IEC 60700-2:2016
(Main)Thyristor valves for high voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission - Part 2: Terminology
Thyristor valves for high voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission - Part 2: Terminology
IEC 60700-2:2016 defines terms for thyristor valves for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission with line commutated converters most commonly based on three-phase bridge connections for the conversion from AC to DC and vice versa.
The contents of the corrigendum of June 2017 have been included in this copy.
Valves à thyristors pour le transport d'énergie en courant continu à haute tension (CCHT) - Partie 2: Terminologie
L'IEC 60700-2:2016 définit les termes applicables aux valves à thyristors pour le transport d'énergie en courant continu à haute tension (CCHT) au moyen de convertisseurs commutés par le réseau généralement basés sur des montages en pont triphasés pour la conversion du courant alternatif en courant continu et inversement.
Le contenu du corrigendum de juin 2017 a été pris en considération dans cet exemplaire.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
IEC 60700-2 ®
Edition 1.0 2016-06
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Thyristor valves for high voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission –
Part 2: Terminology
Valves à thyristors pour le transport d’énergie en courant continu à haute
tension (CCHT) –
Partie 2: Terminologie
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IEC 60700-2 ®
Edition 1.0 2016-06
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Thyristor valves for high voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission –
Part 2: Terminology
Valves à thyristors pour le transport d’énergie en courant continu à haute
tension (CCHT) –
Partie 2: Terminologie
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 29.200 ISBN 978-2-8322-3474-7
– 2 – IEC 60700-2:2016 © IEC 2016
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 3
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references. 5
3 Symbols and abbreviations . 5
3.1 General . 5
3.2 List of letter symbols . 5
3.3 List of abbreviations . 5
4 General terms related to converter circuits . 6
5 Converter performance . 6
6 Thyristor valve design . 6
7 Thyristor valve performance . 11
8 Thyristor valve voltages, currents and other parameters . 12
9 Thyristor valve control . 15
10 Thyristor valve protection . 16
Bibliography . 22
Figure 1 – Example of a converter unit . 17
Figure 2 – Commutation process at rectifier and inverter modes of operation . 18
Figure 3 – Illustrations of commutation in inverter operation . 19
Figure 4 – Typical valve voltage waveforms . 20
Figure 5 – An example of thyristor valve composition . 21
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
THYRISTOR VALVES FOR HIGH VOLTAGE
DIRECT CURRENT (HVDC) POWER TRANSMISSION –
Part 2: Terminology
FOREWORD
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International Standard IEC 60700-2 has been prepared by subcommittee 22F: Power
electronics for electrical transmission and distribution systems, of IEC technical committee 22:
Power electronic systems and equipment.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
CDV Report on voting
22F/373/CDV 22F/395A/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
– 4 – IEC 60700-2:2016 © IEC 2016
A list of all parts in the IEC 60700 series, published under the general title Thyristor valves for
high voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
The contents of the corrigendum of June 2017 have been included in this copy.
THYRISTOR VALVES FOR HIGH VOLTAGE
DIRECT CURRENT (HVDC) POWER TRANSMISSION –
Part 2: Terminology
1 Scope
This part of IEC 60700 defines terms for thyristor valves for high-voltage direct current (HVDC)
power transmission with line commutated converters most commonly based on three-phase
bridge connections for the conversion from AC to DC and vice versa.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 60027(all parts), Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology
IEC 60633, Terminology for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission
3 Symbols and abbreviations
3.1 General
The lists in 3.2 and 3.3 cover only the most frequently used symbols. The lists of symbols of
the IEC 60027 series and IEC 60633 apply.
3.2 List of letter symbols
α (trigger/firing) delay angle
β (trigger/firing) advance angle
µ commutation overlap angle
γ extinction angle
3.3 List of abbreviations
The following abbreviations are always in capital letters and without dots:
ETT electrically triggered thyristor
LTT light triggered thyristor
TCU thyristor control unit
HVDC high-voltage direct current
VBE valve base electronics
MVU multiple valve (unit)
BOD breakover diode
– 6 – IEC 60700-2:2016 © IEC 2016
4 General terms related to converter circuits
4.1
converter arm
part of a bridge connecting two points of different potentials within a bridge, for example
between an AC terminal and a DC terminal
Note 1 to entry: The main function of a converter arm is conversion.
4.2
converter bridge
equipment used to implement the bridge converter connection, if used
SEE: Figure 1
Note 1 to entry: The term "bridge" may be used to describe either the circuit connection or the equipment
implementing that circuit.
[SOURCE: IEC 60633: 2015, 6.2, modified – The expression "and the by-pass arm" has been
deleted from the definition.]
4.3
converter unit
indivisible operative unit comprising all equipment between the point of common coupling on
the AC side and the point of common coupling on the DC side, essentially one or more
converter bridges, together with one or more converter transformers, converter unit control
equipment, essential protective and switching devices and auxiliaries, if any, used for
conversion
SEE: Figure 1
Note 1 to entry: If a converter unit comprises two converter bridges with a phase displacement of 30 degrees,
then the converter unit forms a 12-pulse unit.
5 Converter performance
5.1
forward direction
conducting direction
direction of current through a valve, when current flows from the anode terminal to the
cathode terminal
5.2
reverse direction
non-conducting direction
direction of current through a valve, when current flows from the cathode terminal to the
anode terminal
6 Thyristor valve design
6.1
thyristor
bi-stable semiconductor device comprising three or more junctions which can be switched
from the off-state to the on-state
Note 1 to entry: Devices having only three layers but having switching characteristics similar to those of four-
layers devices may also be called thyristors.
Note 2 to entry: The term "thyristor" is used as a generic term to cover the whole range of PNPN type devices. It
may be used by itself for any member of the thyristor family when such use does not result in ambiguity or
misunderstanding. In particular, the term "thyristor" is widely used for reverse blocking triode thyristor, formerly
called "silicon controlled rectifier”.
Note 3 to entry: Thyristors may either be electrically triggered thyristor (ETT） or light triggered thyristor (LTT).
6.2
electrically triggered thyristor
ETT
thyristor triggered by applying electrical pulses to the thyristor gate
Note 1 to entry: This note applies to the French language only.
6.3
light triggered thyristor
LTT
thyristor triggered by applying light pulses to a photosensitive area within the thyristor gate
area
Note 1 to entry: This note applies to the French language only.
6.4
damping circuit
snubber circuit
circuit (usually consisting of a series connected resistor and capacitor) connected in parallel
to a thyristor to reduce the amplitude of the extinction overshoot voltage
6.4.1
damping capacitor
snubber capacitor
capacitor connected in parallel to a thyristor (usually in series with a resistor) to reduce the
amplitude of the extinction overshoot voltage
6.4.2
damping resistor
snubber resistor
resistor connected in parallel to a thyristor (in series with a capacitor) to limit the amplitude of
discharge current of the snubber capacitor after thyristor turn-on
6.5
DC grading resistor
resistor connected in parallel to the thyristor to equalize DC voltage unbalance caused by
tolerances of thyristor blocking currents
Note 1 to entry: In some designs, DC grading resistor also acts as high voltage arm of the voltage divider for
monitoring voltage across the thyristor level.
6.6
heat sink
separable cooling element, usually through which a heat transfer agent flows, that contributes
to the dissipation of the heat produced within the thyristors and other components, if any, in
the valve
6.7
thyristor control unit
TCU
electronic unit at thyristor level potential used to trigger, protect and monitor the thyristor
Note 1 to entry: Some other terms are used for this unit: thyristor electronics (TE), thyristor firing and monitoring
unit (TFM) or ( thyristor) gating unit.
Note 2 to entry: In some designs, a thyristor voltage monitoring unit (TVM) is used which performs monitoring functions only.
– 8 – IEC 60700-2:2016 © IEC 2016
Note 3 to entry: This note applies to the French language only.
6.8
thyristor stack
thyristor clamped assembly
mechanical arrangement of more than one thyristor, stacked in an alternating series with heat
sinks and clamped within an insulating mechanical support unit
Note 1 to entry: The clamping force is usually exerted by a disk spring arrangement.
6.9
single valve unit
single structure comprising only one valve
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 6.3.1]
6.10
multiple valve unit
MVU
single structure comprising more than one valve
EXAMPLE Double valves, quadrivalves and octovalves with two, four and eight series-connected valves
respectively.
Note 1 to entry: This note applies to the French language only.
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 6.3.2]
6.11
thyristor valve
complete operative controllable valve device assembly, normally conducting in only one
direction (the forward direction), which can function as a converter arm in a converter bridge
SEE: Figure 5
6.12
valve thyristor level
part of a valve comprising a thyristor, or thyristors connected in parallel, together with their
immediate auxiliaries, and reactor, if any
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 6.9]
6.13
valve section
electrical assembly, comprising a number of thyristors and other components, which exhibits
prorated electrical properties of a complete valve
Note 1 to entry: This term is mainly used to define a test object for valve testing purposes.
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 6.8]
6.14
redundant thyristor levels
maximum number of thyristor levels in a thyristor valve that may be short-circuited externally
or internally during service without affecting the safe operation of the thyristor valve as
demonstrated by type tests, and which if and when exceeded, would require shutdown of the
valve to replace the failed thyristors or acceptance of increased risk of failures
6.15
valve reactor
reactor contained within the valve and connected directly in series with one or more thyristor
levels to control di/dt at turn-on and du/dt in the off-state
Note 1 to entry: di/dt is rate of rise of on-state current.
Note 2 to entry: du/dt is rate of rise of off-state voltage.
6.16
valve section capacitor
capacitor connected across two or more thyristor levels and at least one valve reactor, for the
purpose of ensuring voltage sharing in fast transient conditions (for example lightning and
steep-front impulse)
Note 1 to entry: Term “grading capacitor” is also used.
6.17
fast grading circuit
surge distribution circuit
capacitor, or resistor-capacitor circuit with a time constant of less than 5 µs, connected
directly across each thyristor level (or across the thyristor level plus level reactor) for the
purpose of ensuring voltage sharing in fast transient conditions (for example lightning and
steep-front impulse)
6.18
fast grading capacitor
surge distribution capacitor
capacitive part of the fast grading circuit
6.19
fast grading resistor
surge distribution resistor
resistive part (if any) of the fast grading circuit
6.20
valve electronics
electronic circuits at valve potential(s) which perform control and protection functions for one
or more valve levels
6.21
valve base electronics
VBE
electronic unit, at earth potential, providing the electrical to optical conversion between the
converter control system and the valves
Note 1 to entry: This note applies to the French language only.
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 6.12]
6.22
trigger system
firing system
means to provide firing pulses to the thyristors at high potential
Note 1 to entry: In case of electrically triggered thyristor (ETT) valves, the trigger circuit consists of light emitting
devices in the VBE, the fibre optics which transmit the trigger pulses to the individual thyristor levels and the
electrical circuits on the TCUs which convert the optical pulses to electrical trigger pulses applied to the thyristors.
In light triggered thyristor (LTT) valves, the optical trigger pulses may be split to the individual thyristors directly
inside the valve using a multimode star coupler.
– 10 – IEC 60700-2:2016 © IEC 2016
6.23
recovery protection circuit
electronic circuit or device to protect the thyristor against excessive positive rate of voltage
change during the recovery period by measuring the du/dt rate and firing the thyristor in case
a limit value is exceeded
Note 1 to entry: The recovery protection circuit may be implemented at the thyristor control unit or as a separate
unit per valve section.
Note 2 to entry: The recovery protection function may also be implemented in the thyristor’s silicon structure
rendering any external electronics unnecessary.
6.24
multimode star coupler
passive optical device which splits a number of incoming optical signals to a larger number of
outgoing optical signals
Note 1 to entry: In some valve designs it is used to distribute the trigger impulses received by a few fibre optics
from the valve base electronics (VBE) to the number of thyristors in a valve section.
6.25
valve cooling circuit
arrangement of tubes for transporting the heat transfer agent from ground potential into the
valve arrangement, distributing it to the valve components, and transporting it back
6.26
valve cooling system
all equipment needed for removing heat from the valves and rejecting it to the environment,
including the valve cooling circuit plus circulating pumps or fans, de-ionisation and filtering
equipment, heat exchangers, interconnecting pipework and control system at ground potential
6.27
grading electrodes
electrodes of non corrosive metal inserted into the cooling circuit at appropriate locations and
connected to appropriate electrical potentials to control leakage current flow through the
cooling medium in order to avoid partial discharge due to potential mismatch
6.28
thyristor module
part of a valve comprising a mechanical assembly of thyristors with their immediate auxiliaries
but without valve reactors
Note 1 to entry: Thyristor modules may be elements of a valve and/or be interchangeable for maintenance
purposes.
6.29
valve module
part of a valve comprising a mechanical assembly of thyristors with their immediate auxiliaries
and valve reactor(s)
Note 1 to entry: Valve module may be interchangeable for maintenance purpose.
6.30
reactor module
mechanical assembly of one or more valve reactors used in some valve designs
Note 1 to entry: Reactor modules may be elements in the construction of a valve.
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 6.7, modified – The definition has been rephrased.]
6.31
valve support
part of the valve which mechanically supports and electrically insulates from earth the active
part of the valve
6.32
valve structure
structural components of a valve, required in order to physically support the valve modules
6.33
valve tier
one physical layer of a single or a multiple valve unit comprising one or more valve module(s)
6.34
corona shield
conductive surface on the external profile of a single or a multiple valve unit for the purpose of
minimising the surface electrical field strength and preventing corona
7 Thyristor valve performance
7.1
valve blocking
operation preventing further firing of a valve
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.17, modified – The adjective "controllable" has been deleted.]
7.2
valve deblocking
operation permitting firing of a valve
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.18, modified – The adverb "further" and the adjective
"controllable" have been deleted.]
7.3
on-state
conducting state
condition of a valve when the valve exhibits a low resistance
SEE: Figure 4
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.9]
7.4
off-state
non-conducting state
condition of a valve when all thyristors are turned off
7.5
forward blocking state
non-conducting state of a valve when forward voltage is applied between its main terminals
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.11.1, modified – The adjective "controllable" has been deleted.]
7.6
reverse blocking state
non-conducting state of a valve when reverse voltage is applied between its main terminals
– 12 – IEC 60700-2:2016 © IEC 2016
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.11.2]
7.7
firing failure
failure to achieve firing of a valve during the entire forward voltage interval
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.30]
7.8
commutation failure
failure to commutate the forward current from the conducting converter arm to the succeeding
converter arm
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.31]
7.9
false firing
misfiring
firing of a valve at an unintended instant
8 Thyristor valve voltages, currents and other parameters
8.1
valve forward voltage
voltage applied between the anode and cathode terminals of a valve or an arm when the
anode is positive with respect to the cathode
SEE: Figure 4
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.7, modified – The noun "valve" has been added to the term.]
8.2
valve forward current
current which flows through a valve in the forward direction
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.5, modified – The noun "valve" has been added to the term.]
8.3
valve reverse voltage
voltage applied between the anode and cathode terminals of a valve or an arm when the
anode is negative with respect to the cathode
SEE: Figure 4
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.8, modified – The noun "valve" has been added to the term.]
8.4
valve reverse current
current which flows through a valve in the reverse direction
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.6, modified – The noun "valve" has been added to the term.]
8.5
valve on-state
conducting state
state of a thyristor valve when all thyristors are turned-on
8.6
valve on-state voltage
voltage drop
forward voltage which, during the on-state, appears across the valve terminals
8.7
valve off-state voltage
forward voltage which, during the non-conducting state, appears across the valve terminals
8.8
valve on-state current
current which flows through a valve during the on-state
8.9
valve conduction interval
part of a cycle during which a valve is in the conducting state
SEE: Figure 4
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.25]
8.10
valve blocking interval
part of a cycle during which a valve is in the non-conducting state
SEE: Figure 4
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.26, modified – The noun "valve" has been added to the term,
and the second preferred term "idle interval" has been deleted.]
8.11
valve forward blocking interval
part of the blocking interval during which a controllable valve is in the forward blocking state
SEE: Figure 4
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.27, modified – The noun "valve" has been added to the term.]
8.12
valve reverse blocking interval
part of the blocking interval during which a valve is in the reverse blocking state
SEE: Figure 4
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.28, modified – The noun "valve" has been added to the term.]
8.13
valve hold-off interval
time from the instant when the forward current of a controllable valve has decreased to zero
to the instant when the same valve is subjected to forward voltage
SEE: Figure 3
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.24, modified – The noun "valve" has been added to the term,
and the note to entry has been deleted.]
– 14 – IEC 60700-2:2016 © IEC 2016
8.14
valve critical hold-off interval
minimum hold-off interval for which inverter operation can be maintained
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.24.1, modified – The noun "valve" has been added to the term.]
8.15
valve crest working reverse voltage
highest instantaneous value of the reverse voltage developed across a reverse blocking valve
device or an arm consisting of such devices, excluding all repetitive and non-repetitive
transient voltages
Note 1 to entry: The repetitive voltage is usually a function of the circuit and increases the power loss of the
device. A non-repetitive transient voltage is usually due to an external cause, and it is assumed that its effect has
completely disappeared before the next transient arrives.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-551:1998, 551-16-56, modified – The noun "circuit" has been replaced
by "valve" in the term, and the note to entry has been added.]
8.16
valve repetitive peak reverse voltage
highest instantaneous value of a reverse voltage developed across a reverse blocking valve
device or an arm consisting of such devices, including all repetitive transient voltages but
excluding all non-repetitive transient voltages
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-551:1998, 551-16-57, modified – The noun "circuit" has been replaced
by "valve" in the term.]
8.17
valve non-repetitive peak reverse voltage
highest instantaneous value of any non-repetitive transient reverse voltage developed across
a reverse blocking valve device or an arm consisting of such devices
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-551:1998, 551-16-58, modified – The noun "circuit" has been replaced
by "valve" in the term.]
8.18
valve crest working off-state voltage
highest instantaneous value of the off-state voltage developed across a controllable valve
device or an arm consisting of such devices, excluding all repetitive and non-repetitive
transients
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-551:1998, 551-16-53, modified – The noun "circuit" has been replaced
by "valve" in the term.]
8.19
valve repetitive peak off-state voltage
highest instantaneous value of the off-state voltage developed across a controllable valve
device or an arm consisting of such devices, including all repetitive transient voltages but
excluding all non-repetitive transient voltages
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-551:1998, 551-16-54, modified – The noun "circuit" has been replaced
by "valve" in the term.]
8.20
valve non-repetitive peak off-state voltage
highest instantaneous value of any non-repetitive transient off-state voltage developed across
a controllable valve device or an arm consisting of such devices
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-551:1998, 551-16-55, modified – The noun "circuit" has been replaced
by "valve" in the term.]
9 Thyristor valve control
9.1
firing
establishment of current in the forward direction in a valve
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.12]
9.2
valve control pulse
pulse which, during its entire duration, allows the firing of the valve
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.13]
9.3
valve firing pulse
pulse which initiates the firing of the valve, normally derived from the valve control pulse
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.14]
9.4
trigger delay angle
firing delay angle
α
time, expressed in electrical angular measure, from the zero crossing of the idealized
sinusoidal commutating voltage to the starting instant of forward current conduction
SEE: Figure 2
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.20]
9.5
trigger advance angle
firing advance angle
β
time, expressed in electrical angular measure, from the starting instant of forward current
conduction to the next zero crossing of the idealized sinusoidal commutating voltage
Note 1 to entry: The advance angle β is related to the delay angle α by β =π – α.
SEE: Figure 2
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.21]
9.6
overlap angle
µ
duration of commutation between two converter arms, expressed in electrical angular
measure
SEE: Figures 2 and 3
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.22]
– 16 – IEC 60700-2:2016 © IEC 2016
9.7
extinction angle
γ
time, expressed in electrical angular measure, from the end of current conduction to the next
zero crossing of the idealized sinusoidal commutating voltage
Note 1 to entry: γ depends on the advance angle β and the angle of overlap µ and is determined by the relation
γ = β – µ (see figures 2 and 3).
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.23]
9.8
phase control
process of controlling the instant within the cycle at which forward current conduction in a
controllable valve begins
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.19]
10 Thyristor valve protection
10.1
valve arrester
arrester connected across a valve
SEE: Figure 1
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 6.14]
10.2
valve protective firing
means of protecting the thyristors from excessive forward voltage, rate of change of voltage
or forward voltage applied during the reverse recovery time, by firing the thyristors into
conduction
10.3
forward overvoltage protection
valve protective firing in response to forward overvoltage
Note 1 to entry: Some thyristors have integrated protection function against forward overvoltage by means of
controlled self-firing.
10.4
electronic forward overvoltage protection
forward overvoltage protection where the protective gate pulses are produced by the thyristor
control unit
10.5
breakover diode (BOD) protection
forward overvoltage protection where the protective gate pulses are provided by a physical
breakover diode assembly that is independent of the thyristor control unit
10.6
du/dt protection
valve protective firing in response to excessive rate of rise of off-state voltage
10.7
forward recovery protection
valve protective firing in response to forward voltage applied during the reverse recovery time
B
G
A
F D
10.1 B
E
4.2
IEC
Key
A AC terminals D converter unit arrester
B DC terminals E converter unit DC bus arrester
4.2 bridge F converter transformer
10.1 valve arrester G by-pass switch
Figure 1 – Example of a converter unit
– 18 – IEC 60700-2:2016 © IEC 2016
9.6
9.4
RO
0 t
IO
9.6
9.7
9.4
π
9.5
0 t
0 t
IEC
Key
u phase voltage IO inverter operation
vph
u commutating voltage 9.4 delay angle α
c
i valve currents 9.5 advance angle β
v
t time
9.6 overlap angle µ
RO rectifier operation
9.7 extinction angle γ
Figure 2 – Commutation process at rectifier and inverter modes of operation
i u u
v c vph
9.5
9.6 9.7
0 t
u
ci
0 t
IEC
a) Valve idealized
8.11
0 t
u
ci
u
c
0 t
IEC
b) Real valve
Key
u voltage across outgoing valve 9.5 advance angle β
v
i current in outgoing valve
9.6 overlap angle µ
v
u idealized commutating voltage
9.7 extinction angle γ
ci
u actual commutating voltage 8.11 hold-off interval
c
t time
Figure 3 – Illustrations of commutation in inverter operation
i u
v v
i u
v v
– 20 – IEC 60700-2:2016 © IEC 2016
8.1
7.5; 8.11
7.6; 8.12
t
0 t
8.3
7.4; 8.10 7.3; 8.9
2π
IEC
a) Rectifier operation
8.1
t
0 t
8.3
7.5; 8.11
7.6; 8.12
IEC
b) Inverter operation
Key
t time 7.5 forward blocking state
t firing instant 7.6 reverse blocking state
8.1 forward voltage 8.9 conduction interval
8.3 reverse voltage 8.10 blocking interval
7.3 conducting state 8.11 forward blocking interval
7.4 non-conducting state 8.12 reverse blocking interval
Figure 4 – Typical valve voltage waveforms
Thyristor level = TL = + TCU +
Thyristor control unit Damping circuit
+ DC grading resistor
Valve reactor
Valve module = VM = TL
Valve section capacitor
TL
VM
Valve = V =
VM
V
MVU =
V
Valve
Valve
+ VBE + +
cooling
support
system
Valve base electronics
IEC
Figure 5 – An example of thyristor valve composition
– 22 – IEC 60700-2:2016 © IEC 2016
Bibliography
IEC 60050-551, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary – Part 551: Power electronics
IEC 60700-1, Thyristor valves for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission –
Part 1: Electrical testing
IEC 60747-6, Semiconductor devices – Part 6: Discrete devices – Thyristors
______________
– 24 – IEC 60700-2:2016 © IEC 2016
SOMMAIRE
AVANT-PROPOS . 25
1 Domaine d'application . 27
2 Références normatives . 27
3 Symboles et abréviations . 27
3.1 Généralités . 27
3.2 Liste des symboles littéraux . 27
3.3 Liste des abréviations . 27
4 Termes généraux relatifs aux circuits de conversion . 28
5 Caractéristique de fonctionnement de conversion . 28
6 Conception des valves à thyristors . 28
7 Fonctionnement des valves à thyristors . 33
8 Tensions, courants et autres paramètres des valves à thyristors . 34
9 Commande de valves à thyristors . 37
10 Protection de valves à thyristors . 38
Bibliographie . 45
Figure 1 – Exemple d’une unité de conversion . 40
Figure 2 – Commutation pendant le fonctionnement en redresseur et en onduleur . 41
Figure 3 – Représentations de la commutation pendant le fonctionnement en onduleur . 42
Figure 4 – Courbes caractéristiques de la tension aux bornes d'une valve . 43
Figure 5 – Exemple de composition de valve à thyristors . 44
COMMISSION ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE
____________
VALVES À THYRISTORS POUR LE TRANSPORT D’ÉNERGIE
EN COURANT CONTINU À HAUTE TENSION (CCHT) –
Partie 2: Terminologie
AVANT-PROPOS
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...
IEC 60700-2 ®
Edition 1.1 2021-08
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Thyristor valves for high voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission –
Part 2: Terminology
Valves à thyristors pour le transport d'énergie en courant continu à haute
tension (CCHT) –
Partie 2: Terminologie
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IEC 60700-2 ®
Edition 1.1 2021-08
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Thyristor valves for high voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission –
Part 2: Terminology
Valves à thyristors pour le transport d'énergie en courant continu à haute
tension (CCHT) –
Partie 2: Terminologie
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 29.200 ISBN 978-2-8322-4460-9
IEC 60700-2 ®
Edition 1.1 2021-08
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
REDLINE VERSION
VERSION REDLINE
colour
inside
Thyristor valves for high voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission –
Part 2: Terminology
Valves à thyristors pour le transport d'énergie en courant continu à haute
tension (CCHT) –
Partie 2: Terminologie
– 2 – IEC 60700-2:2016+AMD1:2021 CSV
© IEC 2021
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 3
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references. 5
3 Symbols and abbreviations . 5
3.1 General . 5
3.2 List of letter symbols . 5
3.3 List of abbreviations . 5
4 General terms related to converter circuits . 6
5 Converter performance . 6
6 Thyristor valve design . 6
7 Thyristor valve performance . 11
8 Thyristor valve voltages, currents and other parameters . 12
9 Thyristor valve control . 15
10 Thyristor valve protection . 16
Bibliography . 23
Figure 1 – Example of a converter unit . 18
Figure 2 – Commutation process at rectifier and inverter modes of operation . 19
Figure 3 – Illustrations of commutation in inverter operation . 20
Figure 4 – Typical valve voltage waveforms . 21
Figure 5 – An example of thyristor valve composition . 22
© IEC 2021
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
THYRISTOR VALVES FOR HIGH VOLTAGE
DIRECT CURRENT (HVDC) POWER TRANSMISSION –
Part 2: Terminology
FOREWORD
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This consolidated version of the official IEC Standard and its amendment has been
prepared for user convenience.
IEC 60700-2 edition 1.1 contains the first edition (2016-06) [documents 22F/373/CDV and
22F/395A/RVC], its corrigendum 1 (2017-06) and its amendment 1 (2021-08) [documents
22F/607/CDV and 22F/629/RVC].
In this Redline version, a vertical line in the margin shows where the technical content
is modified by amendment 1. Additions are in green text, deletions are in strikethrough
red text. A separate Final version with all changes accepted is available in this
publication.
– 4 – IEC 60700-2:2016+AMD1:2021 CSV
© IEC 2021
International Standard IEC 60700-2 has been prepared by subcommittee 22F: Power
electronics for electrical transmission and distribution systems, of IEC technical committee 22:
Power electronic systems and equipment.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts in the IEC 60700 series, published under the general title Thyristor valves for
high voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of the base publication and its amendment will
remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under webstore.iec.ch
in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
© IEC 2021
THYRISTOR VALVES FOR HIGH VOLTAGE
DIRECT CURRENT (HVDC) POWER TRANSMISSION –
Part 2: Terminology
1 Scope
This part of IEC 60700 defines terms for thyristor valves for high-voltage direct current (HVDC)
power transmission with line commutated converters most commonly based on three-phase
bridge connections for the conversion from AC to DC and vice versa.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 60027(all parts), Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology
IEC 60633, Terminology for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission
3 Symbols and abbreviations
3.1 General
The lists in 3.2 and 3.3 cover only the most frequently used symbols. The lists of symbols of
the IEC 60027 series and IEC 60633 apply.
3.2 List of letter symbols
α (trigger/firing) delay angle
β (trigger/firing) advance angle
µ commutation overlap angle
γ extinction angle
3.3 List of abbreviations
The following abbreviations are always in capital letters and without dots:
ETT electrically triggered thyristor
LTT light triggered thyristor
TCU thyristor control unit
HVDC high-voltage direct current
VBE valve base electronics
MVU multiple valve (unit)
BOD breakover diode
– 6 – IEC 60700-2:2016+AMD1:2021 CSV
© IEC 2021
4 General terms related to converter circuits
4.1
converter arm
part of a bridge connecting two points of different potentials within a bridge, for example
between an AC terminal and a DC terminal
Note 1 to entry: The main function of a converter arm is conversion.
4.2
converter bridge
equipment used to implement the bridge converter connection, if used
SEE: Figure 1
Note 1 to entry: The term "bridge" may be used to describe either the circuit connection or the equipment
implementing that circuit.
[SOURCE: IEC 60633: 2015, 6.2, modified – The expression "and the by-pass arm" has been
deleted from the definition.]
4.3
converter unit
indivisible operative unit comprising all equipment between the point of common coupling on
the AC side and the point of common coupling on the DC side, essentially one or more
converter bridges, together with one or more converter transformers, converter unit control
equipment, essential protective and switching devices and auxiliaries, if any, used for
conversion
SEE: Figure 1
Note 1 to entry: If a converter unit comprises two converter bridges with a phase displacement of 30 degrees,
then the converter unit forms a 12-pulse unit.
5 Converter performance
5.1
forward direction
conducting direction
direction of current through a valve, when current flows from the anode terminal to the
cathode terminal
5.2
reverse direction
non-conducting direction
direction of current through a valve, when current flows from the cathode terminal to the
anode terminal
6 Thyristor valve design
6.1
thyristor
bi-stable semiconductor device comprising three or more junctions which can be switched
from the off-state to the on-state
Note 1 to entry: Devices having only three layers but having switching characteristics similar to those of four-
layers devices may also be called thyristors.
Note 2 to entry: The term "thyristor" is used as a generic term to cover the whole range of PNPN type devices. It
may be used by itself for any member of the thyristor family when such use does not result in ambiguity or
© IEC 2021
misunderstanding. In particular, the term "thyristor" is widely used for reverse blocking triode thyristor, formerly
called "silicon controlled rectifier”.
Note 3 to entry: Thyristors may either be electrically triggered thyristor (ETT） or light triggered thyristor (LTT).
6.2
electrically triggered thyristor
ETT
thyristor triggered by applying electrical pulses to the thyristor gate
Note 1 to entry: This note applies to the French language only.
6.3
light triggered thyristor
LTT
thyristor triggered by applying light pulses to a photosensitive area within the thyristor gate
area
Note 1 to entry: This note applies to the French language only.
6.4
damping circuit
snubber circuit
circuit (usually consisting of a series connected resistor and capacitor) connected in parallel
to a thyristor to reduce the amplitude of the extinction overshoot voltage
6.4.1
damping capacitor
snubber capacitor
capacitor connected in parallel to a thyristor (usually in series with a resistor) to reduce the
amplitude of the extinction overshoot voltage
6.4.2
damping resistor
snubber resistor
resistor connected in parallel to a thyristor (in series with a capacitor) to limit the amplitude of
discharge current of the snubber capacitor after thyristor turn-on
6.5
DC grading resistor
resistor connected in parallel to the thyristor to equalize DC voltage unbalance caused by
tolerances of thyristor blocking currents
Note 1 to entry: In some designs, DC grading resistor also acts as high voltage arm of the voltage divider for
monitoring voltage across the thyristor level.
6.6
heat sink
separable cooling element, usually through which a heat transfer agent flows, that contributes
to the dissipation of the heat produced within the thyristors and other components, if any, in
the valve
6.7
thyristor control unit
TCU
electronic unit at thyristor level potential used to trigger, protect and monitor the thyristor
Note 1 to entry: Some other terms are used for this unit: thyristor electronics (TE), thyristor firing and monitoring
unit (TFM) or ( thyristor) gating unit.
Note 2 to entry: In some designs, a thyristor voltage monitoring unit (TVM) is used which performs monitoring functions only.
– 8 – IEC 60700-2:2016+AMD1:2021 CSV
© IEC 2021
Note 3 to entry: This note applies to the French language only.
6.8
thyristor stack
thyristor clamped assembly
mechanical arrangement of more than one thyristor, stacked in an alternating series with heat
sinks and clamped within an insulating mechanical support unit
Note 1 to entry: The clamping force is usually exerted by a disk spring arrangement.
6.9
single valve unit
single structure comprising only one thyristor valve
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 6.3.1, modified – Addition of thyristor.]
6.10
multiple valve unit
MVU
single structure comprising more than one valve
EXAMPLE Double valves, quadrivalves and octovalves with two, four and eight series-connected valves
respectively.
Note 1 to entry: This note applies to the French language only.
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 6.3.2]
6.11
thyristor valve
complete operative controllable valve device assembly, normally conducting in only one
direction (the forward direction), which can function as a converter arm in a converter bridge
SEE: Figure 5
6.12
valve thyristor level
part of a valve comprising a thyristor, or thyristors connected in parallel, together with their
immediate auxiliaries, and reactor, if any
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 6.9]
6.13
valve section
electrical assembly, comprising a number of thyristors and other components, which exhibits
prorated electrical properties of a complete valve
Note 1 to entry: This term is mainly used to define a test object for valve testing purposes.
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 6.8]
6.14
redundant thyristor levels
maximum number of thyristor levels in a thyristor valve that may be short-circuited externally
or internally during service without affecting the safe operation of the thyristor valve as
demonstrated by type tests, and which if and when exceeded, would require shutdown of the
valve to replace the failed thyristors or acceptance of increased risk of failures
© IEC 2021
6.15
valve reactor
reactor contained within the valve and connected directly in series with one or more thyristor
levels to control di/dt at turn-on and du/dt in the off-state
Note 1 to entry: di/dt is rate of rise of on-state current.
Note 2 to entry: du/dt is rate of rise of off-state voltage.
6.16
valve section capacitor
capacitor connected across two or more thyristor levels and at least one valve reactor, for the
purpose of ensuring voltage sharing in fast transient conditions (for example lightning and
steep-front impulse)
Note 1 to entry: Term “grading capacitor” is also used.
6.17
fast grading circuit
surge distribution circuit
capacitor, or resistor-capacitor circuit with a time constant of less than 5 µs, connected
directly across each thyristor level (or across the thyristor level plus level reactor) for the
purpose of ensuring voltage sharing in fast transient conditions (for example lightning and
steep-front impulse)
6.18
fast grading capacitor
surge distribution capacitor
capacitive part of the fast grading circuit
6.19
fast grading resistor
surge distribution resistor
resistive part (if any) of the fast grading circuit
6.20
valve electronics
electronic circuits at valve potential(s) which perform control and protection functions for one
or more valve levels
6.21
valve base electronics
VBE
electronic unit, at earth potential, providing the electrical to optical conversion between the
converter control system and the valves
Note 1 to entry: This note applies to the French language only.
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 6.12]
6.22
trigger system
firing system
means to provide firing pulses to the thyristors at high potential
Note 1 to entry: In case of electrically triggered thyristor (ETT) valves, the trigger circuit consists of light emitting
devices in the VBE, the fibre optics which transmit the trigger pulses to the individual thyristor levels and the
electrical circuits on the TCUs which convert the optical pulses to electrical trigger pulses applied to the thyristors.
In light triggered thyristor (LTT) valves, the optical trigger pulses may be split to the individual thyristors directly
inside the valve using a multimode star coupler.
– 10 – IEC 60700-2:2016+AMD1:2021 CSV
© IEC 2021
6.23
recovery protection circuit
electronic circuit or device to protect the thyristor against excessive positive rate of voltage
change during the recovery period by measuring the du/dt rate and firing the thyristor in case
a limit value is exceeded
Note 1 to entry: The recovery protection circuit may be implemented at the thyristor control unit or as a separate
unit per valve section.
Note 2 to entry: The recovery protection function may also be implemented in the thyristor’s silicon structure
rendering any external electronics unnecessary.
6.24
multimode star coupler
passive optical device which splits a number of incoming optical signals to a larger number of
outgoing optical signals
Note 1 to entry: In some valve designs it is used to distribute the trigger impulses received by a few fibre optics
from the valve base electronics (VBE) to the number of thyristors in a valve section.
6.25
valve cooling circuit
arrangement of tubes for transporting the heat transfer agent from ground potential into the
valve arrangement, distributing it to the valve components, and transporting it back
6.26
valve cooling system
all equipment needed for removing heat from the valves and rejecting it to the environment,
including the valve cooling circuit plus circulating pumps or fans, de-ionisation and filtering
equipment, heat exchangers, interconnecting pipework and control system at ground potential
6.27
grading electrodes
electrodes of non corrosive metal inserted into the cooling circuit at appropriate locations and
connected to appropriate electrical potentials to control leakage current flow through the
cooling medium in order to avoid partial discharge due to potential mismatch
6.28
thyristor module
part of a valve comprising a mechanical assembly of thyristors with their immediate auxiliaries
but without valve reactors
Note 1 to entry: Thyristor modules may be elements of a valve and/or be interchangeable for maintenance
purposes.
6.29
valve module
part of a valve comprising a mechanical assembly of thyristors with their immediate auxiliaries
and valve reactor(s)
Note 1 to entry: Valve module may be interchangeable for maintenance purpose.
6.30
reactor module
mechanical assembly of one or more valve reactors used in some valve designs
Note 1 to entry: Reactor modules may be elements in the construction of a valve.
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 6.7, modified – The definition has been rephrased.]
© IEC 2021
6.31
valve support
part of the valve which mechanically supports and electrically insulates from earth the active
part of the valve
6.32
valve structure
structural components of a valve, required in order to physically support the valve modules
6.33
valve tier
one physical layer of a single or a multiple valve unit comprising one or more valve module(s)
6.34
corona shield
conductive surface on the external profile of a single or a multiple valve unit for the purpose of
minimising the surface electrical field strength and preventing corona
6.35
valve leakage detection system
all equipment needed for detecting the cooling media leakage in the valve
6.36
valve stray capacitance
equivalent capacitance between the two terminals of a valve consisting only of the stray
capacitance of the valve structure which value is mainly dependent on the mechanical
arrangement of a thyristor valve
Note 1 to entry: Valve stray capacitance does not include capacitance of damping capacitors, valve section
capacitors and fast grading capacitors, if any.
Note 2 to entry: The stray capacitance coming from the converter transformer and its bushing is not included in
this definition.
7 Thyristor valve performance
7.1
valve blocking
operation preventing further firing of a valve
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.17, modified – The adjective "controllable" has been deleted.]
7.2
valve deblocking
operation permitting firing of a valve
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.18, modified – The adverb "further" and the adjective
"controllable" have been deleted.]
7.3
on-state
conducting state
condition of a valve when the valve exhibits a low resistance
SEE: Figure 4
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.9]
– 12 – IEC 60700-2:2016+AMD1:2021 CSV
© IEC 2021
7.4
off-state
non-conducting state
condition of a valve when all thyristors are turned off
7.5
forward blocking state
non-conducting state of a valve when forward voltage is applied between its main terminals
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.11.1, modified – The adjective "controllable" has been deleted.]
7.6
reverse blocking state
non-conducting state of a valve when reverse voltage is applied between its main terminals
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.11.2]
7.7
firing failure
failure to achieve firing of a valve during the entire forward voltage interval
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.30]
7.8
commutation failure
failure to commutate the forward current from the conducting converter arm to the succeeding
converter arm
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.31]
7.9
false firing
misfiring
firing of a valve at an unintended instant
8 Thyristor valve voltages, currents and other parameters
8.1
valve forward voltage
voltage applied between the anode and cathode terminals of a valve or an arm when the
anode is positive with respect to the cathode
SEE: Figure 4
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.7, modified – The noun "valve" has been added to the term.]
8.2
valve forward current
current which flows through a valve in the forward direction
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.5, modified – The noun "valve" has been added to the term.]
8.3
valve reverse voltage
voltage applied between the anode and cathode terminals of a valve or an arm when the
anode is negative with respect to the cathode
© IEC 2021
SEE: Figure 4
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.8, modified – The noun "valve" has been added to the term.]
8.4
valve reverse current
current which flows through a valve in the reverse direction
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.6, modified – The noun "valve" has been added to the term.]
8.5
valve on-state
conducting state
state of a thyristor valve when all thyristors are turned-on
8.6
valve on-state voltage
voltage drop
forward voltage which, during the on-state, appears across the valve terminals
8.7
valve off-state voltage
forward voltage which, during the non-conducting state, appears across the valve terminals
8.8
valve on-state current
current which flows through a valve during the on-state
8.9
valve conduction interval
part of a cycle during which a valve is in the conducting state
SEE: Figure 4
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.25]
8.10
valve blocking interval
part of a cycle during which a valve is in the non-conducting state
SEE: Figure 4
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.26, modified – The noun "valve" has been added to the term,
and the second preferred term "idle interval" has been deleted.]
8.11
valve forward blocking interval
part of the blocking interval during which a controllable valve is in the forward blocking state
SEE: Figure 4
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.27, modified – The noun "valve" has been added to the term.]
8.12
valve reverse blocking interval
part of the blocking interval during which a valve is in the reverse blocking state
SEE: Figure 4
– 14 – IEC 60700-2:2016+AMD1:2021 CSV
© IEC 2021
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.28, modified – The noun "valve" has been added to the term.]
8.13
valve hold-off interval
time from the instant when the forward current of a controllable valve has decreased to zero
to the instant when the same valve is subjected to forward voltage
SEE: Figure 3
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.24, modified – The noun "valve" has been added to the term,
and the note to entry has been deleted.]
8.14
valve critical hold-off interval
minimum hold-off interval for which inverter operation can be maintained
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.24.1, modified – The noun "valve" has been added to the term.]
8.15
valve crest working reverse voltage
highest instantaneous value of the reverse voltage developed across a reverse blocking valve
device or an arm consisting of such devices, excluding all repetitive and non-repetitive
transient voltages
Note 1 to entry: The repetitive voltage is usually a function of the circuit and increases the power loss of the
device. A non-repetitive transient voltage is usually due to an external cause, and it is assumed that its effect has
completely disappeared before the next transient arrives.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-551:1998, 551-16-56, modified – The noun "circuit" has been replaced
by "valve" in the term, and the note to entry has been added.]
8.16
valve repetitive peak reverse voltage
highest instantaneous value of a reverse voltage developed across a reverse blocking valve
device or an arm consisting of such devices, including all repetitive transient voltages but
excluding all non-repetitive transient voltages
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-551:1998, 551-16-57, modified – The noun "circuit" has been replaced
by "valve" in the term.]
8.17
valve non-repetitive peak reverse voltage
highest instantaneous value of any non-repetitive transient reverse voltage developed across
a reverse blocking valve device or an arm consisting of such devices
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-551:1998, 551-16-58, modified – The noun "circuit" has been replaced
by "valve" in the term.]
8.18
valve crest working off-state voltage
highest instantaneous value of the off-state voltage developed across a controllable valve
device or an arm consisting of such devices, excluding all repetitive and non-repetitive
transients
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-551:1998, 551-16-53, modified – The noun "circuit" has been replaced
by "valve" in the term.]
© IEC 2021
8.19
valve repetitive peak off-state voltage
highest instantaneous value of the off-state voltage developed across a controllable valve
device or an arm consisting of such devices, including all repetitive transient voltages but
excluding all non-repetitive transient voltages
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-551:1998, 551-16-54, modified – The noun "circuit" has been replaced
by "valve" in the term.]
8.20
valve non-repetitive peak off-state voltage
highest instantaneous value of any non-repetitive transient off-state voltage developed across
a controllable valve device or an arm consisting of such devices
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-551:1998, 551-16-55, modified – The noun "circuit" has been replaced
by "valve" in the term.]
8.21
commutation overshoot
highest instantaneous voltage value across the valve minus the instantaneous amplitude of
commutation line voltage across the same valve during each commutation
SEE: Figure 5 in IEC 60071-5:2014.
9 Thyristor valve control
9.1
firing
establishment of current in the forward direction in a valve
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.12]
9.2
valve control pulse
pulse which, during its entire duration, allows the firing of the valve
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.13]
9.3
valve firing pulse
pulse which initiates the firing of the valve, normally derived from the valve control pulse
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.14]
9.4
trigger delay angle
firing delay angle
α
time, expressed in electrical angular measure, from the zero crossing of the idealized
sinusoidal commutating voltage to the starting instant of forward current conduction
SEE: Figure 2
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.20]
– 16 – IEC 60700-2:2016+AMD1:2021 CSV
© IEC 2021
9.5
trigger advance angle
firing advance angle
β
time, expressed in electrical angular measure, from the starting instant of forward current
conduction to the next zero crossing of the idealized sinusoidal commutating voltage
Note 1 to entry: The advance angle β is related to the delay angle α by β =π – α.
SEE: Figure 2
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.21]
9.6
overlap angle
µ
duration of commutation between two converter arms, expressed in electrical angular
measure
SEE: Figures 2 and 3
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.22]
9.7
extinction angle
γ
time, expressed in electrical angular measure, from the end of current conduction to the next
zero crossing of the idealized sinusoidal commutating voltage
Note 1 to entry: γ depends on the advance angle β and the angle of overlap µ and is determined by the relation
γ = β – µ (see figures 2 and 3).
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.23]
9.8
phase control
process of controlling the instant within the cycle at which forward current conduction in a
controllable valve begins
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 7.19]
10 Thyristor valve protection
10.1
valve arrester
arrester connected across a valve
SEE: Figure 1
[SOURCE: IEC 60633:2015, 6.14]
10.2
valve protective firing
means of protecting the thyristors from excessive forward voltage, excessive rate of change of
voltage or excessive forward voltage applied during the reverse recovery time, by firing the
thyristors into conduction
© IEC 2021
10.3
forward overvoltage protection
valve protective firing in response to forward overvoltage
Note 1 to entry: Some thyristors have integrated protection function against forward overvoltage by means of
controlled self-firing.
10.4
electronic forward overvoltage protection
forward overvoltage protection where the protective gate pulses are produced by the thyristor
control unit
10.5
breakover diode (BOD) protection
forward overvoltage protection where the protective gate pulses are provided by a physical
breakover diode assembly that is independent of the thyristor control unit
10.6
du/dt protection
valve protective firing in response to excessive rate of rise of off-state voltage
10.7
forward recovery protection
valve protective firing in response to forward voltage applied during the reverse recovery time
– 18 – IEC 60700-2:2016+AMD1:2021 CSV
© IEC 2021
B
G
A
F D
10.1 B
E
4.2
IEC
Key
A AC terminals D converter unit arrester
B DC terminals E converter unit DC bus arrester
4.2 bridge F converter transformer
10.1 valve arrester G by-pass switch
Figure 1 – Example of a converter unit
© IEC 2021
9.6
9.4
RO
0 t
IO
9.6
9.7
9.4
π
9.5
0 t
0 t
IEC
Key
u phase voltage IO inverter operation
vph
u commutating voltage 9.4 delay angle α
c
i valve currents 9.5 advance angle β
v
t time 9.6 overlap angle µ
RO rectifier operation
9.7 extinction angle γ
Figure 2 – Commutation process at rectifier and inverter modes of operation
i u u
v c vph
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© IEC 2021
9.5
9.6 9.7
0 t
u
ci
0 t
IEC
a) Valve idealized
8.11
0 t
u
ci
u
c
0 t
IEC
b) Real valve
Key
u voltage across outgoing valve 9.5 advance angle β
v
i current in outgoing valve 9.6 overlap angle µ
v
u idealized commutating voltage
9.7 extinction angle γ
ci
u actual commutating voltage 8.11 hold-off interval
c
t time
Figure 3 – Illustrations of commutation in inverter operation
i u
v v
i u
v v
© IEC 2021
8.1
7.5; 8.11
7.6; 8.12
t
0 t
8.3
7.4; 8.10 7.3; 8.9
2π
IEC
a) Rectifier operation
8.1
t
0 t
8.3
7.5; 8.11
7.6; 8.12 IEC
b) Inverter operation
Key
t time 7.5 forward blocking state
t firing instant 7.6 reverse blocking state
8.1 forward voltage 8.9 conduction interval
8.3 reverse voltage 8.10 blocking interval
7.3 conducting state 8.11 forward blocking interval
7.4 non-conducting state 8.12 reverse blocking interval
Figure 4 – Typical valve voltage waveforms
– 22 – IEC 60700-2:2016+AMD1:2021 CSV
© IEC 2021
Thyristor level = TL = + TCU +
Damping circuit
Thyristor control unit
+ DC grading resistor
Valve reactor
Valve module = VM = TL
Valve section capacitor
TL
VM
Valve = V =
VM
V
MVU =
V
Valve
Valve
+ VBE + +
cooling
support
system
Valve base electronics
IEC
Figure 5 – An example of thyristor valve composition
© IEC 2021
Bibliography
IEC 60050-551, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary – Part 551: Power electronics
IEC 60071-5:2014, Insulation co-ordination – Part 5: Procedures for high-voltage direct
current (HVDC) converter stations
IEC 60700-1, Thyristor valves for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission –
Part 1: Electrical testing
IEC 60747-6, Semiconductor devices – Part 6: Discrete devices – Thyristors
______________
– 24 – IEC 60700-2:2016+AMD1:2021 CSV
© IEC 2021
SOMMAIRE
AVANT-PROPOS . 25
1 Domaine d'application . 27
2 Références normatives . 27
3 Symboles et abréviations . 27
3.1 Généralités . 27
3.2 Liste des symboles littéraux . 27
3.3 Liste des abréviations . 27
4 Termes généraux relatifs aux circuits de conversion . 28
5 Caractéristique de fonctionnement de conversion . 28
6 Conception des valves à thyristors . 28
7 Fonctionnement des valves à thyristors . 34
8 Tensions, courants et autres paramètres des valves à thyristors . 35
9 Commande de valves à thyristors . 38
10 Protection de valves à thyristors . 39
Bibliographie . 45
Figure 1 – Exemple d’une unité de conversion . 40
Figure 2 – Commutation pendant le fonctionnement en redresseur et en onduleur . 41
Figure 3 – Représentations de la commutation pendant le fonctionnement en onduleur . 42
Figure 4 – Courbes caractéristiques de la tension aux bornes d'une valve . 43
Figure 5 – Exemple de composition de valve à thyristors . 44
© IEC 2021
COMMISSION ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE
____________
VALVES À THYRISTORS POUR LE TRANSPORT D’ÉNERGIE
EN COURANT CONTINU
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