IEC TR 62854:2014
(Main)Sharp edge testing apparatus and test procedure for lighting equipment - Tests for sharpness of edge
Sharp edge testing apparatus and test procedure for lighting equipment - Tests for sharpness of edge
IEC TR 62854:2014 details a test procedure and test equipment that may be used to assist the assessment of the risk of hazardous sharp edges that may be exposed to the user or installer of lighting equipment.
Appareil et mode opératoire pour la vérification des bords vifs des appareils d'éclairage - Essais de tranchant des bords
L'IEC TR 62854:2014 indique les détails d'un mode opératoire d'essai et d'un appareillage d'essai pouvant être utilisés pour faciliter l'évaluation du risque constitué par des bords vifs dangereux en présence desquels peut se trouver l'utilisateur ou l'installateur d'un appareil d'éclairage.
Vodilo za električne inštalacije – 413. del: Zaščita pri posrednem dotiku – Samodejni odklop napajanja
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2000
9RGLOR]DHOHNWULþQHLQãWDODFLMH±GHO =DãþLWDSULSRVUHGQHPGRWLNX±
6DPRGHMQLRGNORSQDSDMDQMD
Electrical installation guide - Clause 413: Explanatory notes to measures of protection
against indirect contact by automatic disconnection of supply
Guide pour les installations électriques - Article 413: Notes explicatives sur les mesures
de protection contre les contacts indirects par coupure automatique de l'alimentation
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: IEC/TR 61200-413
ICS:
13.260 9DUVWYRSUHGHOHNWULþQLP Protection against electric
XGDURP'HORSRGQDSHWRVWMR shock. Live working
91.140.50 Sistemi za oskrbo z elektriko Electricity supply systems
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
CEI
RAPPORT
IEC
TECHNIQUE - TYPE 3
1200-413
TECHNICAL
Première édition
REPORT - TYPE 3
First edition
1996-03
installations électriques —
Guide pour les
Partie 413:
Protection contre les contacts indirects —
Coupure automatique de l'alimentation
Electrical installation guide —
Part 413:
Protection against indirect contact —
Automatic disconnection of supply
réservés — Copyright — all rights reserved
© CEI 1996 Droits de reproduction
No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in
Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut étre reproduite ni
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun pro-
including photocopying and microfilm, without permission
cédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et
les microfilms, sans j accord écrit de l'éditeur. in writing from the publisher.
Suisse
Bureau Central de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale 3, rue de Varembé Genève,
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale "
CODE PRIX
International Electrotechnical Commission
PRICE CODEPRICE CODE
IEC MewityHapoAHan 3nersrpoTeXHH4ecIaa iioMHCCHH
voir catalogue en vigueur • Pour prix,
•
For price, see current catalogue
1200-413 © IEC:1996 - 3 -
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD 5
Clause
O Introduction 9
0.1 Principle of the protective measure 9
0.2 Effects of electric current on the human body 9
0.3 Electrical impedance of the human body 15
0.4 Situations 15
0.5 Main equipotential bonding 17
1 Scope 21
2 Reference documents 21
3 Application of types of system earthing 23
413.1.3 TN-system 23
413.1.3.1 Fault loop 23
413.1.3.3 Prospective touch voltage 23
413.1.3.3 Analysis of conditions for protection 25
413.1.3.5 Distribution circuits 27
413.1.3 Practical application of conditions for protection 33
413.1.3.5 Cases where a disconnection time up to 5 s is permitted 41
413.1.3.6, 413.1.3.8 and 413.1.3.9 Protection by residual current protective devices 47
413.1.3.7 Limitation of fault voltage based on voltage balance 45
413.1.4 TT-system 51
413.1.4.1 Fault loop 51
413.1.4.2 Analysis of conditions of protection 51
413.1.4.4 Protective devices 53
413.1.5 IT-system 55
413.1.5.1, 413.1.5.3 No disconnection for the first fault 55
413.1.5.3, 473.3.2.2 Types of IT systems 55
413.1.6 Supplementary equipotential bonding 61
Annexes
A Protection following a second fault (413.1.5.5, 413.1.5.6) 63
B Definition of touch voltage, prospective touch voltage and fault current 75
C Conditions of protection in particular situations 85
D The influence of fault currents on the resistance of conductors 91
1200-413 ©IEC:1996 – 5 -
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION GUIDE -
Part 413: Protection against indirect contact -
Automatic disconnection of supply
FOREWORD
1) The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization
comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to
promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic
fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt
with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations
liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the
two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters, express as nearly as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested National Committees.
3) The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the
form of standards, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that
sense.
4) In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International
Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any
divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly
indicated in the latter.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.
6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the
subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepare International Standards. In exceptional
circumstances, a technical committee may propose the publication of a technical report of one
of the following types:
type 1, when the required support cannot be obtained for the publication of an
•
International Standard, despite repeated efforts;
• type 2, when the subject is still under technical development or where for any other
reason there is the future but not immediate possibility of an agreement on an International
Standard;
• type 3, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which
is normally published as an International Standard, for example "state of the art".
Technical reports of types 1 and 2 are subject to review within three years of publication to
decide whether they can be transformed into International Standards. Technical reports of
type 3 do not necessarily have to be reviewed until the data they provide are considered to be
no longer valid or useful.
IEC 1200-413 which is a technical report of type 3, has been prepared by IEC technical
committee 64: Electrical installations of buildings.
1200-413 © IEC:1996 – 7 –
This technical report does not form part of IEC 364. It is a supplement to clause 413.1 of
IEC 364-4-41. This report is intended to provide an explanation of the revision of clause 413.1
in the third edition of IEC 364-4-41 (1992) and of clause 481.3 of the first edition of IEC 364-4-
481 (1993).
The text of this technical report is based on the following documents:
Committee draft Report on voting
64(SEC)726 64/799/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this technical report can be found in the report
on voting indicated in the above table.
- 9 -
1200-413 © IEC:1996
0. Introduction
0.1
Principle of the protective measure
The measure of protection by automatic disconnection of supply which is the subject of clause
413.1 of IEC 364-4-41 is intended to prevent a person being subjected to a dangerous touch
voltage for a time sufficient to cause organic damage, in the event of an insulation fault.
In order to meet this requirement, in the event of such a fault the circuit protective device must
interrupt the resulting fault current sufficiently quickly to prevent the touch voltage persisting
long enough to be dangerous.
It follows that this protective measure relies on the combination of two conditions:
the provision of a conducting path, designated "the fault loop", to provide for circulation
a)
of the fault current. The composition of the fault loop depends on the type of system
earthing (TN, TT or IT);
b) the interruption of the fault current within a maximum time by an appropriate protective
device. This maximum time is dependent on parameters such as the magnitude of the
highest touch voltage*, the probability of a fault, and the probability of a person touching
equipment during a fault. Acceptable limits of touch voltage and duration are based on a
knowledge of the effects of electric current on the human body.
Condition a) requires the installation of protective conductors connecting all exposed-
conductive-parts of the electrical equipment supplied by the installation to an earthing system,
thus forming the fault loop as shown for the different types of system earthing in the diagrams
TN, figure 14 - TT and figures 15-17 - IT). The protective conductors must be
(figure 3 - ,
installed in a sound and reliable manner according to the requirements of Chapter 54 which
specifies the cross-sectional areas of such conductors and the conditions to be fulfilled to
ensure the reliability of the connections.
Condition b) requires the installation of protective devices the characteristics of which are
defined according to the type of system earthing - TN, TT or IT.
0.2 Effects of electric current on the human body
The effects of electric current on the human body have been the subject of numerous studies
and experiments, the results of which have been assembled and surveyed in IEC Report 479.
A first edition of that Report was published in 1974 and a second edition, taking account of new
knowledge in this domain, was published in two parts, the first in 1984, the second in 1987.
The first part was published as a third edition in 1994.
In fact, the Report defines two components:
- the effect on the human body of electrical currents of various magnitudes and durations
flowing through the body;
and
the electrical impedance of the human body as a function of touch voltage.
-
These two components permit the establishment of a relationship between the prospective
touch voltage and its duration, which does not usually result in harmful physiological effects on
any person subjected to that touch voltage.
* See annex B for definitions
1200-413 ©
IEC:1996 - 11 -
For alternating current (15 Hz to 100 Hz) the derivation of such a relationship started with the
data provided by figure 14 of IEC Report 479-1, third edition, reproduced here in figure 1. The
relevant portion of that figure was zone AC-3 (between lines b and c 1 ) within which no organic
damage was to be expected. The probability of irreversible disturbances to cardiac impulses,
without ventricular fibrillation, increases with current and duration, but these effects were not
considered to persist generally following the cessation of current.
Above curve c 1 (in zone AC-4) there was the risk of dangerous physiological effects such as
cardiac arrest, breathing arrest and heavy burns, the probability of which increased with
magnitude of current and time up to about 5 % at line c2.
The problem was to define a suitable current-duration relationship within zone AC-3 which
would serve as a basis for a proposal for a voltage-duration curve from which practical limits of
touch voltage and duration could be derived.
Neither of the boundaries to zone AC-3 provided an acceptable solution to the problem.
Bearing in mind the qualifications with regard to accuracy attached to such data, it was clear
that the desired current-duration relationship must incorporate a suitable margin of safety
between itself and the upper boundary. On the other hand, the adoption of the lower boundary
was considered to be over-cautious.
A similar problem arose when the data given in edition 1 of Report 479 was used to derive a
current-duration relationship. At that time a curve was approved by TC 64 which had a certain
margin of safety below the boundary of zone AC-4.
With these points in mind the curve marked "Lc" in figure 1 was adopted because it was
consistent with the former decision on the size of the margin below the boundary with zone
AC-4, and at the same time recognised the revised conclusions in the second edition of IEC
479 on the degree of danger arising from currents of various durations through the human
body.
It was considered that curve "Lc" (a function of disconnection time and current) was a
reasonable basis for the establishment of disconnection times as a function of prospective
touch voltage (see curve L of figure 2), to be used with the method of protection by automatic
disconnection of supply.
1200-413 © IEC:1996 -
13 -
10 000
5 000
ms
2 000
^
1 000
6i
U
ô
C
o
a
mA
0,1 0,2 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1 000 2 000 5 000 10 000 0,5
Body current IB
1EC 269/96
Figure 1 - Time/current zones of effects of alternating current (15 Hz to 100 Hz) on persons
(derived from figure 14, IEC 479-1, third edition)
Zone Zone limits Physiological effects
designation
AC-1 Usually no reaction effects
Below line a
AC-2 Between line a and curve b Usually no harmful physiological effects
AC-3 Between curves b and c 1 Usually no organic damage to be expected. Likelihood of
muscular contractions and difficulty in breathing, reversible
disturbances of formation and conduction of impulses in the heart,
including atrial fibrillation and transient cardiac arrest without
ventricular fibrillation increasing with current magnitude and time.
AC-4 Above curve c 1 In addition to the effects of Zone AC-3, probability of ventricular
fibrillation increasing from about 5 % at curve c 2 up to about 50 %
at curve c 3 and above 50 % beyond curve c 3. Increasing with
current magnitude and time, pathophysiological effects such as
cardiac arrest, breathing arrest and heavy burns may occur.
- 15 -
1200-413 ©IEC:1996
0.3 Electrical impedance of the human body
With regard to the electrical impedance of the human body to be
...
IEC TR 62854 ®
Edition 1.0 2014-02
TECHNICAL
REPORT
RAPPORT
TECHNIQUE
Sharp edge testing apparatus and test procedure for lighting equipment – Tests
for sharpness of edge
Appareil et mode opératoire pour la vérification des bords vifs des appareils
d'éclairage – Essais de tranchant des bords
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IEC TR 62854 ®
Edition 1.0 2014-02
TECHNICAL
REPORT
RAPPORT
TECHNIQUE
Sharp edge testing apparatus and test procedure for lighting equipment – Tests
for sharpness of edge
Appareil et mode opératoire pour la vérification des bords vifs des appareils
d'éclairage – Essais de tranchant des bords
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
CODE PRIX L
ICS 29.140.40 ISBN 978-2-8322-1418-3
– 2 – TR 62854 © IEC:2014
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 3
1 Scope . 5
2 Test equipment . 5
3 Calibration . 5
4 The preparation of the test head . 6
5 The test procedure . 6
6 Criteria . 6
Figure 1 – Sharp edge tester . 8
Figure 2 – Sharp edge tester with tape cap (alternate construction) . 9
Figure 3 – Typical calibration procedure . 9
Figure 4 – Test Head Preparation . 10
Figure 5 – Test Procedure . 10
Figure 6 – Edges Tested . 10
Table 1 – Average values of tape dimensions and properties . 7
TR 62854 © IEC:2014 – 3 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
SHARP EDGE TESTING APPARATUS AND
TEST PROCEDURE FOR LIGHTING EQUIPMENT –
TESTS FOR SHARPNESS OF EDGE
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
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9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepare International Standards. However, a
technical committee may propose the publication of a technical report when it has collected
data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard, for
example "state of the art".
IEC/TR 62854, which is a technical report, has been prepared by subcommittee 34D:
Luminaires, of IEC technical committee 34: Lamps and related equipment.
The text of this technical report is based on the following documents:
Enquiry draft Report on voting
34D/1088/DTR 34D/1101A/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this technical report can be found in the
report on voting indicated in the above table.
– 4 – TR 62854 © IEC:2014
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
TR 62854 © IEC:2014 – 5 –
SHARP EDGE TESTING APPARATUS AND
TEST PROCEDURE FOR LIGHTING EQUIPMENT –
TESTS FOR SHARPNESS OF EDGE
1 Scope
This technical report details a test procedure and test equipment that may be used to assist
the assessment of the risk of hazardous sharp edges that may be exposed to the user or
installer of lighting equipment.
2 Test equipment
Sharp-edge tester – The instrument consists essentially of a handle with a pivoted arm
attached. A constant-tension spring secured to the handle is used to apply a steady force to
the arm. The arm head is a piece of cylindrical steel, with an outside diameter of 12,7 mm and
a length of 19 mm, located at the end of the adjustable arm. The arm head is to be wrapped
with three layers of tape, the two outer layers act as sensing tapes; the inner layer acts as an
indicating tape. Alternatively, the tapes are to be applied to a maximum 15,9 mm diameter
removable sleeve (cap) that is placed onto the 12,7 mm steel head. See Figure 1 or 2.
Indicating tape (inner layer) – 19,1 mm wide, adhesive backed, single-adhesive coated, vinyl
foam tape, black in colour, having the tape properties given in Table 1.
Sensing tape no. 2 (middle layer) – 19,1 mm wide, double-adhesive coated, vinyl foam tape,
white in colour, having the tape properties given in Table 1.
Sensing tape no. 1 (outer layer) – 19,1 mm wide, single-adhesive coated skived tetra-
fluorethylene tape – natural colour, having the tape properties given in Table 1. The skiv
...
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