IEC 62553:2012
(Main)Methods of measurement for digital network - Performance characteristics of terrestrial digital multimedia transmission network
Methods of measurement for digital network - Performance characteristics of terrestrial digital multimedia transmission network
IEC 62553:2012 is intended to establish measuring methods that enable the objective evaluation of the performance of transmission networks so as to make stable DTTB services a reality and establish a technical baseline, such as a definition of technical terms, to standardize measuring methods. The measurement methods described are intended for digital terrestrial television transmission network test and validation.
Méthodes de mesure pour réseau numérique - Caractéristiques de performances d’un réseau de transmission multimédia numérique terrestre
IEC 62553:2012 vise à établir des méthodes de mesure qui permettent d’évaluer objectivement le rendement des réseaux de transmission afin de faire de la stabilité des services de la DTTB une réalité et d’établir une base technique, telle qu’une définition des termes techniques, afin de normaliser les méthodes de mesure. Les méthodes de mesure décrites sont destinées au test et à la validation du réseau de transmission numérique terrestre.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
IEC 62553 ®
Edition 1.0 2012-11
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Methods of measurement for digital network – Performance characteristics of
terrestrial digital multimedia transmission network
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IEC 62553 ®
Edition 1.0 2012-11
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Methods of measurement for digital network – Performance characteristics of
terrestrial digital multimedia transmission network
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
PRICE CODE
XA
ICS 33.170 ISBN 978-2-83220-502-0
– 2 – 62553 © IEC:2012(E)
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and abbreviations . 8
4 General conditions of measurement . 9
4.1 Definitions and classifications of digital terrestrial TV transmission network . 9
4.1.1 General . 9
4.1.2 Network classification for transmitting frequencies . 10
4.1.3 Network classification on useable contribution links for signal transport
system between stations . 11
4.2 Signal form . 11
4.2.1 TS signal form . 11
4.2.2 IF signal form . 11
4.3 Test signals and auxiliary signals for measurement . 11
4.3.1 Test signals . 11
4.3.2 Auxiliary signals for measurement . 12
5 Methods of measurement for signal delay time . 12
5.1 Scope . 12
5.2 Definition of signal delay time . 13
5.2.1 Delay time . 13
5.2.2 Relative delay time difference . 13
5.3 Direct/indirect measurement . 13
5.3.1 General . 13
5.3.2 Direct measurement system . 14
5.3.3 Indirect measurement system . 14
5.4 Measurement place . 14
5.5 Classification of measurement system . 15
6 Methods of measurement for performances of radio wave relay station . 17
6.1 Scope . 17
6.2 Measurement diagram and measurement items . 17
6.2.1 General . 17
6.2.2 Measurement diagram . 17
6.2.3 Measurement items . 18
6.3 Methods of measurement . 18
6.3.1 General . 18
6.3.2 BER (case 2) . 19
6.3.3 Equivalent noise degradation (END) . 20
6.3.4 Amplitude frequency characteristics . 21
6.3.5 Delay profile . 22
6.3.6 Phase jitter . 22
7 Methods of measurement for performances of signal quality improvement instrument
used in radio wave relay station . 24
7.1 General . 24
7.2 Classification of signal quality improvement instrument . 25
7.3 Measurement diagram and measurement condition . 25
7.4 Common measurement items . 25
62553 © IEC:2012(E) – 3 –
7.5 Methods of measurement for each kind of compensator . 26
Annex A (informative) Examples of measurement methods for signal delay . 27
Annex B (informative) Examples of measurement methods for signal quality of relay
stations . 38
Annex C (normative) Principle and methods of measurement of compensators . 45
Figure 1 – Example of transmission network . 10
Figure 2 – Delay time and relative delay time difference definitons . 13
Figure 3 – Direct and indirect measurement method . 14
Figure 4 – Measurement diagram of received signal of relay station (case a)) . 17
Figure 5 – Measurement diagram of relay station (case b)) . 17
Figure 6 − BER- Measurement method . 20
Figure 7 – Definition of END . 21
Figure 8 – Measurement diagram of amplitude-frequency characteristics . 22
Figure 9 – Measurement block diagram of delay profile . 22
Figure 10 – Reference model . 23
Figure 11 – Conceptual diagram of relay station using a compensator . 25
Figure A.1 – General measurement system for cases 1 to 3 . 27
Figure A.2 – Example of frame sync signal extracting part . 28
Figure A.3 – Example of OFDM demodulator for frame timing extraction . 29
Figure A.4 – Block diagram of direct measurement methods for time delay of OFDM
signal . 30
Figure A.5 – Example of frequency characteristics of combined signal . 31
Figure A.6 – Example of delay profile of combined signal . 31
Figure A.7 – General measurement system for cases 5,6,13 and 14 . 32
Figure A.8 – Timing chart for signal delay measurement . 32
Figure A.9 – Principle of measurement using 1 pps signal . 33
Figure A.10 – General measurement system for cases 7, 8 and 15,16 . 34
Figure A.11 – Measurement system for delay time (time reference is 1pps signal of GPS)
............................................................................................................................................. 35
Figure A.12 – Timing relation of each signals . 36
Figure A.13 – Delay profile of OFDM signal . 37
Figure B.1 – BER measurement conceptual diagram for Null Packet method . 39
Figure B.2 – Examples of measurement result by Null Packet method . 39
Figure B.3 – Method to compare the data before/after correction . 40
Figure B.4 – Superimposed C/N measurement system . 41
Figure B.5 – Inherent degradation of OFDM demodulator measurement system . 43
Figure B.6 – Calculation process of delay profile . 44
Figure C.1 – Example of measurement block diagram for performances of loop-back
canceller . 46
Figure C.2 – Example of measurement block diagram for performances of diversity
reception equipment . 48
Figure C.3 – Example of measurement block diagram for performances of co-channel
interference canceller . 50
– 4 – 62553 © IEC:2012(E)
Figure C.4 – Example of measurement block diagram for performances of C/N Reset
equipment . 52
Table 1 – Classification of contribution link . 11
Table 2 – Parameter set of OFDM signal for test in ISDB-T system. 11
Table 3 – Parameter set of OFDM signal for test in DVB-T/H system . 12
Table 4 – Combination of signal type . 13
Table 5 – Classification of measurement system for signal delay time . 16
Table 6 – An example of measurement items for Relay station . 18
Table 7 – Example of the parameter set of spectrum analyzer . 22
Table 8 – Compensators used in digital terrestrial broadcasting relay network . 25
Table 9 – Examples of measurement items for signal quality improvement instrument . 26
Table A.1 – Signal format and timing extraction of each case . 27
Table A.2 – Equipment list for measurement . 30
Table A.3 – Equipment list for delay time measurement . 35
Table B.1 – Definition of Null Packet (in case of ISDB-T) . 38
Table B.2 – Example of noise power measurement parameters (6 MHz ISDB-T) . 42
Table B.3 – Example of signal power measurement parameters (6 MHz ISDB-T) . 42
62553 © IEC:2012(E) – 5 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
METHODS OF MEASUREMENT FOR DIGITAL NETWORK –
Performance characteristics of terrestrial digital
multimedia transmission network
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
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rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62553 has been prepared by subcommittee IEC technical
committee 103: Transmitting equipment for radiocommunication.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
CDV Report on voting
103/89/CDV 103/106/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
– 6 – 62553 © IEC:2012(E)
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.
62553 © IEC:2012(E) – 7 –
METHODS OF MEASUREMENT FOR DIGITAL NETWORK –
Performance characteristics of terrestrial digital
multimedia transmission network
1 Scope
When a transmission network for digital terrestrial television broadcasting (DTTB) is being
deployed, new networking technologies such as the Single Frequency Network (SFN) can be
employed excelling the conventional analogue TV systems. However, new technical evaluation
parameters are introduced for installing SFN systems. In addition new quality evaluation
methods are also established in order to achieve stable and high-quality broadcasting services
avoiding the cliff effect, which is one of the typical phenomena in the digital transmission that the
signal quality is abruptly degraded when the received C/N becomes just lower than a specific
value representing the system limit.
Given the background described above, this International Standard has the purposes of
• establishing measuring methods that enable the objective evaluation of the performance of
transmission networks so as to make stable DTTB services a reality,
• establishing a technical baseline, such as a definition of technical terms, to standardize
measuring methods.
The measurement methods described in this standard are intended for digital terrestrial
television transmission network test and validation. The measurement methods for digital
terrestrial transmitter are not included in this standard. These methods are described in
IEC 62273-1.
This standard does not give any regulations and/or mandatory requirements. The specifications
and requirements defined for each system have priority over this standard. However, there may
be some cases where details are not specified in each individual specification or different
systems should be evaluated under a common measurement method. The purpose of this
standard is to provide a common technical baseline that makes measurement results
comparable in all cases.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
IEC 62273-1:2007, Methods of measurement for radio transmitters – Performance
characteristics of terrestrial digital televisiont transmitters
ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007, Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and
associated audio information: Systems
Amendments 1 to 6
TR 101 190, Digital video broadcasting (DVB); implementation guidelines for DVB Terrestrial
services;Transmission aspects
– 8 – 62553 © IEC:2012(E)
TS 101 191, Digital video broadcasting (DVB); DVB mega-frame for Single Frequency Network
(SFN) synchronization
TR 102 377, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); DVB-H Implementation Guidelines
ARIB STD-B31, Transmission system for digital terrestrial television broadcasting
3 Terms and abbreviations
ADC Analog to Digital Converter
ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses
ASI Asynchronous Serial Interface
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BER Bit Error Ratio
C/N Carrier to Noise rate
CPU Central Processing Unit
DTTB Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting
DVB-H DVB Handheld
DVB-T DVB Terrestrial
D/U Desired to Undesired Signal Ratio
END Equivalent Noise Degradation
ETSI European Telecommunication Standards Institute
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
GPS Global Positioning System
IF Intermediate Frequency
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
IIP ISDB-T Information Packet
IP Internet Protocol
ISDB-T Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting − Terrestrial
ISI Inter Symbol Interference
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ITU International Telecommunication Union
JEITA Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association
MER Modulation Error Ratio
MFN Multi-Frequency Network
MIP Mega-frame Initialization Packet
MMSE Minimum Mean Square Error
MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex
PCR Program Clock Reference
PCR_AC PCR Accuracy
PCR_FO PCR Offset
PCR_OJ PCR Overall Jitter
PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
62553 © IEC:2012(E) – 9 –
PRBS Pseudo Random Binary Sequence
PID Packet Identifier
PLL Phased Locked Loop
PN Pseudo Random Noise
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
RBW Resolution Bandwidth
RF Radio Frequency
RS Reed-Solomon
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SFN Single Frequency Network
SP Scattered Pilot signal
SPI Synchronous Parallel Interface
STL Studio to Transmitter Link
STS Synchronization Time Stamp
TMCC Transmission and Multiplex Configuration Control signal
TS Transport Stream
TTL Transmitter to Transmitter Link
TV TeleVision
UHF Ultra-High Frequency (300 MHz to 3 000 MHz)
UI Unit Interval
VBW Video Bandwidth
VHF Very High Frequency (30 MHz to 300 MHz)
VLAN Virtual Local Area Network
4 General conditions of measurement
4.1 Definitions and classifications of digital terrestrial TV transmission network
4.1.1 General
The digital terrestrial broadcasting transmission networks defined in this standard consist of two
or more Digital Tv transmitters, relay lines (SDH or PDH contribution link: e.g. satellite, ATM
radio, ATM optical fibre, IP Ethernet VLAN), broadcast-wave relay stations (called Gap-Filler or
Transposer) through which the same broadcasting program is transmitted. Figure 1 shows an
example of the transmission network.
The network is classified in 4.1.2 and 4.1.3 according to the following conditions
a) Assigned frequencies of each transmitter station which compose the network.
b) Signal transmission method between transmitter stations.
– 10 – 62553 © IEC:2012(E)
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RFRF ｆｆ１１
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SFN network SFN network
RF f2
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（（MFMFNN))
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TTrraannssmmiitttitinngg ssttaatitioonn ##55
RFRF ｆｆ１１
（（SFSFNN))
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IEC 2134/12
Figure 1 – Example of transmission network
4.1.2 Network classification for transmitting frequencies
SFN: Transmission network which is composed by plural transmitter stations whose assigned
frequencies are the same. In Figure 1, transmitter stations, which are marked #1,#2,#3, and #5
and use the same transmitting frequency f1, compose the SFN.
MFN: transmission network which is composed by plural transmitter stations whose assigned
frequencies are different. In Figure 1, #2 transmitter stations whose assigned frequency is f1
and #4 transmitter station whose assigned frequency is f2 compose the MFN.
In case of SFN, transmission parameters of each transmitter station should satisfy the following
conditions:
a) The difference of transmitted frequency of each station should be within a specified range.
b) If necessary, the difference of sampling frequency of transmitted OFDM signals of each
station should be within a specified range.
c) Waveform of transmitted signals means the channel modulation of each station should be
the same. It means that the data contents of modulation of each station should be the same.
d) The difference of transmission timing of each transmitter station should be within a specified
range.
e) The synchronized operation of each station shall be necessary. For synchronized operation,
GPS time reference is used as a network reference signal or network should be locked to
GPS time reference.
62553 © IEC:2012(E) – 11 –
4.1.3 Network classification on useable contribution links for signal transport system
between stations
Different contribution links for signal transport system between stations are investigated and
mentioned in Table 1.
Table 1 – Classification of contribution link
Contribution link Transmission system Signal
STL(Studio to Transmitter Transport Stream transmission Digitalized Broadcast program and
Link) system control information(note)
IF transmission system Modulated OFDM signal(note)
TTL(Transmitter to Transport Stream transmission Digitalized Broadcast program and
Transmitter Link) system control information(note)
IF transmission system Modulated OFDM signal(note)
Broadcast wave relay Broadcast wave relay system Modulated OFDM signal(note)
NOTE Refer to 4.2.2 for signal form.
4.2 Signal form
4.2.1 TS signal form
Signal form in which digitalized broadcast program contents and control information are
multiplexed. For details of signal format, the following documents should be referred.
• DVB-T/H system: ETSI TR 101 190, ETSI TR 102 377
• ISDB-T system: ARIB STD-B31 Operational Guideline chapter 5.5
4.2.2 IF signal form
OFDM signal which is modulated by digitalized broadcast signal. For details of signal format, the
following documents should be referred.
• DVB-T system: ETSI TR 101 190, ETSI TR 102 377
• ISDB-T system; ARIB STD-B31 Main body
4.3 Test signals and auxiliary signals for measurement
4.3.1 Test signals
As test signals for measurement, the following signals can be used. The broadcasting Transport
Stream signal used for on-air services, or the equivalent broadcasting Transport Stream signal
in it, or the OFDM signal used for on-air.
The specifications of the test signals should be specified for each system, but unless specified,
for OFDM signal, the following transmission parameter set should apply, see Tables 2 and 3:
Table 2 – Parameter set of OFDM signal for test in ISDB-T system
Parameter Value
Channel bandwidth 6 MHz
Number of carriers 8k
Guard interval ratio 1/8
Time interleave (see note) I=2
Carrier modulation 64QAM
Coding rate of inner code 3/4 or 7/8
NOTE Apply for ISDB-T system.
– 12 – 62553 © IEC:2012(E)
Table 3 – Parameter set of OFDM signal for test in DVB-T/H system
Parameter Value
Channel bandwidth 6 MHz / 7 MHz / 8 MHz
Number of carriers 8k
Guard interval ratio 1/8
Time interleave(see note) Native
Carrier modulation 64QAM
Coding rate of inner code 2/3
NOTE Apply for DVB-T/H system.
4.3.2 Auxiliary signals for measurement
4.3.2.1 General
For measurement of signal delay, the auxiliary signals shown below are used.
4.3.2.2 Reference signal
a) 10 MHz signal; 10 MHz reference signal which is synchronized to GPS.
b) Sample clock pulse (see note); reference signal which is synchronized to Broadcast TS
signal or sample clock signal of OFDM signal.
NOTE For 6 MHz ISDB-T system, its frequency is 512/63 MHz.
4.3.2.3 1 pps signal
Used for signal delay measurement within 1 s, unless specified, leading edge of 1 pps signal and
up edge of 10 MHz sine wave signal should coincide.
1 pps signal and 10 MHz reference signal are obtained by making use of Reference signal
generator with GPS synchronization.
4.3.2.4 Frame sync. Signal
Frame sync. Signal is extracted from frame synchronization information multiplexed in
broadcast TS signal described in 4.2.1. In case of OFDM signal, frame sync. signal is
regenerated from demodulator timing recovery circuit.
Frame sync. Signal may be used as a reference signal for signal delay measurement. The
relationship between frame sync. Signal and sample clock should be specified for each system.
In addition, it is possible to widen the measurement range to more than 1 frame, by making use
of the following information which is multiplexed in Transport stream.
• DVB-T system: mega-frame information, refer to ETSI TS 101 191.
• ISDB-T system: frame identification signal, refer to ARIB STD-B31.
5 Methods of measurement for signal delay time
5.1 Scope
Management of signal delay in transmission network is one important issue for SFN operation in
Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting Network. In this clause, measurement methods for signal delay
of transmission lines and equipments, and for relative delay time difference between different
62553 © IEC:2012(E) – 13 –
transmission links are described. Signal delay of video and audio encoder/decoder is out of
scope.
5.2 Definition of signal delay time
5.2.1 Delay time
As shown in Figure 2 a), delay time should be defined as the delay time between input signal and
output signal of same transmission link.
Kinds of signal type of input/output are described in Table 4.
5.2.2 Relative delay time difference
As shown in Figure 2 b), relative delay time difference should be defined as the relative time
difference between outputs of different transmission links.
Kinds of signal type of input/output are described in Table 4.
Input signal (point #1) Transmission link Output signal (point #2)
Delay time
IEC 2135/12
Figure 2 a) – Delay time definition
Output signal #1(point #1)
Input Transmission link
signal Relative delay time difference
Divide #1
Transmission link
Output signal #2(point #2)
#2
IEC 2136/12
Figure 2 b) – Definition of relative delay time difference
Figure 2 – Delay time and relative delay time difference definitons
Table 4 – Combination of signal type
Measurement item Measurement point #1 Measurement point #2
Delay time Broadcast TS signal Broadcast TS signal
Broadcast TS signal OFDM signal
OFDM signal OFDM signal
Relative delay time Broadcast TS signal Broadcast TS signal
difference
OFDM signal OFDM signal
NOTE See details for signal type in Clause 4.
5.3 Direct/indirect measurement
5.3.1 General
As defined in 5.2, both signal delay and relative delay time difference are given as the time
difference between measurement point #1 and #2.
– 14 – 62553 © IEC:2012(E)
Two measurement systems are considered according to the compared signal. One is direct
comparison of signals of #1 and #2; this measurement system is defined as direct measurement
system in this standard. On the other hand, the signal timing of points #1 and #2 are measured
by making use of common reference signal, this measurement system is defined as indirect
measurement system in this standard.
Details of these two systems are described below.
5.3.2 Direct measurement system
Measurement method in which signals at two measuring points are directly compared and
measured delay time in this method, input signal is defined as reference signal and output signal
is defined as measured signal. Concept of this method is shown in Figure 3a).
5.3.3 Indirect measurement system
Measurement method in which the common reference signal is used as a reference of signal
delay measurement. As shown in Figure 3b), each measured signal at each measuring point is
compared by reference signal and measure the time difference between reference signal and
measured signal at each measuring points. The time difference of measurement results is
defined as delay time in this method.
Reference signal
Measurement
Measurement
Measured result = ∆t
system
signal
Input signal Output signal
Transmission
system
Delay time
Delay time = ∆t
IEC 2137/12
Figure 3a) – Direct measurement method
Reference
signal
Measurement
Reference signal
Measurement
Measurement result = ∆t2
Measured
system #2
Measurement result = ∆t1
signal
Measured signal system #1
Output signal
Input signal
Transmission
system
Delay time
Delay time = ∆t2 – ∆t1
IEC 2138/12
Figure 3b) – Indirect measurement method
Figure 3 – Direct and indirect measurement method
5.4 Measurement place
The measurement system is defined regarding measurement place.
62553 © IEC:2012(E) – 15 –
Places of measurement of points #1 and #2 are in same place, this case is defined as
measurement in same place. Measurement of signal delay of transmission equipment is one of
these types.
On the other hand, places of measurement of points #1 and #2 are in different place, this case
is defined as measurement in different places. Measurement of transmission time difference of
different station is one of these types.
5.5 Classification of measurement system
According to the parameters defined in 5.2 through 5.4, measurement systems are classified
into 16 cases shown in Table 5.
Examples and measurement systems of each case are described below:
a) Case 1: this is a typical case as a measurement of transmission delay of TS transmission line
and/or TS transmission equipment in same station. An example of measurement system is
shown in Clause A.1.
b) Case 2: signal delay of OFDM modulator is the typical case. The input signal format is TS,
and output format is OFDM modulated RF signal. In this case, frame synchronization timing
of both signals are compared. An example of measurement system is shown in Clause A.1.
c) Case 3: this is typical case as a measurement of transmission delay of RF transmission line
and/or RF transmission equipment in same station. An example of measurement system is
shown in Clause A.1.
d) Case 4: This is as case 3, but measurement method is different. An example of measurement
system is shown in Clause A.2
e) Case 5: this is typical case as a measurement of transmission delay of TS transmission link
between different stations. Common frame sync. Signal is used as reference signal. In this
case, time difference of reference signal at different positions should be exactly measured
before. An example of measurement system is shown in Clause A.3.
f) Case 6: this is typical case as a measurement of transmission delay of RF transmission link
between different stations. Common frame sync. Signal is used as reference signal. In this
case, time difference of reference signal at different position should be exactly measured
before. An example of measurement system is shown in Clause A.3.
g) Case 7: this is typical case as a measurement of transmission delay of TS transmission link
between different stations. 1 pps signal of GPS is used as reference signal. An example of
measurement system is shown in Clause A.3.
h) Case 8: this is typical case as a measurement of transmission delay of RF transmission link
between different stations. 1 pps signal of GPS is used as reference signal. An example of
measurement system is shown in Clause A.4.
i) Case 9 – case 12: in case that different TS/RF transmission links are used as redundant, the
time difference of different transmission outputs should be measured in the same station.
The measurement systems are similar to case 1 – case 4,
j) Case 13 – case 16: these are popular in transmission network composed by different TS/RF
transmission links to different stations. These measurement systems are used to verify the
time difference of different stations. The measurement systems are similar to case 5 – case
8.
For cases 13 and 14, time difference of reference signal (frame sync. signal) at different places
may be measured by 1 pps signal, or other method previously.
62553 © IEC:2012(E) – 16 –
Table 5 – Classification of measurement system for signal delay time
Case Definition Measurement Signal format Direct/ indirect Reference Measured timing remarks
place(note 2) format (note 5)
(note 1) #1 #2 (note 3) Signal (note 4)
1 Delay time Same place TS TS direct Input A Frame timing of See
measured signal
2 measurement TS OFDM Clause A.1
3 OFDM OFDM
4 OFDM OFDM (note 6) See
Clause A.2
5 Different TS TS indirect frame Frame timing of See Clause A.3
measured signal
6 place OFDM OFDM Sync. signal
7 TS TS 1 pps signal See Clause A.4
8 OFDM OFDM (note 7)
See Clause A.4
9 Relative delay Same place TS TS direct Input A Frame timing of See Clause A.1
time difference measured signal
10 TS OFDM
11 OFDM OFDM
12 OFDM OFDM (note 6) See Clause A.2
13 Different TS TS indirect frame Frame timing of See Clause A.3
measured signal
place Sync. signal
14 OFDM OFDM
15 TS TS 1 pps signal See Clause A.4
16 OFDM OFDM (note 7)
See Clause A.4
NOTE 1 See 5.2 for definition.
NOTE 2 See 5.4 for measurement place.
NOTE 3 See 5.3 for measurement methods.
NOTE 4 Reference signal is defined in 5.3.
NOTE 5 Signal format for delay time measurement.
NOTE 6 In cases 4 and 12, direct comparison of 2 signals for delay time measurement.
NOTE 7 For accurate measurement, new technology is proposed in Clause A.5 of this standard.
62553 © IEC:2012(E) – 17 –
6 Methods of measurement for performances of radio wave relay station
6.1 Scope
A broadcast wave relay station is important to cover the area where radio wave field strength of
main station is not strong enough for receiver. As an example, Gap filler is one of this type of
stations. This station type is useful because another frequency resource and/or transmission
link is not necessary, and also possible to reduce infrastructure cost.
But, in this type of network, relay station receives and re-transmits the signal. Therefore, signal
degradation caused by the rebroadcasting should be accumulated. For this reason, it is
important to measure and estimate total signal quality for this type of network.
6.2 Measurement diagram and measurement items
6.2.1 General
Measurement diagram and measurement items shall be specified for each system. But unless
specified, the following will be used.
6.2.2 Measurement diagram
Measurement diagram of relay station should be classified following two cases, according to
the purpose of measurement/evaluation.
a) Measurement for the performances of received signal of relay station
In case of measurement for the performances of relay station only, the measurement
diagram shown in Figure 4 should be applied.
Measurement
point A
Receiving signal
Receiving
Antenna output signal
antenna
＊
(broadcast signal)
Output terminal
IEC 2139/12
Figure 4 – Measurement diagram of received signal of relay station (case a))
b) Measurement for the performance of transmission network chain
In case of measurement for the performances of transmission network chain, the
measurement diagram shown in Figure 5 should be applied.
Receiving signal
Broadcast-wave
Transmitting signal
(broadcast signal)
relay transmitter
Measurement point C
Measurement point B
Output monitor terminal
Input monitor terminal
Monitor output signal
Monitor output signal
IEC 2140/12
NOTE The signal to be measured is RF signal.
Figure 5 – Measurement diagram of relay station (case b))
– 18 – 62553 © IEC:2012(E)
6.2.3 Measurement items
Measurement items should be specified for each system, but unless specified, measurement
items given in Table 6 may be referred.
In Table 6, measurement methods which are common for ones specified in IEC 62273-1 are
marked. For these methods, details should refer to IEC 62273-1.
In addition, these methods given in Table 6, can be applicable for the measurement of received
signal quality.
Table 6 – An example of measurement items for Relay station
Measurement item Relay Input signal Signal quality Note
station only quality through relay (method of measurement)
(note 1) (note 2) station
(note 3)
(General characteristics of transmitter)
Frequency X X See 5.1 of 62273-1
Output power X X See 5.2 of 62273-1
Spurious domain X X See 5.3 of 62273-1
emission
Out of band emission X X See 5.4 of 62273-1
Occupied bandwidth X X See 5.5 of 62273-1
Power consumption X See 5.6 of 62273-1
(Input and outp
...
IEC 62553 ®
Edition 1.0 2012-11
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Methods of measurement for digital network – Performance characteristics of
terrestrial digital multimedia transmission network
Méthodes de mesure pour réseau numérique – Caractéristiques de
performances d’un réseau de transmission multimédia numérique terrestre
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IEC 62553 ®
Edition 1.0 2012-11
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Methods of measurement for digital network – Performance characteristics of
terrestrial digital multimedia transmission network
Méthodes de mesure pour réseau numérique – Caractéristiques de
performances d’un réseau de transmission multimédia numérique terrestre
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 33.170 ISBN 978-2-8322-9365-2
– 2 – IEC 62553:2012 © IEC 2012
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and abbreviations . 8
4 General conditions of measurement . 9
4.1 Definitions and classifications of digital terrestrial TV transmission network . 9
4.1.1 General . 9
4.1.2 Network classification for transmitting frequencies . 10
4.1.3 Network classification on useable contribution links for signal transport
system between stations . 11
4.2 Signal form . 11
4.2.1 TS signal form . 11
4.2.2 IF signal form . 11
4.3 Test signals and auxiliary signals for measurement . 11
4.3.1 Test signals . 11
4.3.2 Auxiliary signals for measurement . 12
5 Methods of measurement for signal delay time . 12
5.1 Scope . 12
5.2 Definition of signal delay time . 13
5.2.1 Delay time . 13
5.2.2 Relative delay time difference . 13
5.3 Direct/indirect measurement . 13
5.3.1 General . 13
5.3.2 Direct measurement system . 14
5.3.3 Indirect measurement system . 14
5.4 Measurement place . 14
5.5 Classification of measurement system . 15
6 Methods of measurement for performances of radio wave relay station . 17
6.1 Scope . 17
6.2 Measurement diagram and measurement items . 17
6.2.1 General . 17
6.2.2 Measurement diagram . 17
6.2.3 Measurement items . 18
6.3 Methods of measurement . 18
6.3.1 General . 18
6.3.2 BER (case 2) . 19
6.3.3 Equivalent noise degradation (END) . 20
6.3.4 Amplitude frequency characteristics . 21
6.3.5 Delay profile . 22
6.3.6 Phase jitter . 22
7 Methods of measurement for performances of signal quality improvement instrument
used in radio wave relay station . 24
7.1 General . 24
7.2 Classification of signal quality improvement instrument . 25
7.3 Measurement diagram and measurement condition . 25
7.4 Common measurement items . 25
7.5 Methods of measurement for each kind of compensator . 26
Annex A (informative) Examples of measurement methods for signal delay . 27
Annex B (informative) Examples of measurement methods for signal quality of relay
stations . 38
Annex C (normative) Principle and methods of measurement of compensators . 45
Figure 1 – Example of transmission network . 10
Figure 2 – Delay time and relative delay time difference definitons . 13
Figure 3 – Direct and indirect measurement method . 14
Figure 4 – Measurement diagram of received signal of relay station (case a)) . 17
Figure 5 – Measurement diagram of relay station (case b)) . 17
Figure 6 − BER- Measurement method . 20
Figure 7 – Definition of END . 21
Figure 8 – Measurement diagram of amplitude-frequency characteristics . 22
Figure 9 – Measurement block diagram of delay profile . 22
Figure 10 – Reference model . 23
Figure 11 – Conceptual diagram of relay station using a compensator . 25
Figure A.1 – General measurement system for cases 1 to 3 . 27
Figure A.2 – Example of frame sync signal extracting part . 28
Figure A.3 – Example of OFDM demodulator for frame timing extraction . 29
Figure A.4 – Block diagram of direct measurement methods for time delay of OFDM
signal . 30
Figure A.5 – Example of frequency characteristics of combined signal . 31
Figure A.6 – Example of delay profile of combined signal . 31
Figure A.7 – General measurement system for cases 5,6,13 and 14 . 32
Figure A.8 – Timing chart for signal delay measurement . 32
Figure A.9 – Principle of measurement using 1 pps signal . 33
Figure A.10 – General measurement system for cases 7, 8 and 15,16 . 34
Figure A.11 – Measurement system for delay time (time reference is 1pps signal of GPS)
............................................................................................................................................. 35
Figure A.12 – Timing relation of each signals . 36
Figure A.13 – Delay profile of OFDM signal . 37
Figure B.1 – BER measurement conceptual diagram for Null Packet method . 39
Figure B.2 – Examples of measurement result by Null Packet method . 39
Figure B.3 – Method to compare the data before/after correction . 40
Figure B.4 – Superimposed C/N measurement system . 41
Figure B.5 – Inherent degradation of OFDM demodulator measurement system . 43
Figure B.6 – Calculation process of delay profile . 44
Figure C.1 – Example of measurement block diagram for performances of loop-back
canceller . 46
Figure C.2 – Example of measurement block diagram for performances of diversity
reception equipment . 48
Figure C.3 – Example of measurement block diagram for performances of co-channel
interference canceller . 50
– 4 – IEC 62553:2012 © IEC 2012
Figure C.4 – Example of measurement block diagram for performances of C/N Reset
equipment . 52
Table 1 – Classification of contribution link . 11
Table 2 – Parameter set of OFDM signal for test in ISDB-T system. 11
Table 3 – Parameter set of OFDM signal for test in DVB-T/H system . 12
Table 4 – Combination of signal type . 13
Table 5 – Classification of measurement system for signal delay time . 16
Table 6 – An example of measurement items for Relay station . 18
Table 7 – Example of the parameter set of spectrum analyzer . 22
Table 8 – Compensators used in digital terrestrial broadcasting relay network . 25
Table 9 – Examples of measurement items for signal quality improvement instrument . 26
Table A.1 – Signal format and timing extraction of each case . 27
Table A.2 – Equipment list for measurement . 30
Table A.3 – Equipment list for delay time measurement . 35
Table B.1 – Definition of Null Packet (in case of ISDB-T) . 38
Table B.2 – Example of noise power measurement parameters (6 MHz ISDB-T) . 42
Table B.3 – Example of signal power measurement parameters (6 MHz ISDB-T) . 42
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
METHODS OF MEASUREMENT FOR DIGITAL NETWORK –
Performance characteristics of terrestrial digital
multimedia transmission network
FOREWORD
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indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62553 has been prepared by subcommittee IEC technical
committee 103: Transmitting equipment for radiocommunication.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
CDV Report on voting
103/89/CDV 103/106/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
– 6 – IEC 62553:2012 © IEC 2012
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.
METHODS OF MEASUREMENT FOR DIGITAL NETWORK –
Performance characteristics of terrestrial digital
multimedia transmission network
1 Scope
When a transmission network for digital terrestrial television broadcasting (DTTB) is being
deployed, new networking technologies such as the Single Frequency Network (SFN) can be
employed excelling the conventional analogue TV systems. However, new technical evaluation
parameters are introduced for installing SFN systems. In addition new quality evaluation
methods are also established in order to achieve stable and high-quality broadcasting services
avoiding the cliff effect, which is one of the typical phenomena in the digital transmission that the
signal quality is abruptly degraded when the received C/N becomes just lower than a specific
value representing the system limit.
Given the background described above, this International Standard has the purposes of
• establishing measuring methods that enable the objective evaluation of the performance of
transmission networks so as to make stable DTTB services a reality,
• establishing a technical baseline, such as a definition of technical terms, to standardize
measuring methods.
The measurement methods described in this standard are intended for digital terrestrial
television transmission network test and validation. The measurement methods for digital
terrestrial transmitter are not included in this standard. These methods are described in
IEC 62273-1.
This standard does not give any regulations and/or mandatory requirements. The specifications
and requirements defined for each system have priority over this standard. However, there may
be some cases where details are not specified in each individual specification or different
systems should be evaluated under a common measurement method. The purpose of this
standard is to provide a common technical baseline that makes measurement results
comparable in all cases.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
IEC 62273-1:2007, Methods of measurement for radio transmitters – Performance
characteristics of terrestrial digital televisiont transmitters
ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007, Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and
associated audio information: Systems
Amendments 1 to 6
TR 101 190, Digital video broadcasting (DVB); implementation guidelines for DVB Terrestrial
services;Transmission aspects
– 8 – IEC 62553:2012 © IEC 2012
TS 101 191, Digital video broadcasting (DVB); DVB mega-frame for Single Frequency Network
(SFN) synchronization
TR 102 377, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); DVB-H Implementation Guidelines
ARIB STD-B31, Transmission system for digital terrestrial television broadcasting
3 Terms and abbreviations
ADC Analog to Digital Converter
ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses
ASI Asynchronous Serial Interface
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BER Bit Error Ratio
C/N Carrier to Noise rate
CPU Central Processing Unit
DTTB Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting
DVB-H DVB Handheld
DVB-T DVB Terrestrial
D/U Desired to Undesired Signal Ratio
END Equivalent Noise Degradation
ETSI European Telecommunication Standards Institute
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
GPS Global Positioning System
IF Intermediate Frequency
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
IIP ISDB-T Information Packet
IP Internet Protocol
ISDB-T Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting − Terrestrial
ISI Inter Symbol Interference
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ITU International Telecommunication Union
JEITA Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association
MER Modulation Error Ratio
MFN Multi-Frequency Network
MIP Mega-frame Initialization Packet
MMSE Minimum Mean Square Error
MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex
PCR Program Clock Reference
PCR_AC PCR Accuracy
PCR_FO PCR Offset
PCR_OJ PCR Overall Jitter
PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
PRBS Pseudo Random Binary Sequence
PID Packet Identifier
PLL Phased Locked Loop
PN Pseudo Random Noise
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
RBW Resolution Bandwidth
RF Radio Frequency
RS Reed-Solomon
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SFN Single Frequency Network
SP Scattered Pilot signal
SPI Synchronous Parallel Interface
STL Studio to Transmitter Link
STS Synchronization Time Stamp
TMCC Transmission and Multiplex Configuration Control signal
TS Transport Stream
TTL Transmitter to Transmitter Link
TV TeleVision
UHF Ultra-High Frequency (300 MHz to 3 000 MHz)
UI Unit Interval
VBW Video Bandwidth
VHF Very High Frequency (30 MHz to 300 MHz)
VLAN Virtual Local Area Network
4 General conditions of measurement
4.1 Definitions and classifications of digital terrestrial TV transmission network
4.1.1 General
The digital terrestrial broadcasting transmission networks defined in this standard consist of two
or more Digital Tv transmitters, relay lines (SDH or PDH contribution link: e.g. satellite, ATM
radio, ATM optical fibre, IP Ethernet VLAN), broadcast-wave relay stations (called Gap-Filler or
Transposer) through which the same broadcasting program is transmitted. Figure 1 shows an
example of the transmission network.
The network is classified in 4.1.2 and 4.1.3 according to the following conditions
a) Assigned frequencies of each transmitter station which compose the network.
b) Signal transmission method between transmitter stations.
– 10 – IEC 62553:2012 © IEC 2012
TTrraannsmsmiittttiinng stg staattiioon n # #33
RFRF ｆ１ｆ１
BrBrooaaddcacassttiingng TTrraansnsmmiittttiingng st staattiioon n # #11
（（SFSFN)N)
ststaattiioonn （（SFSFN)N)
BBrrooaadcdcaasstt
RFRF ｆ１ｆ１
wwaaveve IFIF
RReececeiivverer TTrraansnsmmiitttterer
SSTLTL
TSTS TSTS TSTS OOFDFDMM IFIF
TTrraannsmsmiitttterer CCoommppeennsasattiingng
rere--mmuullttiippllexexerer mmododuullaattoror
TTSS si siggnanall
eeqquuiippmmentent
ttrraannsmsmiississioonn
GPS Receiver for
GPS Receiver for
TTrraannsmsmiittttiingng st staattiioonn #4 #4
SFN network SFN network
TTrraansnsmmiittttiinng stg staattiioon n # #22 RFRFRF f2ｆｆ22
（（MFMFNN))
（（SFSFN)N)
RFRF ｆ１ｆ１ BrBrooaaddcacasstt
wwaavvee IFIF
RRececeieivverer TTrraannssmmiitttterer
TTTLTL
TSTS TSTS OOFDFDMM IFIF
TTrraannssmmiitttterer
mmododuullaattoror CCoommppenensasattiinngg
TTSS si signgnaall
eqequiuippmmenentt
ttrraannsmsmiississioonn
GPS Receiver for
SFN network
TTrraansnsmmiittttiingng st staattiioon n # #55
RFRF ｆｆ１１
（（SSFFNN))
TTTLTL
IFIF IFIF
TTrraannssmmiitttterer
IIFF si signgnaall
ttrraannsmsmiississioonn
CCoommppenensasattiinngg
eqequuiippmmenentt
IEC 2134/12
Figure 1 – Example of transmission network
4.1.2 Network classification for transmitting frequencies
SFN: Transmission network which is composed by plural transmitter stations whose assigned
frequencies are the same. In Figure 1, transmitter stations, which are marked #1,#2,#3, and #5
and use the same transmitting frequency f1, compose the SFN.
MFN: transmission network which is composed by plural transmitter stations whose assigned
frequencies are different. In Figure 1, #2 transmitter stations whose assigned frequency is f1
and #4 transmitter station whose assigned frequency is f2 compose the MFN.
In case of SFN, transmission parameters of each transmitter station should satisfy the following
conditions:
a) The difference of transmitted frequency of each station should be within a specified range.
b) If necessary, the difference of sampling frequency of transmitted OFDM signals of each
station should be within a specified range.
c) Waveform of transmitted signals means the channel modulation of each station should be
the same. It means that the data contents of modulation of each station should be the same.
d) The difference of transmission timing of each transmitter station should be within a specified
range.
e) The synchronized operation of each station shall be necessary. For synchronized operation,
GPS time reference is used as a network reference signal or network should be locked to
GPS time reference.
4.1.3 Network classification on useable contribution links for signal transport system
between stations
Different contribution links for signal transport system between stations are investigated and
mentioned in Table 1.
Table 1 – Classification of contribution link
Contribution link Transmission system Signal
STL(Studio to Transmitter Transport Stream transmission Digitalized Broadcast program and
Link) system control information(note)
IF transmission system Modulated OFDM signal(note)
TTL(Transmitter to Transport Stream transmission Digitalized Broadcast program and
Transmitter Link) system control information(note)
IF transmission system Modulated OFDM signal(note)
Broadcast wave relay Broadcast wave relay system Modulated OFDM signal(note)
NOTE Refer to 4.2.2 for signal form.
4.2 Signal form
4.2.1 TS signal form
Signal form in which digitalized broadcast program contents and control information are
multiplexed. For details of signal format, the following documents should be referred.
• DVB-T/H system: ETSI TR 101 190, ETSI TR 102 377
• ISDB-T system: ARIB STD-B31 Operational Guideline chapter 5.5
4.2.2 IF signal form
OFDM signal which is modulated by digitalized broadcast signal. For details of signal format, the
following documents should be referred.
• DVB-T system: ETSI TR 101 190, ETSI TR 102 377
• ISDB-T system; ARIB STD-B31 Main body
4.3 Test signals and auxiliary signals for measurement
4.3.1 Test signals
As test signals for measurement, the following signals can be used. The broadcasting Transport
Stream signal used for on-air services, or the equivalent broadcasting Transport Stream signal
in it, or the OFDM signal used for on-air.
The specifications of the test signals should be specified for each system, but unless specified,
for OFDM signal, the following transmission parameter set should apply, see Tables 2 and 3:
Table 2 – Parameter set of OFDM signal for test in ISDB-T system
Parameter Value
Channel bandwidth 6 MHz
Number of carriers 8k
Guard interval ratio 1/8
Time interleave (see note) I=2
Carrier modulation 64QAM
Coding rate of inner code 3/4 or 7/8
NOTE Apply for ISDB-T system.
– 12 – IEC 62553:2012 © IEC 2012
Table 3 – Parameter set of OFDM signal for test in DVB-T/H system
Parameter Value
Channel bandwidth 6 MHz / 7 MHz / 8 MHz
Number of carriers 8k
Guard interval ratio 1/8
Time interleave(see note) Native
Carrier modulation 64QAM
Coding rate of inner code 2/3
NOTE Apply for DVB-T/H system.
4.3.2 Auxiliary signals for measurement
4.3.2.1 General
For measurement of signal delay, the auxiliary signals shown below are used.
4.3.2.2 Reference signal
a) 10 MHz signal; 10 MHz reference signal which is synchronized to GPS.
b) Sample clock pulse (see note); reference signal which is synchronized to Broadcast TS
signal or sample clock signal of OFDM signal.
NOTE For 6 MHz ISDB-T system, its frequency is 512/63 MHz.
4.3.2.3 1 pps signal
Used for signal delay measurement within 1 s, unless specified, leading edge of 1 pps signal and
up edge of 10 MHz sine wave signal should coincide.
1 pps signal and 10 MHz reference signal are obtained by making use of Reference signal
generator with GPS synchronization.
4.3.2.4 Frame sync. Signal
Frame sync. Signal is extracted from frame synchronization information multiplexed in
broadcast TS signal described in 4.2.1. In case of OFDM signal, frame sync. signal is
regenerated from demodulator timing recovery circuit.
Frame sync. Signal may be used as a reference signal for signal delay measurement. The
relationship between frame sync. Signal and sample clock should be specified for each system.
In addition, it is possible to widen the measurement range to more than 1 frame, by making use
of the following information which is multiplexed in Transport stream.
• DVB-T system: mega-frame information, refer to ETSI TS 101 191.
• ISDB-T system: frame identification signal, refer to ARIB STD-B31.
5 Methods of measurement for signal delay time
5.1 Scope
Management of signal delay in transmission network is one important issue for SFN operation in
Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting Network. In this clause, measurement methods for signal delay
of transmission lines and equipments, and for relative delay time difference between different
transmission links are described. Signal delay of video and audio encoder/decoder is out of
scope.
5.2 Definition of signal delay time
5.2.1 Delay time
As shown in Figure 2 a), delay time should be defined as the delay time between input signal and
output signal of same transmission link.
Kinds of signal type of input/output are described in Table 4.
5.2.2 Relative delay time difference
As shown in Figure 2 b), relative delay time difference should be defined as the relative time
difference between outputs of different transmission links.
Kinds of signal type of input/output are described in Table 4.
Input signal (point #1) Transmission link Output signal (point #2)
Delay time
IEC 2135/12
Figure 2 a) – Delay time definition
Output signal #1(point #1)
Input Transmission link
Relative delay time difference
signal Divide #1
Transmission link
Output signal #2(point #2)
#2
IEC 2136/12
Figure 2 b) – Definition of relative delay time difference
Figure 2 – Delay time and relative delay time difference definitons
Table 4 – Combination of signal type
Measurement item Measurement point #1 Measurement point #2
Delay time Broadcast TS signal Broadcast TS signal
Broadcast TS signal OFDM signal
OFDM signal OFDM signal
Relative delay time Broadcast TS signal Broadcast TS signal
difference OFDM signal OFDM signal
NOTE See details for signal type in Clause 4.
5.3 Direct/indirect measurement
5.3.1 General
As defined in 5.2, both signal delay and relative delay time difference are given as the time
difference between measurement point #1 and #2.
– 14 – IEC 62553:2012 © IEC 2012
Two measurement systems are considered according to the compared signal. One is direct
comparison of signals of #1 and #2; this measurement system is defined as direct measurement
system in this standard. On the other hand, the signal timing of points #1 and #2 are measured
by making use of common reference signal, this measurement system is defined as indirect
measurement system in this standard.
Details of these two systems are described below.
5.3.2 Direct measurement system
Measurement method in which signals at two measuring points are directly compared and
measured delay time in this method, input signal is defined as reference signal and output signal
is defined as measured signal. Concept of this method is shown in Figure 3a).
5.3.3 Indirect measurement system
Measurement method in which the common reference signal is used as a reference of signal
delay measurement. As shown in Figure 3b), each measured signal at each measuring point is
compared by reference signal and measure the time difference between reference signal and
measured signal at each measuring points. The time difference of measurement results is
defined as delay time in this method.
Reference signal
Measurement
Measurement
Measured result = ∆t
system
signal
Input signal Output signal
Transmission
system
Delay time
Delay time = ∆t
IEC 2137/12
Figure 3a) – Direct measurement method
Reference
signal
Measurement
Reference signal
Measurement
Measurement result = ∆t2
Measured
system #2
Measurement result = ∆t1
signal
Measured signal system #1
Output signal
Input signal
Transmission
system
Delay time
Delay time = ∆t2 – ∆t1
IEC 2138/12
Figure 3b) – Indirect measurement method
Figure 3 – Direct and indirect measurement method
5.4 Measurement place
The measurement system is defined regarding measurement place.
Places of measurement of points #1 and #2 are in same place, this case is defined as
measurement in same place. Measurement of signal delay of transmission equipment is one of
these types.
On the other hand, places of measurement of points #1 and #2 are in different place, this case
is defined as measurement in different places. Measurement of transmission time difference of
different station is one of these types.
5.5 Classification of measurement system
According to the parameters defined in 5.2 through 5.4, measurement systems are classified
into 16 cases shown in Table 5.
Examples and measurement systems of each case are described below:
a) Case 1: this is a typical case as a measurement of transmission delay of TS transmission line
and/or TS transmission equipment in same station. An example of measurement system is
shown in Clause A.1.
b) Case 2: signal delay of OFDM modulator is the typical case. The input signal format is TS,
and output format is OFDM modulated RF signal. In this case, frame synchronization timing
of both signals are compared. An example of measurement system is shown in Clause A.1.
c) Case 3: this is typical case as a measurement of transmission delay of RF transmission line
and/or RF transmission equipment in same station. An example of measurement system is
shown in Clause A.1.
d) Case 4: This is as case 3, but measurement method is different. An example of measurement
system is shown in Clause A.2
e) Case 5: this is typical case as a measurement of transmission delay of TS transmission link
between different stations. Common frame sync. Signal is used as reference signal. In this
case, time difference of reference signal at different positions should be exactly measured
before. An example of measurement system is shown in Clause A.3.
f) Case 6: this is typical case as a measurement of transmission delay of RF transmission link
between different stations. Common frame sync. Signal is used as reference signal. In this
case, time difference of reference signal at different position should be exactly measured
before. An example of measurement system is shown in Clause A.3.
g) Case 7: this is typical case as a measurement of transmission delay of TS transmission link
between different stations. 1 pps signal of GPS is used as reference signal. An example of
measurement system is shown in Clause A.3.
h) Case 8: this is typical case as a measurement of transmission delay of RF transmission link
between different stations. 1 pps signal of GPS is used as reference signal. An example of
measurement system is shown in Clause A.4.
i) Case 9 – case 12: in case that different TS/RF transmission links are used as redundant, the
time difference of different transmission outputs should be measured in the same station.
The measurement systems are similar to case 1 – case 4,
j) Case 13 – case 16: these are popular in transmission network composed by different TS/RF
transmission links to different stations. These measurement systems are used to verify the
time difference of different stations. The measurement systems are similar to case 5 – case
8.
For cases 13 and 14, time difference of reference signal (frame sync. signal) at different places
may be measured by 1 pps signal, or other method previously.
Table 5 – Classification of measurement system for signal delay time
Measurement Measured timing
Case Definition Signal format Direct/ indirect Reference remarks
place(note 2) format (note 5)
#1 #2
(note 1) (note 3) Signal (note 4)
1 Delay time Same place TS TS direct Input A Frame timing of See
measured signal
measurement Clause A.1
2 TS OFDM
3 OFDM OFDM
4 OFDM OFDM (note 6) See
Clause A.2
5 Different TS TS indirect frame Frame timing of See Clause A.3
measured signal
place Sync. signal
6 OFDM OFDM
7 TS TS 1 pps signal See Clause A.4
8 OFDM OFDM (note 7)
See Clause A.4
9 Relative delay Same place TS TS direct Input A Frame timing of See Clause A.1
time difference measured signal
10 TS OFDM
11 OFDM OFDM
12 OFDM OFDM (note 6) See Clause A.2
13 Different TS TS indirect frame Frame timing of See Clause A.3
measured signal
14 place OFDM OFDM Sync. signal
15 TS TS 1 pps signal See Clause A.4
16 OFDM OFDM (note 7)
See Clause A.4
NOTE 1 See 5.2 for definition.
NOTE 2 See 5.4 for measurement place.
NOTE 3 See 5.3 for measurement methods.
NOTE 4 Reference signal is defined in 5.3.
NOTE 5 Signal format for delay time measurement.
NOTE 6 In cases 4 and 12, direct comparison of 2 signals for delay time measurement.
NOTE 7 For accurate measurement, new technology is proposed in Clause A.5 of this standard.
6 Methods of measurement for performances of radio wave relay station
6.1 Scope
A b
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