IEC 62576:2009
(Main)Electric double-layer capacitors for use in hybrid electric vehicles - Test methods for electrical characteristics
Electric double-layer capacitors for use in hybrid electric vehicles - Test methods for electrical characteristics
IEC 62576:2009 describes the methods for testing electrical characteristics of electric double-layer capacitor cells (hereinafter referred to as capacitor) to be used for peak power assistance in hybrid electric vehicles.
Condensateurs électriques à double couche pour véhicules électriques hybrides - Methodes d'essai des caractéristiques électriques
La CEI 62576:2009 décrit les méthodes d'essai des caractéristiques électriques des cellules de condensateur électrique à double couche (ci-après dénommé "condensateur") utilisées pour l'assistance en puissance de crête dans les véhicules électriques hybrides.
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Standards Content (Sample)
IEC 62576
®
Edition 1.0 2009-08
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Electric double-layer capacitors for use in hybrid electric vehicles – Test
methods for electrical characteristics
Condensateurs électriques à double couche pour véhicules électriques
hybrides – Méthodes d'essai des caractéristiques électriques
IEC 62576:2009
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
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---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
IEC 62576
®
Edition 1.0 2009-08
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Electric double-layer capacitors for use in hybrid electric vehicles – Test
methods for electrical characteristics
Condensateurs électriques à double couche pour véhicules électriques
hybrides – Méthodes d'essai des caractéristiques électriques
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
U
CODE PRIX
ICS 31.090.99; 43.120 ISBN 978-2-88910-766-7
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
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– 2 – 62576 © IEC:2009
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.4
INTRODUCTION.6
1 Scope.7
2 Normative references .7
3 Terms and definitions .7
4 Tests and measurement procedures.10
4.1 Capacitance, internal resistance, and maximum power density.10
4.1.1 Circuit for measurement .10
4.1.2 Test equipment.11
4.1.3 Measurement procedure .11
4.1.4 Measurement.12
4.1.5 Calculation method for capacitance .12
4.1.6 Calculation method for internal resistance .12
4.1.7 Calculation method for maximum power density .13
4.2 Voltage maintenance characteristics .13
4.2.1 Circuit for measurement .13
4.2.2 Test equipment.14
4.2.3 Measurement procedures .14
4.2.4 Measurement.15
4.2.5 Calculation of voltage maintenance rate .15
4.3 Energy efficiency.15
4.3.1 Circuit for test.15
4.3.2 Test equipment.15
4.3.3 Measurement procedures .16
4.3.4 Measurement.17
4.3.5 Calculation of energy efficiency .17
Annex A (informative) Endurance test (continuous application of rated voltage at high
temperature) .18
Annex B (informative) Heat equilibrium time of capacitors.20
Annex C (informative) Charging/discharging efficiency and measurement current.22
Annex D (informative) Procedures for setting the measurement current of capacitor
with uncertain nominal internal resistance.24
Bibliography.25
Figure 1 – Basic circuit for measuring capacitance, internal resistance and maximum
power density .10
Figure 2 – Voltage-time characteristics between capacitor terminals in capacitance and
internal resistance measurement .11
Figure 3 – Basic circuit for measuring the voltage maintenance characteristics.13
Figure 4 – Time characteristics of voltage between capacitor terminals in voltage
maintenance test .14
Figure 5 – Voltage-time characteristics between capacitor terminals in
16
charging/discharging efficiency test .
Figure B.1 – Heat equilibrium times of capacitors (85 °C→25 °C) .20
Figure B.2 – Heat equilibrium times of capacitors (–40 °C→25 °C) .21
Figure B.3 – Temperature changes of capacitors' central portions (85 °C→25 °C) .21
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62576 © IEC:2009 – 3 –
Figure B.4 – Temperature changes of capacitors' central portions (–40 °C→25 °C) .21
Table D.1 – Example of setting current for measurement of capacitor .24
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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
ELECTRIC DOUBLE-LAYER CAPACITORS
FOR USE IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES –
TEST METHODS FOR ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
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patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62576 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 69: Electric
road vehicles and electric industrial trucks.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
CDV Report on voting
69/158/CDV 69/162/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
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62576 © IEC:2009 – 5 –
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in
the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The “colour inside” logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this publication using a colour printer.
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– 6 – 62576 © IEC:2009
INTRODUCTION
The Electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) is a promising energy storage system for hybrid
electric vehicles (HEVs), and EDLC-installed HEVs have begun to be commercialized with an
eye to improving fuel economy by recovering regenerative energy. Although a standards
series (IEC 62391 series) for EDLC already exists, those for HEVs involve patterns of use,
usage environment, and values of current that are quite different from those assumed in the
existing standards. Standard evaluation and test methods will be useful for both the auto
manufacturers and capacitor suppliers to speed up the development and lower the costs of
such EDLCs. With these points in mind, this standard aims to provide basic and minimum
specifications in terms of the methods for testing electrical characteristics, and to create an
environment that supports expanding market of HEVs and large capacity EDLCs. Additional
practical test items to be standardized should be reconsidered after technology and market
stabilization of EDLCs for HEVs. In terms of endurance that is important in practical use, just
basic concept is set forth in the informative annexes.
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62576 © IEC:2009 – 7 –
ELECTRIC DOUBLE-LAYER CAPACITORS
FOR USE IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES –
TEST METHODS FOR ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
1 Scope
This standard describes the methods for testing electrical characteristics of electric double-
layer capacitor cells (hereinafter referred to as capacitor) to be used for peak power
assistance in hybrid electric vehicles.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60068-1:1988, Environmental testing – Part 1: General and guidance
Amendment 1(1992)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
reference temperature
reference temperature (°C) to be used in the test
3.2
ambient temperature
ambient temperature of the surrounding space in which a capacitor is placed
3.3
upper category temperature
highest ambient temperature that a capacitor is designed to operate continuously
3.4
lower category temperature
lowest ambient temperature that a capacitor is designed to operate continuously
3.5
applied voltage
voltage (V) applied between the terminals of a capacitor
3.6
rated voltage
U
R
maximum d.c. voltage (V) that may be applied continuously for a certain time under the upper
category temperature to a capacitor so that a capacitor can exhibit specified demand
characteristics. This voltage is the setting voltage in capacitor design
NOTE The endurance test using the rated voltage is described in Annex A.
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– 8 – 62576 © IEC:2009
3.7
charge current
I
c
current (A) required to charge a capacitor
3.8
discharge current
I
d
current (A) required to discharge a capacitor
3.9
stored energy
energy (J) stored in a capacitor
3.10
charge accumulated electrical energy
amount of charged energy (J) accumulated from the beginning to the end of charging
3.11
discharge accumulated electrical energy
amount of discharged energy (J) accumulated from the beginning to the end of discharging
3.12
calculation start voltage
voltage (V) at a selected start point for calculating the characteristics including capacitance
under a state of voltage decrease during discharge
3.13
calculation end voltage
voltage (V) at a selected end point for calculating the characteristics including capacitance
under a state of voltage decrease during discharge
3.14
capacitance
ability of a capacitor to store electrical charge (F)
3.15
nominal capacitance
C
N
nominal capacitance value (C ) to be used in design and measurement condition setting (F),
N
generally, at the reference temperature
3.16
internal resistance
combined resistance (Ω) of constituent material specific resistance and inside connection
resistance of a capacitor
3.17
nominal internal resistance
R
N
nominal value of the internal resistance (R ) to be used in design and measurement condition
N
setting (Ω), generally at the reference temperature
3.18
constant voltage charging
method of charging a capacitor at specified voltage continuously
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62576 © IEC:2009 – 9 –
3.19
pre-conditioning
discharging and storage of a capacitor under specified ambient conditions (temperature,
humidity, and pressure) before testing
NOTE Generally, pre-conditioning implies that a capacitor is discharged and stored until its inner temperature
attains thermal equilibrium with the surrounding temperature, before its electrical characteristics are measured.
3.20
voltage treatment
voltage application before measurement of a capacitor’s electrical characteristics
NOTE Generally, this treatment is applied to a capacitor that has been stored for a long time or to a capacitor
whose history is not clear.
3.21
post-treatment (recovery)
discharging and storage of a capacitor under specified ambient conditions (temperature,
humidity, and pressure) after tests
NOTE Generally, post-treatment implies that a capacitor is discharged and stored until its inner temperature attains
thermal equilibrium with the surrounding temperature before its electrical characteristics are measured.
3.22
charging efficiency
efficiency under specified charging conditions, and ratio (%) of stored energy to charge
accumulated electrical energy. This value is calculated from the internal resistance of a
capacitor
NOTE Refer to Equation C.8 in Annex C.
3.23
discharging efficiency
efficiency under specified discharging conditions, and ratio (%) of discharge accumulated
electrical energy to stored energy. This value is calculated from the internal resistance of a
capacitor
NOTE Refer to Equation C.10 in Annex C.
3.24
energy efficiency
E
f
ratio (%) of discharge accumulated electrical energy to charge accumulated electrical energy
under specified charging and discharging conditions
3.25
voltage maintenance characteristics
voltage maintenance characteristics of a capacitor when its terminals are open after charging
3.26
voltage maintenance rate
ratio of voltage maintenance
ratio of the voltage at the open-ended terminals to the charge voltage after a specified time
period subsequent to the charging of a capacitor
3.27
power density
electrical power per unit mass (W/kg) or per unit volume (W/l) that can be recovered from a
charged capacitor
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– 10 – 62576 © IEC:2009
3.28
rated power density
specified maximum power density (W/kg or W/l). Generally, it is calculated by using the
nominal internal resistance and the rated voltage
3.29
maximum power density
P
dm
maximum power density (W/kg or W/l) that can be recovered from a charged capacitor.
Generally, it is calculated by using the internal resistance and the rated voltage
4 Tests and measurement procedures
4.1 Capacitance, internal resistance, and maximum power density
4.1.1 Circuit for measurement
The capacitance and the internal resistance shall be measured by using the constant current
charging and discharging methods. Figure 1 shows the basic circuit to be used for the
measurement.
Power supply
a)
A
S
I
CC
+
V
Cx
b)
U
CV
IEC 1597/09
Key
I constant-current
CC
U constant-voltage
CV
A d.c. ammeter
V d.c. voltage recorder
S changeover switch
Cx capacitor under test
constant current discharger
a) constant current charging
b) constant voltage charging
Figure 1 – Basic circuit for measuring capacitance,
internal resistance and maximum power density
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62576 © IEC:2009 – 11 –
4.1.2 Test equipment
The test equipment shall be capable of constant current charging, constant voltage charging,
constant current discharging, and continuous measurement of the current and the voltage
between the capacitor terminals in time-series as shown in Figure 2. The test equipment shall
be able to set and measure the current and the voltage with the accuracy equal to ± 1 % or
less.
The power supply shall provide the constant charge current for the capacitor charge with
95 % efficiency, set the duration of constant voltage charge, and provide a discharge current
corresponding to the specified-discharge efficiency. The d.c. voltage recorder shall be
capable of conducting measurements and recording with a 5 mV resolution and sampling
interval of 100 ms or less.
U
R
ΔU
3
U
1
ΔU
3
U
2
Magnified figure
Time (s)
T
CV
IEC 1598/09
Key
U rated voltage (V)
R
U calculation start voltage (V)
1
U calculation end voltage (V)
2
ΔU voltage drop (V)
3
T constant voltage charging duration (s)
CV
Figure 2 – Voltage-time characteristics between capacitor
terminals in capacitance and internal resistance measurement
4.1.3 Measurement procedure
Measurements shall be carried out in accordance with the following procedures using the test
equipment specified in 4.1.2.
a) Pre-conditioning
Before measurement, the capacitors shall be fully discharged and then incubated for 2 h to
6 h under the reference temperature, set at 25 °C ± 2 °C, as specified in 5.2 in IEC 60068-
1, or that specified by the related standards.
NOTE 1 The heat equilibrium time which provides a reference for the soaking time is described in Annex B.
b) Sample setting
Fit the sample capacitors with the test equipment.
c) Test equipment set-up
Voltage (V)
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– 12 – 62576 © IEC:2009
Unless specified otherwise by related standards, the test equipment shall be set-up in the
following manner.
1) Set the constant current I for charging. At this current, the capacitors shall be able to
c
charge with 95 % charging efficiency based on their nominal internal resistance R .
N
The current value is calculated by I =U /38R .
c R N
NOTE 2 The general concept for 95 % charging or discharging efficiency is described in Annex C. When
the rated value of internal resistance of a capacitor is uncertain, the current for the measurement can be
set according to the advisable procedures described in Annex D.
2) Set the maximum voltage for constant current charging as the rated voltage U .
R
3) Set the duration of constant voltage charging T to 300 s.
CV
4) Set the constant current discharge value. This value shall allow for a 95 % discharging
efficiency based on the capacitor’s nominal internal resistance R , and is calculated
N
by I =U /40R .
d R N
5) Set the sampling interval to 100 ms or less, and set the test-equipment so as to
measure the voltage drop characteristics up to 0,5 U .
R
4.1.4 Measurement
After the setting as specified above, the voltage-time characteristics between capacitor
terminals as shown in Figure 2 shall be measured.
4.1.5 Calculation method for capacitance
The capacitance C shall be calculated using Equation (1) based on the voltage-time
characteristics between capacitor terminals obtained in 4.1.4.
NOTE This calculation method is called “energy conversion capacitance method.”
2 W
(1)
C =
2 2
(0,9 U ) − (0,7 U )
R R
where
C is the capacitance (F) of capacitor ;
) to
W is the measured discharged energy (J) from calculation start voltage (0,9 U
R
calculation end voltage (0,7 U );
R
U is the rated voltage (V).
R
4.1.6 Calculation method for internal resistance
The internal resistance R shall be calculated using Equation (2) based on the voltage-time
characteristics between capacitor terminals obtained in 4.1.4.
ΔU
3
R = (2)
I
d
where
R is the internal resistance (Ω) of capacitor;
I is the discharge current (A).
d
ΔU Apply the straight-line approximation to the voltage drop characteristics from the
3
calculation start voltage (0,9 U ) to the calculation end voltage (0,7 U ) by using the
R R
least squares method. Obtain the intercept (voltage value) of the straight line at the
discharge start time. ΔU is the difference of voltages (V) between the intercept
3
voltage value and the set value of constant voltage charging.
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62576 © IEC:2009 – 13 –
NOTE This calculation method is called “least squares internal resistance method.”
4.1.7 Calculation method for maximum power density
The maximum power density P is calculated by using the internal resistance value
dm
calculated in 4.1.6 and Equation (3).
NOTE This calculation method is called “matched impedance power density method.”
2
0,25 U
R
(3)
P =
dm
RM
where
P
dm is the maximum power density of capacitor (W/kg or W/l) ;
U is the rated voltage (V);
R
R is the calculated internal resistance (Ω);
M is the mass or volume of capacitor (kg or l).
4.2 Voltage maintenance characteristics
4.2.1 Circuit for measurement
Figure 3 shows the basic circuit for measuring the voltage maintenance characteristics.
Power supply
a)
S
I
CC
+
V Cx V
1 2
b)
U
CV
IEC 1599/09
Key
I constant-current
CC
U constant-voltage
CV
V V d.c. voltmeter
1 2
S changeover switch
Cx capacitor under test
a) constant current charging
b) constant voltage charging
Figure 3 – Basic circuit for measuring the voltage maintenance characteristics
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– 14 – 62576 © IEC:2009
4.2.2 Test equipment
The test equipment shall be capable of constant current charging, constant voltage charging,
and continuous measurement of the voltage between the capacitor terminals in time-series as
shown in Figure 4. The power supply sha
...
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