IEC 62232:2017

Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure

IEC 62232:2017 provides methods for the determination of radio-frequency (RF) field strength and specific absorption rate (SAR) in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations (RBS) for the purpose of evaluating human exposure. This document:
- considers intentionally radiating RBS which transmit on one or more antennas using one or more frequencies in the range 110 MHz to 100 GHz;
- considers the impact of ambient sources on RF exposure at least in the 100 kHz to 300 GHz frequency range;
- specifies the methods to be used for RF exposure evaluation for compliance assessment applications, namely:
- product compliance - determination of compliance boundary information for an RBS product before it is placed on the market;
- product installation compliance - determination of the total RF exposure levels in accessible areas from an RBS product and other relevant sources before the product is put into service;
- in-situ RF exposure assessment – measurement of in-situ RF exposure levels in the vicinity of an RBS installation after the product has been taken into operation;
- describes several RF field strength and SAR measurement and computation methodologies with guidance on their applicability to address both the in-situ evaluation of installed RBS and laboratory-based evaluations;
- describes how surveyors, with a sufficient level of expertise, establish their specific evaluation procedures appropriate for their evaluation purpose;
- provides guidance on how to report, interpret and compare results from different evaluation methodologies and, where the evaluation purpose requires it, determine a justified decision against a limit value and
- provides short descriptions of the informative example case studies given in the companion Technical Report IEC TR 62669]
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2011 and constitutes a technical revision.

Détermination de l'intensité de champ de radiofréquences, de la densité de puissance et du DAS à proximité des stations de base de radiocommunication dans le but d'évaluer l'exposition humaine

IEC 62232:2017 donne des méthodes de détermination du champ de radiofréquences (RF) et du débit d'absorption spécifique (DAS) à proximité des stations de base de radiocommunication (RBS) dans le but d'évaluer l'exposition humaine. Le présent document:
- examine des RBS rayonnant intentionnellement qui transmettent sur une ou plusieurs antennes dans la plage de fréquences de 110 MHz à 100 GHz;
- étudie l'impact des sources ambiantes d'exposition RF au moins dans la plage de fréquences de 100 kHz à 300 GHz;
- spécifie les méthodes d'évaluation de l'exposition RF à utiliser pour les applications d'appréciation de la conformité, à savoir:
- conformité du produit: détermination des informations sur la frontière de conformité des produits RBS avant leur commercialisation;
- conformité de l'installation du produit: détermination des niveaux d'exposition RF totaux dans les zones accessibles depuis un produit RBS et les autres sources pertinentes avant la mise en service du produit;
- appréciation de l'exposition RF sur site: mesure des niveaux d'exposition RF à proximité d'une installation RBS après la mise en service du produit;
- décrit plusieurs méthodologies de mesure et de calcul de l'intensité de champ de radiofréquences et du DAS avec des recommandations relatives à leur applicabilité pour couvrir tant l'évaluation sur site des RBS installées que les évaluations en laboratoire;
- décrit la manière dont un vérificateur ayant des compétences suffisantes établit ses propres procédures d'évaluation, en fonction de ses objectifs d'évaluation;
- fournit des recommandations quant à la manière de rendre compte, d'interpréter et de comparer les résultats obtenus à partir de différentes méthodologies d'évaluation et, lorsque l'objectif de l'évaluation l'exige, prendre une décision justifiée en vertu d'une valeur limite donnée;
- fournit, à titre informatif, de brèves descriptions d'exemples d'études de cas dans le cadre de la comparaison avec le rapport technique IEC 62669
Cette deuxième édition annule et remplace la première édition parue en 2011, dont elle constitue une révision technique.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 22-Aug-2017
• ICS: 13.280 - Radiation protection
• ICS: 17.240 - Radiation measurements
• ICS: 29.100.10 - Magnetic components
• ICS: 29.180 - Transformers. Reactors
• Technical Committee: TC 106 - Methods for the assessment of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields associated with human exposure
• Drafting Committee: MT 3 - TC 106/MT 3
• Current Stage: DELPUB - Deleted Publication
• Start Date: 14-Oct-2022
• Completion Date: 25-Dec-2020

Relations

• Revised: IEC 62232:2022 - Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023
• Revises: IEC 62232:2011 - Determination of RF field strength and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023

Overview

IEC 62232:2017 is the international standard for determining radio‑frequency (RF) field strength, power density and specific absorption rate (SAR) around radiocommunication base stations (RBS) to evaluate human exposure. The second edition (2017) updates the original 2011 edition and covers intentionally radiating base stations transmitting on one or more antennas across 110 MHz to 100 GHz, while also considering ambient sources in the 100 kHz to 300 GHz range. The standard supports laboratory and in‑situ evaluations and provides methods for compliance assessment, reporting and uncertainty estimation.

Key topics and requirements

• Evaluation purposes: product compliance (pre‑market compliance boundary), product installation compliance (pre‑service total exposure), and in‑situ RF exposure assessment (post‑installation measurements).
• Measurement methods: RF field strength (broadband and frequency‑selective) and SAR measurement approaches, with guidance on probe selection and measurement procedures.
• Computation methods: analytical and numerical computation algorithms, extrapolation techniques, and advanced modelling for predicting RF fields and SAR.
• Assessment procedures: guidance on selecting evaluation points, defining the source‑environment plane, spatial and temporal averaging, and summation of multiple RF fields (correlated/uncorrelated).
• Uncertainty and reporting: procedures for estimating measurement and modelling uncertainty, how to compare results to limit values, and standardized reporting formats.
• Guidance tools: quick‑start guidance, worked case studies and informative annexes (including companion Technical Report IEC TR 62669 for example case studies).

Practical applications

• Establishing a compliance boundary for new base station products before market release.
• Performing site installation assessments to verify accessible area exposure from an installed RBS and nearby sources.
• Conducting in‑situ surveys to measure real operating exposure around deployed base stations.
• Using computations to predict exposure for complex installations, rooftop sites, or multi‑antenna systems.
• Supporting regulator reviews, safety audits and health‑and‑safety documentation for telecom operators and integrators.

Who should use IEC 62232

• Telecom equipment manufacturers preparing product compliance documentation.
• Site installers and integrators conducting pre‑service installation assessments.
• RF surveyors and consultants performing field measurements and in‑situ evaluations.
• Regulators and compliance officers assessing exposure against national or international limits.
• R&D and test laboratories applying SAR and field strength measurement methods.

Related standards

• Companion Technical Report: IEC TR 62669 (informative case studies).
• IEC 62232 integrates with other IEC and national RF exposure guidelines and testing standards; users should reference applicable local exposure limits and measurement standards when performing assessments.

Keywords: IEC 62232, RF exposure, base stations, SAR, power density, field strength, compliance boundary, in‑situ measurement, product installation compliance, uncertainty.

Standards Content (Sample)

IEC 62232 ®
Edition 2.0 2017-08
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of
radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human
exposure
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IEC 62232 ®
Edition 2.0 2017-08
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of

radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human

exposure
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 13.280; 17.240 ISBN 978-2-8322-4635-1

– 2 – IEC 62232:2017 © IEC 2017

CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 12

INTRODUCTION . 14

1 Scope . 15

2 Normative references . 15

3 Terms and definitions . 16

4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 22

4.1 Physical quantities . 22

4.2 Constants . 23
4.3 Abbreviated terms . 23
5 Quick start guide and how to use this document . 24
5.1 Overview. 24
5.2 Quick start guide . 24
5.3 How to use this document . 26
5.4 Worked case studies . 27
6 Evaluation processes for product compliance, product installation compliance and
in-situ RF exposure assessments . 27
6.1 Evaluation process for product compliance . 27
6.1.1 General . 27
6.1.2 Establishing compliance boundaries . 27
6.1.3 Iso-surface compliance boundary definition . 28
6.1.4 Simple compliance boundaries . 28
6.1.5 Methods for establishing the compliance boundary . 30
6.1.6 Uncertainty . 32
6.1.7 Reporting . 32
6.2 Evaluation process used for product installation compliance . 33
6.2.1 General . 33
6.2.2 General evaluation procedure for product installations . 33
6.2.3 Product installation data collection . 34
6.2.4 Simplified product installation evaluation process . 35
6.2.5 Assessment area selection . 37
6.2.6 Measurements . 39
6.2.7 Computations . 40
6.2.8 Uncertainty . 41
6.2.9 Reporting . 41
6.3 Evaluation processes for in-situ RF exposure assessment . 42
6.3.1 General requirements, source determination and site analysis . 42
6.3.2 Measurement procedures . 44
6.3.3 Uncertainty . 45
6.3.4 Reporting . 45
6.4 Averaging procedures . 46
6.4.1 Spatial averaging . 46
6.4.2 Time averaging . 46
7 Determining the evaluation method . 46
7.1 Overview. 46
7.2 Process to determine the evaluation method . 46
7.2.1 General . 46

7.2.2 Establishing the evaluation points in relation to the source-environment

plane . 47

7.2.3 Exposure metric selection . 49

8 Evaluation methods . 49

8.1 Overview. 49

8.2 Measurement methods . 50

8.2.1 General . 50

8.2.2 RF field strength measurements . 50

8.2.3 SAR measurements . 51

8.3 Computation methods . 52

9 Uncertainty . 53
10 Reporting. 54
10.1 General requirements . 54
10.2 Report format . 54
10.3 Opinions and interpretations . 55
Annex A (informative) Source environment plane and guidance on the evaluation
method selection . 56
A.1 Guidance on the source-environment plane . 56
A.1.1 General . 56
A.1.2 Source-environment plane example . 56
A.1.3 Source regions . 57
A.2 Select between computation or measurement approaches . 63
A.3 Select measurement method . 64
A.3.1 Selection stages . 64
A.3.2 Selecting between field strength and SAR measurement approaches . 64
A.3.3 Selecting between broadband and frequency-selective measurement . 65
A.3.4 Selecting RF field strength measurement procedures . 66
A.4 Select computation method . 66
A.5 Additional considerations . 68
A.5.1 Simplicity . 68
A.5.2 Evaluation method ranking . 68
A.5.3 Applying multiple methods for RF exposure evaluation . 68
Annex B (normative) Evaluation methods . 69
B.1 Overview. 69
B.2 Evaluation parameters . 69

B.2.1 Overview . 69
B.2.2 Coordinate systems . 69
B.2.3 Reference points . 70
B.2.4 Variables . 70
B.3 Measurement methods . 73
B.3.1 RF field strength measurements . 73
B.3.2 SAR measurements . 104
B.4 Computation methods . 114
B.4.1 Overview and general requirements . 114
B.4.2 Formulas . 115
B.4.3 Basic algorithms . 123
B.4.4 Advanced computation methods . 129
B.5 Extrapolation from the evaluated SAR / RF field strength to the required
assessment condition. 150

– 4 – IEC 62232:2017 © IEC 2017

B.5.1 Extrapolation method . 150

B.5.2 Extrapolation to maximum RF field strength using broadband

measurements . 151

B.5.3 Extrapolation to maximum RF field strength for frequency and code

selective measurements . 151

B.5.4 Influence of traffic in real operating network . 152

B.6 Summation of multiple RF fields . 152

B.6.1 Applicability . 152

B.6.2 Uncorrelated fields . 153

B.6.3 Correlated fields . 153

B.6.4 Ambient fields . 153
Annex C (informative) Rationale supporting simplified product installation criteria. 154
C.1 General . 154
C.2 Class E2 . 154
C.3 Class E10 . 155
C.4 Class E100 . 155
C.5 Class E+ . 157
Annex D (informative) Guidance on comparing evaluated parameters with a limit
value. 159
D.1 Overview. 159
D.2 Information required to compare evaluated value against limit value . 159
D.3 Performing a limit comparison at a given confidence level. 159
D.4 Performing a limit comparison using a process based assessment scheme . 160
Annex E (informative) Uncertainty . 161
E.1 Background. 161
E.2 Requirement to estimate uncertainty . 161
E.3 How to estimate uncertainty . 162
E.4 Guidance on uncertainty and assessment schemes . 162
E.4.1 General . 162
E.4.2 Overview of assessment schemes . 162
E.4.3 Examples of assessment schemes . 163
E.4.4 Assessment schemes and compliance probabilities . 166
E.5 Guidance on uncertainty . 168
E.5.1 Overview . 168
E.5.2 Measurement uncertainty and confidence levels . 169

E.6 Applying uncertainty for compliance assessments . 170
E.7 Example influence quantities for field measurements . 170
E.7.1 General . 170
E.7.2 Calibration uncertainty of measurement antenna or field probe . 171
E.7.3 Frequency response of the measurement antenna or field probe . 171
E.7.4 Isotropy of the measurement antenna or field probe . 173
E.7.5 Frequency response of the spectrum analyser . 173
E.7.6 Temperature response of a broadband field probe . 173
E.7.7 Linearity deviation of a broadband field probe . 173
E.7.8 Mismatch uncertainty . 173
E.7.9 Deviation of the experimental source from numerical source . 174
E.7.10 Meter fluctuation uncertainty for time varying signals . 174
E.7.11 Uncertainty due to power variation in the RF source . 174
E.7.12 Uncertainty due to field gradients . 174

E.7.13 Mutual coupling between measurement antenna or isotropic probe and

object . 176

E.7.14 Uncertainty due to field scattering from the surveyor’s body . 177

E.7.15 Measurement device . 178

E.7.16 Fields out of measurement range . 178

E.7.17 Noise . 179

E.7.18 Integration time . 179

E.7.19 Power chain . 179

E.7.20 Positioning system . 179

E.7.21 Matching between probe and the EUT . 179

E.7.22 Drifts in output power of the EUT, probe, temperature, and humidity . 179
E.7.23 Perturbation by the environment . 179
E.8 Example influence quantities for RF field strength computations by ray
tracing or full wave methods . 180
E.8.1 General . 180
E.8.2 System . 180
E.8.3 Technique uncertainties . 181
E.8.4 Environmental uncertainties . 181
E.9 Influence quantities for SAR measurements . 182
E.9.1 General . 182
E.9.2 Post-processing . 182
E.9.3 Device holder . 182
E.9.4 Test sample positioning . 183
E.9.5 Phantom shell uncertainty . 184
E.9.6 SAR correction / target liquid permittivity and conductivity . 184
E.9.7 Liquid permittivity and conductivity measurements . 184
E.9.8 Liquid temperature . 185
E.10 Influence quantities for SAR calculations . 185
E.11 Spatial averaging . 185
E.11.1 General . 185
E.11.2 Small-scale fading variations . 186
E.11.3 Error on the estimation of local average power density . 186
E.11.4 Error on the estimation of local average power density . 187
E.11.5 Characterization of environment statistical properties . 187
E.11.6 Characterization of different averaging schemes. 188
E.12 Influence of human body on probe measurements of the electrical field
strength . 192
E.12.1 Simulations of the influence of human body on probe measurements
based on the Method of Moments (Surface Equivalence Principle) . 192
E.12.2 Comparison with measurements . 194
E.12.3 Conclusions . 194
Annex F (informative) Technology-specific guidance . 195
F.1 Overview to guidance on specific technologies . 195
F.2 Summary of technology-specific information . 195
F.3 Guidance on spectrum analyser settings . 199
F.3.1 Overview of spectrum analyser settings . 199
F.3.2 Detection algorithms . 199
F.3.3 Resolution bandwidth and channel power processing . 200
F.3.4 Integration per service . 202
F.4 Constant power components . 203

– 6 – IEC 62232:2017 © IEC 2017

F.4.1 TDMA/FDMA technology . 203

F.4.2 WCDMA/UMTS technology . 203

F.4.3 OFDM technology . 204

F.5 WCDMA measurement and calibration using a code domain analyser . 204

F.5.1 WCDMA measurements – General. 204

F.5.2 Requirements for the code domain analyser . 204

F.5.3 Calibration . 205

F.6 Wi-Fi measurements . 207

F.6.1 General . 207

F.6.2 Integration time for reproducible measurements . 207

F.6.3 Channel occupation . 208
F.6.4 Some considerations . 208
F.6.5 Scalability by channel occupation . 209
F.6.6 Influence of the application layers . 209
F.7 LTE measurements for Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) . 209
F.7.1 Overview . 209
F.7.2 Maximum LTE exposure evaluation . 210
F.7.3 Instantaneous LTE exposure evaluation . 213
F.7.4 MIMO multiplexing of LTE base station . 213
F.8 LTE measurements for Time Division Duplexing (TDD) . 214
F.8.1 General . 214
F.8.2 Definitions and transmission modes . 214
F.8.3 TDD frame structure . 215
F.8.4 Maximum LTE exposure evaluation . 217
F.9 Establishing compliance boundaries using numerical simulations of MIMO
array antennas emitting correlated wave-forms . 220
F.9.1 General . 220
F.9.2 Field combining near radio base stations for correlated exposure with
the purpose of establishing compliance boundaries . 221
F.9.3 Numerical simulations of MIMO array antennas with densely packed
columns . 222
F.9.4 Numerical simulations of large MIMO array antennas . 222
F.10 Smart antennas . 223
F.10.1 Overview . 223
F.10.2 Deterministic conservative approach . 223
F.10.3 Statistical conservative approach. 223

F.10.4 Example approaches . 224
F.10.5 Smart antenna (TD-LTE) . 233
F.11 Establishing compliance boundary for systems using dish antennas . 233
F.11.1 General . 233
F.11.2 Overview . 234
F.11.3 Compliance boundary of a dish antenna . 234
Bibliography . 236

Figure 1 – Quick start guide to the evaluation process . 25
Figure 2 – Example of complex compliance boundary . 28
Figure 3 – Example of circular cylindrical compliance boundaries . 28
Figure 4 – Example of box shaped compliance boundary . 29
Figure 5 – Example of truncated box shaped compliance boundary . 29

Figure 6 – Example of dish antenna compliance boundary (from [11]) . 30

Figure 7 – Example illustrating the linear scaling procedure . 31

Figure 8 − Flowchart describing the product installation evaluation process . 34

Figure 9 – Square-shaped assessment domain boundary (ADB) with size D . 39
ad
Figure 10 – Alternative routes to evaluate in-situ RF exposure . 43

Figure 11 – Source-environment plane concept . 48

Figure 12 – Flow chart of the measurement methods . 50

Figure 13 – Flow chart of the relevant computation methods . 52

Figure A.1 – Example source-environment plane regions near a radio base station
antenna on a tower which has a narrow vertical (elevation plane) beamwidth (not to
scale). 56
Figure A.2 – Example source-environment plane regions near a roof-top antenna which
has a narrow vertical (elevation plane) beamwidth (not to scale) . 57
Figure A.3 – Geometry of an antenna with largest linear dimension L and largest end
eff
dimension L . 58
end
Figure A.4 – Maximum path difference for an antenna with largest linear dimension L . 62
Figure B.1 – Cylindrical, cartesian and spherical coordinates relative to the RBS
antenna . 70
Figure B.2 – Evaluation locations . 81
Figure B.3 – Relationship of separation of remote radio source and evaluation area to
separation of evaluation points . 82
Figure B.4 – Outline of the surface scanning methodology . 84
Figure B.5 – Block diagram of the near-field antenna measurement system . 85
Figure B.6 – Minimum radius constraint where a denotes the minimum radius of a
sphere, centred at the reference point, that will encompass the EUT . 86
Figure B.7 – Maximum angular sampling spacing constraint . 86
Figure B.8 – Outline of the volume/surface scanning methodology . 90
Figure B.9 – Block diagram of typical near-field EUT measurement system . 91
Figure B.10 – Spatial averaging schemes relative to foot support level and in the
vertical plane oriented to offer maximum area in the direction of the source being
evaluated . 97
Figure B.11 – Spatial averaging relative to spatial-peak field strength point height . 97
Figure B.12 – Positioning of the EUT relative to the relevant phantom . 105
Figure B.13 – Phantom liquid volume and measurement volume used for whole-body

SAR measurements with the box-shaped phantoms . 111
Figure B.14 – Reflection due to the presence of a ground plane . 116
Figure B.15 – Enclosed cylinder around collinear arrays, with and without electrical

downtilt . 116
Figure B.16 – Leaky feeder geometry . 118
Figure B.17 – Directions for which SAR estimation expressions are given . 119
Figure B.18 – Reference frame employed for cylindrical formulas for field strength
computation at a point P (left), and on a line perpendicular to boresight (right) . 124
Figure B.19 – Views illustrating the three valid zones for field strength computation
around an antenna . 125
Figure B.20 – Cylindrical formulas reference results . 128
Figure B.21 – Spherical formulas reference results . 129
Figure B.22 – Synthetic model and ray tracing algorithms geometry and parameters . 131

– 8 – IEC 62232:2017 © IEC 2017

Figure B.23 – Line 4 far-field positions for synthetic model and ray tracing validation

example . 134

Figure B.24 – Antenna parameters for synthetic model and ray tracing algorithms

validation example . 135

Figure B.25 – Generic 900 MHz RBS antenna with nine dipole radiators . 142

Figure B.26 – Line 1, 2 and 3 near-field positions for full wave and ray tracing

validation . 142

Figure B.27 – Generic 1 800 MHz RBS antenna with five slot radiators . 143

Figure B.28 – RBS antenna placed in front of a multi-layered lossy cylinder . 149

Figure B.29 – Time variation over 24 h of the exposure induced by GSM 1 800 MHz
(left) and FM (right) both normalized to mean . 152
Figure C.1 – Measured ER as a function of distance for a low power BS (G = 5 dBi,
f = 2 100 MHz) transmitting with an EIRP of 2 W (class E2) and 10 W (class E10) . 154
Figure C.2 – Minimum installation height as a function of transmitting power
corresponding to class E10 . 155
Figure C.3 – Compliance distance in the main lobe as a function of EIRP established
according to the far-field formula corresponding to class E100 . 156
Figure C.4 – Minimum installation height as a function of transmitting power
corresponding to class E100 . 156
Figure C.5 – Averaged power density at ground level for various installation
configurations of equipment with 100 W EIRP (class E100) . 157
Figure C.6 – Compliance distance in the main lobe as a function of EIRP established
according to the far-field formula corresponding to class E+ . 158
Figure C.7 – Minimum installation height as a function of transmitting power
corresponding to class E+ . 158
Figure E.1 – Examples of general assessment schemes . 164
Figure E.2 – Target uncertainty scheme overview . 165
Figure E.3 – Probability of the true value being above (respectively below) the
evaluated value depending on the confidence level assuming a normal distribution . 169
Figure E.4 – Plot of the calibration factors for E (not E ) provided from an example
calibration report for an electric field probe . 172
Figure E.5 – Computational model used for the variational analysis of reflected RF
fields from the front of a surveyor . 177
Figure E.6 – Positioning device and different positioning errors . 183
Figure E.7 – Physical model of Rayleigh (a) and Rice (b) small-scale fading variations . 185

Figure E.8 – Example of E field strength variations in line of sight of an antenna
operating at 2,2 GHz . 186
Figure E.9 – Error at 95% on average power estimation . 187
Figure E.10 – 343 measurement positions building a cube (centre) and different
templates consisting of a different number of positions . 188
Figure E.11 – Moving a template (Line 3) through the CUBE. 189
Figure E.12 – Standard deviations for GSM 900, DCS 1800 and UMTS . 191
Figure E.13 – Simulation arrangement . 193
Figure E.14 – Body influence . 193
Figure E.15 – Simulation arrangement . 194
Figure F.1 – Spectral occupancy for GMSK . 200
Figure F.2 – Spectral occupancy for CDMA . 201
Figure F.3 – Channel allocation for a WCDMA signal . 204

Figure F.4 – Example of Wi-Fi frames . 207

Figure F.5 – Channel occupation versus the integration time for IEEE 802.11b

standard . 208

Figure F.6 – Channel occupation versus nominal throughput rate for IEEE 802.11b/g

standards . 208

Figure F.7 – Wi-Fi spectrum trace snapshot . 209

Figure F.8 – Frame structure of transmission signal for LTE downlink . 210

Figure F.9 – Examples of received waves from LTE downlink signals using a spectrum

analyser using zero span mode . 213

Figure F.10 – Frame structure type 2 (for 5 ms switch-point periodicity) . 216
Figure F.11 – Frame structure of transmission signal for TDD LTE . 216
Figure F.12 – PBCH measurement example . 218
Figure F.13 – PBCH measurement example spectrum analyser using zero span mode . 220
Figure F.14 – MIMO array antenna with densely packed columns . 221
Figure F.15 – Plan view representation of statistical conservative model . 224
Figure F.16 – Binomial cumulative probability function for N = 24, PR = 0,125 . 232
Figure F.17 – Binomial cumulative probability function for N = 18, PR = 2/7. 233
Figure F.18 – Flowchart for the assessment of EMF compliance boundary in the line of
sight of dish antennas (from [11]) . 235

Table 1 – Quick start guide evaluation steps . 26
Table 2 – Example of product installation classes where a simplified evaluation
process is applicable (based on ICNIRP general public limits [13]) . 36
Table 3 – Exposure metrics validity for evaluation points in each source region . 49
Table 4 – Requirements for RF field strength measurements . 51
Table 5 – Whole-body SAR exclusions based on RF power levels . 51
Table 6 – Requirements for SAR measurements. . 51
Table 7 – Applicability of computation methods for source-environment regions of
Figure 10 .
...