IEC 62830-4:2019

Semiconductor devices - Semiconductor devices for energy harvesting and generation - Part 4: Test and evaluation methods for flexible piezoelectric energy harvesting devices

IEC 62830-4:2019 describes terms, definitions, symbols, configurations, and test methods that can be used to evaluate and determine the performance characteristics of flexible piezoelectric energy harvesting devices for practical use. This document is applicable to energy harvesting devices for consumers, general industries, wearable electronics, military, and biomedical applications without any limitations of device technology and size.

Dispositifs à semiconducteurs - Dispositifs à semiconducteurs pour récupération et production d'énergie - Partie 4: Méthodes d’essai et d’appréciation pour les dispositifs de récupération d’énergie piézoélectrique souples

L’IEC 62830-4:2019 décrit les termes, définitions, symboles, configurations et les méthodes d’essai pouvant être utilisés pour apprécier et déterminer les caractéristiques de performance des dispositifs de récupération d’énergie piézoélectrique souples dans le contexte d’une utilisation pratique. Le présent document s’applique aux dispositifs de récupération d’énergie destinés au grand public, aux industries générales, aux appareils électroniques portatifs et aux applications militaires et biomédicales, sans restriction concernant la technologie et la taille des dispositifs.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 26-Feb-2019
• ICS: 01 - GENERALITIES. TERMINOLOGY. STANDARDIZATION. DOCUMENTATION
• ICS: 31.080.99 - Other semiconductor devices
• Technical Committee: TC 47 - Semiconductor devices
• Drafting Committee: WG 7 - TC 47/WG 7
• Current Stage: PPUB - Publication issued
• Start Date: 29-Mar-2019
• Completion Date: 27-Feb-2019

Standards Content (Sample)

IEC 62830-4
®

Edition 1.0 2019-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside


Semiconductor devices – Semiconductor devices for energy harvesting and
generation –
Part 4: Test and evaluation methods for flexible piezoelectric energy harvesting
devices

Dispositifs à semiconducteurs – Dispositifs à semiconducteurs pour
récupération et production d’énergie –
Partie 4: Méthodes d’essai et d’appréciation pour les dispositifs de récupération
d’énergie piézoélectrique souples

IEC 62830-4:2019-02(en-fr)

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IEC 62830-4

®


Edition 1.0 2019-02




INTERNATIONAL



STANDARD




NORME



INTERNATIONALE
colour

inside










Semiconductor devices – Semiconductor devices for energy harvesting and

generation –

Part 4: Test and evaluation methods for flexible piezoelectric energy harvesting


devices



Dispositifs à semiconducteurs – Dispositifs à semiconducteurs pour


récupération et production d’énergie –

Partie 4: Méthodes d’essai et d’appréciation pour les dispositifs de récupération

d’énergie piézoélectrique souples










INTERNATIONAL

ELECTROTECHNICAL

COMMISSION


COMMISSION

ELECTROTECHNIQUE


INTERNATIONALE




ISBN 978-2-8322-6609-0
ICS 31.080.99




Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.

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® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale

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– 2 – IEC 62830-4:2019 © IEC 2019
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 6
3.1 General terms . 6
3.2 Piezoelectric transducer . 8
3.3 Characteristic parameters . 8
4 Essential ratings and characteristic parameters . 10
4.1 Limiting values and operating conditions . 10
4.2 Additional information . 11
5 Test method . 11
5.1 General . 11
5.2 Electrical characteristics . 12
5.2.1 Test procedure . 12
5.2.2 Capacitance . 13
5.2.3 Open circuit voltage . 14
5.2.4 Short circuit current . 14
5.2.5 Open circuit voltage with various induced strains . 15
5.2.6 Short circuit current with various induced strains . 15
5.2.7 Open circuit voltage with various induced frequencies . 16
5.2.8 Short circuit current with various induced frequencies. 17
5.2.9 Output load voltage . 18
5.2.10 Output current . 19
5.2.11 Output power . 19
5.2.12 Optimal load impedance . 20
5.2.13 Maximum output power . 20
5.2.14 Test procedure . 20
5.2.15 Temperature range . 21
5.2.16 Relative humidity range . 22
5.2.17 Input bending motion range . 22
5.2.18 Input stretching motion range . 22
5.2.19 Input twisting motion range . 22
Annex A (informative) Piezoelectric modes . 23
A.1 General . 23
A.2 d mode. 23
33
A.3 d mode. 23
31
Annex B (informative) Classification of flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters . 25
B.1 General . 25
B.2 Piezoelectric thin film with top and bottom electrodes (d mode). 25
31
B.3 Piezoelectric thin film with comb structured electrodes (d mode) . 25
33
B.4 Piezoelectric nano wire with top and bottom electrodes . 25
B.5 Flexible piezoelectric material with top and bottom electrodes . 25
Annex C (informative) Input motions . 27
C.1 Classification of strain motions. 27
C.2 Example of test method . 27

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IEC 62830-4:2019 © IEC 2019 – 3 –
Annex D (informative) Electromechanical coupling . 29
D.1 Compliance and coupling coefficient relation. 29
D.2 Young’s modulus and coupling coefficient relation . 29
Bibliography . 30


Figure 1 – Flexible energy harvester using a flexible substrate with a piezoelectric film . 7
Figure 2 – Equivalent circuit of flexible piezoelectric energy harvester . 9
Figure 3 – Measurement procedure of flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters . 12
Figure 4 – Test setup for the electrical characteristics of a flexible piezoelectric energy
harvester . 13
Figure 5 – Open circuit voltage of a flexible piezoelectric energy harvester . 14
Figure 6 – Short circuit current of a flexible piezoelectric energy harvester . 14
Figure 7 – Open circuit voltage of the flexible piezoelectric energy harvester with
various induced strains . 15
Figure 8 – Short circuit current of the flexible piezoelectric energy harvester with

various induced strains . 16
Figure 9 – Open circuit voltage of the flexible piezoelectric energy harvester with
various induced frequencies . 17
Figure 10 – Short circuit current of the flexible piezoelectric energy harvester with
various induced frequencies . 18
Figure 11 – Output load voltages of flexible piezoelectric energy harvester at various

external loads . 19
Figure 12 – Output current of the flexible piezoelectric energy harvester at various
output voltages . 19
Figure 13 – Output power of the flexible piezoelectric energy harvester at various
external loads . 20
Figure 14 – Output power and voltage of the flexible piezoelectric energy harvester at

various input bending, stretching, or twisting motions . 20
Figure 15 – Block diagram of a test setup for evaluating the reliability of the flexible
piezoelectric energy harvester . 21
Figure A.1 – Piezoelectric mode of the bending beam based energy harvester . 24
Figure B.1 – Classification of flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters . 26
Figure C.1 – Classification of strain motions applied for flexible piezoelectric energy
harvesters . 27
Figure C.2 – The output current measurement for different types of stretching . 28

Table 1 – Specification parameters for flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters . 10

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– 4 – IEC 62830-4:2019 © IEC 2019
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES –
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES FOR
ENERGY HARVESTING AND GENERATION –

Part 4: Test and evaluation methods for
flexible piezoelectric energy harvesting devices

FOREWORD
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International Standard IEC 62830-4 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 47:
Semiconductor devices.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
47/2530/FDIS 47/2551/RVD

Full information on the voting for the approval of this International Standard can be found in
the report on voting indicated in the above table.
This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

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IEC 62830-4:2019 © IEC 2019 – 5 –
A list of all parts in the IEC 62830 series, published under the general title Semiconductor
devices – Semiconductor devices for energy harvesting and generation, can be found on the
IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
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• amended.

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– 6 – IEC 62830-4:2019 © IEC 2019
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES –
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES FOR
ENERGY HARVESTING AND GENERATION –

Part 4: Test and evaluation methods for
flexible piezoelectric energy harvesting devices



1 Scope
This part of IEC 62830 describes terms, definitions, symbols, configurations, and test
methods that can be used to evaluate and determine the performance characteristics of
flexible piezoelectric energy harvesting devices for practical use. This document is applicable
to energy harvesting devices for consumers, general industries, wearable electronics, military,
and biomedical applications without any limitations of device technology and size.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their
content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition
cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
IEC 60749-5, Semiconductor devices – Mechanical and climatic test methods – Part 5:
Steady-state temperature humidity bias life test
IEC 60749-12, Semiconductor devices – Mechanical and climatic test methods – Part 12:
Vibration, variable frequency
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1 General terms
3.1.1
flexible
capability of being bent or flexed
3.1.2
flexible energy harvester
energy transducer that transforms bending, stretching, or twisting energy into electric energy
Note 1 to entry: A flexible energy harvester which converts applied stress by bending, stretching or twisting to
electricity using a piezoelectric transducer is comprised of a spring and a piezoelectric transducer as shown in
Figure 1. The piezoelectric transducer contains two electrodes and a piezoelectric film or nano wires. The induced
external stress introduces the bending, stretching or twisting motion to the flexible substrate as shown in Annex C.
The flexible substrate is bent and the bending of the spring introduces tension and compression of the piezoelectric
film. The top and bottom electrodes of the piezoelectric film harvest the generated charges resulting from the
piezoelectric effect.

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IEC 62830-4:2019 © IEC 2019 – 7 –

1(a) Unimorph type

1(b) Bimorph type

Key
Configuration of energy harvester Components to operate energy
harvester
1 Piezoelectric film which is R External load
the body layer of the
piezoelectric transducer for
energy harvesting
2 Spring, to couple the L+, L- Outputs of energy
induced bending, stretching harvester
or twisting to the flexible
substrate by suspending it
Figure 1 – Flexible energy harvester using a flexible substrate with a piezoelectric film
Note 2 to entry: The flexible piezoelectric energy harvester can be classified into four different types as shown in
Annex B.
3.1.3
unimorph cantilever
cantilever that consists of one piezoelectric layer
Note 1 to entry: A unimorph cantilever consists of two layers where the piezoelectric layer is attached with the
non-piezoelectric layer that works as a spring to introduce external stress to the piezoelectric layer.
3.1.4
bimorph cantilever
cantilever that consists of two piezoelectric layers
Note 1 to entry: In a bimorph cantilever, a non-piezoelectric layer is placed between two piezoelectric layers.
3.1.5
flexible substrate
substrate that is made from flexible materials, such as polyimide and PDMS
3.1.6
spring
elastic object to store mechanical energy with spring constant, k
sp
[SOURCE: IEC 62830-1:2017, 3.1.5]

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– 8 – IEC 62830-4:2019 © IEC 2019
3.2 Piezoelectric transducer
3.2.1
piezoelectric transducer
energy converter to generate electricity from mechanical energy by means of piezoelectric
effect
[SOURCE: IEC 62830-1: 2017, 3.2.1]
3.2.2
piezoelectric effect
effect by which a mechanical deformation of piezoelectric material produces a proportional
change in the electric polarization of that material
3.2.3
piezoelectric constant
d
quantifying value of the polarization in the piezoelectric material on application of a stress
3.2.4
electromechanical coupling coefficient
k
value to describe the conversion rate of electrical energy to mechanical form or vice versa
Note 1 to entry: The coefficient is a combination of elastic, dielectric and piezoelectric constants which appears
naturally in the expression of the piezoelectric transducer.
d
k= (1)
1/2
(sε)
where
d is the piezoelectric charge constant;
s is the elastic compliance (inverse of Young's modulus) at constant electric field;
ε is the permittivity of the piezoelectric material at constant stress.
Note 2 to entry: Annexes A and D show additional information for the piezoelectric constant and
electromechanical coupling.
3.2.5
capacitance
C
p
capacitance between the two electrodes of the piezoelectric transducer
3.3 Characteristic parameters
3.3.1
equivalent circuit
electrical circuit which has the same output voltage
from induced bending, stretching, or twisting motion as the piezoelectric flexible energy
harvester in the immediate neighborhood of a resonance
Note 1 to entry: A flexible piezoelectric energy harvester can be divided into current source and capacitance parts
as shown in Figure 2. The equivalent circuit is comprised of parallel connected C , of R, and of transformer (I(t)),
p
where C and R represent the capacitance between the two electrodes of the piezoelectric transducer and external
p
load.

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IEC 62830-4:2019 © IEC 2019 – 9 –

Key
I(t) current source of piezoelectric
transducer
C capacitance of piezoelectric transducer
p
R external load
Figure 2 – Equivalent circuit of flexible piezoelectric energy harvester
3.3.2
open circuit voltage
V
electrical potential difference relative to a reference node of energy harvester when there is
no external load connected to the terminals of the energy harvester
3.3.3
short circuit current
I
current through the external load connected to the terminal of an energy harvester
[SOURCE: IEC 62830-1:2017, 3.3.6, modified – the term "ouput current" has been replaced
by "short circuit current".]
3.3.4
output power
P
electrical power transferred to the external load connected to the terminal of an energy
harvester
[SOURCE: IEC 62830-1:2017, 3.3.5]
3.3.5
power density
electrical power per unit volume (including seismic mass and clamper) transferred to the
external load connected to the terminals of the energy harvester
3.3.6
optimal load

R
opt
specified value of the external load for transferring the largest electrical energy from the
energy harvester
[SOURCE: IEC 62830-1: 2017, 3.3.7]

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– 10 – IEC 62830-4:2019 © IEC 2019
3.3.7
temperature range
range of temperature as measured on the enclosure over which the energy harvester will not
sustain permanent damage though not necessarily functioning within the specified tolerances
[SOURCE: IEC 62830-1: 2017, 3.3.9]
3.3.8
humidity range
range of humidity as measured in the enclosure over which the energy harvester will not
sustain permanent damage though not necessarily functioning within the specified tolerances
3.3.9
input stress
range of stress induced by bending motion, stretching motion, and twisting motion to the
energy harvester as measured on the enclosure over which the energy harvester will not
sustain permanent damage under long term operation though not necessarily functioning
within the specified tolerances
3.3.10
mean-time-to-failure
length of time the energy harvester is expected to last in operation without failure or
disruption
4 Essential ratings and characteristic parameters
4.1 Limiting values and operating conditions
Specification and characteristic parameters should be listed as shown in Table 1. The
manufacturer shall clearly announce the operating conditions and their limitation for energy
harvesting. The limiting value is the maximum induced bending, stretching or twisting motion
to ensure the long term operation of the flexible energy harvester for power generation
without any damage.
Table 1 – Specification parameters for flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters
Measuring
Parameters Symbols Min. Max. Unit
conditions
Insert name of

characteristic
parameters

The information provided in Table 1 is the following:
– Parameters: name of the characteristic parameters;
– Symbols: symbol of the parameters;
– Min.: minimum
...