeit und erleichtert die Umsetzung in verschiedenen Ländern. Des Weiteren bieten die informativen Anhänge B und C wichtigen Zusatzinformationen, wie die Temperaturkorrekturfaktoren für die Widerstandsmessung sowie Anleitungen zu den Abmessungsgrenzen der runden Leiter. Diese ergänzenden Informationen sind besonders wertvoll für Ingenieure, die präzise Messungen und Berechnungen durchführen müssen. Die Norm hat den Status einer horizontalen Publikation gemäß IEC Guide 108, was ihre Relevanz im internationalen Normensystem unterstreicht. Durch solche Standards wird die Qualität und Sicherheit in der Elektroindustrie gefördert, und sie schaffen Vertrauen in die Produkte, die auf diesen Normen basieren. Die IEC 60228:2023 ist somit ein unverzichtbares Dokument für alle, die im Bereich der elektrischen Energieübertragung tätig sind und nach klaren, international akzeptierten Richtlinien für Leiter in isolierten Kabeln suchen.
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