IEC 62232:2025
(Amendment)Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
IEC 62232:2025 provides methods for the determination of RF field strength, power density and specific absorption rate (SAR) in the vicinity of base stations (BS) for the purpose of evaluating human exposure.
This document:
a) considers intentionally radiating BS which transmit on one or more antennas using one or more frequencies in the range 110 MHz to 300 GHz;
b) considers the impact of ambient sources on RF exposure at least in the 100 kHz to 300 GHz frequency range;
c) specifies the methods to be used for RF exposure evaluation for compliance assessment applications, namely:
1) product compliance – determination of compliance boundary information for a BS product before it is placed on the market;
2) product installation compliance – determination of the total RF exposure levels in accessible areas from a BS product and other relevant sources before the product is put into operation;
3) in-situ RF exposure assessment – measurement of in-situ RF exposure levels in the vicinity of a BS installation after the product has been taken into operation;
d) specifies how to perform RF exposure assessment based on the actual maximum approach;
e) describes several RF field strength, power density, and SAR measurement and computation methodologies with guidance on their applicability to address both the in-situ evaluation of installed BS and laboratory-based evaluations;
f) describes how surveyors establish their specific evaluation procedures appropriate for their evaluation purpose;
g) provides guidance on how to report, interpret and compare results from different evaluation methodologies and, where the evaluation purpose requires it, determine a justified decision against a limit value;
h) provides methods for the RF exposure assessment of BS using time-varying beam-steering technologies such as new radio (NR) BS using massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO).
NOTE 1 Practical implementation case studies are provided as examples in the companion Technical Report IEC TR 62669 [5].
NOTE 2 Although the current BS product types have been specified to operate up to 200 GHz (see, for example, [6] and [7]), the upper frequency of 300 GHz is consistent with applicable exposure limits.
NOTE 3 The lower frequency considered for ambient sources, 100 kHz, is derived from ICNIRP-1998 [2] and ICNIRP-2020 [1]. However, some applicable exposure guidelines require ambient fields to be evaluated as low as 3 kHz, e.g. Safety Code 6 [4] and IEEE Std C95.1-2019 [3].
NOTE 4 Specification of appropriate RF exposure mitigation measures such as signage, access control, and training are beyond the scope of this document. It is possible to refer to the applicable regulations or recommended practices on these topics.
NOTE 5 While this document is based on the current international consensus about the best engineering practice for assessing the compliance of RF exposure with the applicable exposure limits, it is possible that national regulatory agencies specify different requirements. The entity conducting an RF exposure assessment needs to be aware of the applicable regulations.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2022. It includes corrections of obvious errors and text improvements on the third edition in order to bring more clarity in the description of the assessment methods and avoid misinterpretations. This edition has the same technical content as the third edition.
Détermination de l'intensité du champ de radiofréquences, de la densité de puissance et du DAS à proximité des stations de base dans le but d'évaluer l'exposition humaine
IEC 62232:2025 donne des méthodes de détermination de l'intensité de champ RF, de la densité de puissance et du débit d'absorption spécifique (DAS) à proximité des stations de base (BS) dans le but d'évaluer l'exposition humaine.
Le présent document:
a) examine des BS rayonnant intentionnellement qui émettent sur une ou plusieurs antennes dans la plage de fréquences de 110 MHz à 300 GHz;
b) étudie l'impact des sources ambiantes d'exposition RF au moins dans la plage de fréquences de 100 kHz à 300 GHz;
c) spécifie les méthodes d'évaluation de l'exposition RF à utiliser pour les applications d'appréciation de la conformité, à savoir:
1) conformité du produit: détermination des informations sur la frontière de conformité d'un produit BS avant sa commercialisation;
2) conformité de l'installation du produit: détermination des niveaux d'exposition RF totaux dans les zones accessibles depuis un produit BS et les autres sources pertinentes avant la mise en service du produit;
3) appréciation de l'exposition RF sur site: mesurage des niveaux d'exposition RF sur site à proximité d'une installation BS après la mise en service du produit;
d) spécifie la manière de procéder à l'appréciation de l'exposition RF en s'appuyant sur l'approche fondée sur la réelle maximale;
e) décrit plusieurs méthodologies de mesure et de calcul de l'intensité de champ RF, de la densité de puissance et du DAS avec des recommandations relatives à leur applicabilité pour couvrir tant l'évaluation sur site des BS installées que les évaluations en laboratoire;
f) décrit la manière dont les vérificateurs établissent leurs propres procédures d'évaluation, en fonction de leurs objectifs d'évaluation;
g) fournit des recommandations quant à la manière de rendre compte, d'interpréter et de comparer les résultats obtenus à partir de différentes méthodologies d'évaluation et, lorsque l'objectif de l'évaluation l'exige, prendre une décision justifiée en vertu d'une valeur limite donnée;
h) fournit les méthodes d'appréciation de l'exposition RF de la BS à l'aide de technologies à orientation de faisceau variable dans le temps telles que les BS New Radio (NR) qui utilisent la technologie de système massif à entrée multiple et sortie multiple (MIMO, Multiple Input Multiple Output).
NOTE 1 Des exemples d'études de cas de mise en œuvre pratique sont donnés dans le Rapport technique d'accompagnement IEC TR 62669 [5].
NOTE 2 Bien que les produits BS actuels soient conçus pour fonctionner jusqu'à 200 GHz (voir par exemple [6] et [7]), la fréquence supérieure de 300 GHz est cohérente avec les limites d'exposition applicables.
NOTE 3 La fréquence inférieure prise en considération pour les sources ambiantes, 100 kHz, provient de l'ICNIRP 1998 [2] et de l'ICNIRP-2020 [1]. Toutefois, certaines lignes directrices applicables en matière d'exposition exigent d'évaluer les champs ambiants à des valeurs aussi basses que 3 kHz (Code de sécurité 6 [4] et IEEE Std C95.1-2019 [3], par exemple).
NOTE 4 La spécification de mesures appropriées d'atténuation de l'exposition RF, telles que la signalisation, le contrôle d'accès et la formation, ne relève pas du domaine d'application du présent document. Il est possible de consulter les règlements applicables ou les pratiques recommandées sur ces sujets.
NOTE 5 Bien que le présent document repose sur le consensus international actuel concernant les meilleures pratiques d'ingénierie pour apprécier la conformité de l'exposition RF aux limites d'exposition applicables, il est possible que les agences nationales de réglementation spécifient des exigences différentes. Il est nécessaire que l'entité qui réalise une appréciation de l'exposition RF connaisse les règlements applicables.
Cette quatrième édition annule et remplace la troisième édition parue en 2022. Il vient corriger des erreurs manifestes et améliorer la rédaction de la troisième édition afin d'apporter plus de clarté à la description des méthodes d'évaluation et d'éviter tout
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 28-Apr-2025
- Technical Committee
- TC 106 - Methods for the assessment of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields associated with human exposure
- Drafting Committee
- MT 3 - TC 106/MT 3
- Current Stage
- PPUB - Publication issued
- Start Date
- 29-Apr-2025
- Completion Date
- 15-Apr-2025
Relations
- Effective Date
- 06-Oct-2023
Overview
IEC 62232:2025 is an international standard published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) that specifies methods for evaluating human exposure to radio frequency (RF) emissions in the vicinity of base stations (BS). It covers the determination of RF field strength, power density, and specific absorption rate (SAR) for intent-based radiating base stations operating in the frequency range from 110 MHz to 300 GHz. This standard provides a comprehensive framework to assess compliance with exposure limits to ensure public safety.
This fourth edition updates previous versions by clarifying assessment methods and avoiding misinterpretations, while maintaining consistent technical content. It addresses evaluations during product compliance, product installation, and in-situ assessments of operational base stations.
Key Topics
Scope of RF Exposure Assessment:
- Evaluation of RF emissions from intentional radiating base stations using single or multiple antennas and frequencies.
- Consideration of ambient sources impacting RF exposure in the 100 kHz to 300 GHz frequency range.
Exposure Evaluation Purposes:
- Product Compliance: Determining compliance boundaries before market placement.
- Installation Compliance: Assessing total RF exposure in accessible areas prior to product operation.
- In-Situ Assessment: Measuring RF exposure after base station installation and operation.
Assessment Methods:
- Guidance on measurement and computation techniques for RF field strength, power density, and SAR.
- Approaches for time-varying beam-steering technologies, such as 5G New Radio (NR) with massive MIMO.
- Strategies for establishing product-specific evaluation procedures and handling uncertainties.
Reporting and Interpretation:
- Standardized format and recommendations for reporting findings.
- Methods to compare results from different evaluation methodologies for clear decision-making relative to exposure limits.
Frequency Considerations:
- Applicable for base stations operating between 110 MHz and 300 GHz.
- Ambient source evaluation starts from 100 kHz, consistent with ICNIRP guidelines.
Important Notes:
- RF exposure mitigation (e.g., signage, training) is outside this document's scope.
- National regulations may have unique requirements; assessors must be aware of local rules.
Applications
IEC 62232:2025 is essential for professionals involved in the design, regulation, deployment, and maintenance of wireless base stations, including:
Manufacturers and OEMs: To validate and demonstrate product compliance with global RF exposure limits before market deployment.
Installation Engineers: To assess RF exposure at installation sites and ensure safety for accessible areas.
Regulatory Authorities: To establish evaluation frameworks for monitoring human exposure near base stations.
Health and Safety Personnel: To perform accurate in-situ measurements and assessments ensuring public and worker safety.
Research and Development: To develop new technologies, such as massive MIMO and beam-steering, within safe exposure parameters.
Related Standards
For comprehensive RF exposure management, IEC 62232:2025 should be used in conjunction with:
ICNIRP Guidelines (2020, 1998): Providing basic exposure limits and evaluation frameworks for RF emissions.
IEEE Std C95.1-2019: Standard for safety levels regarding human exposure to RF electromagnetic fields.
National Standards (e.g., Safety Code 6): Some require evaluation of ambient fields down to 3 kHz frequencies.
Technical Report IEC TR 62669: Offers practical implementation case studies supporting IEC 62232.
Standards on RF Exposure Mitigation: For guidance on signage, access control, and training outside the technical scope of IEC 62232.
By adhering to IEC 62232:2025 alongside these complementary standards, stakeholders can ensure effective, harmonized evaluation of RF exposure from base stations, facilitating safe deployment of telecommunications infrastructure worldwide.
Keywords: IEC 62232, RF field strength measurement, power density, SAR evaluation, base station RF exposure, human exposure assessment, 5G compliance, RF safety standards, massive MIMO exposure, RF exposure limits, compliance boundary, in-situ RF assessment, RF power density, IEC standards, radio frequency safety
Frequently Asked Questions
IEC 62232:2025 is a standard published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Its full title is "Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure". This standard covers: IEC 62232:2025 provides methods for the determination of RF field strength, power density and specific absorption rate (SAR) in the vicinity of base stations (BS) for the purpose of evaluating human exposure. This document: a) considers intentionally radiating BS which transmit on one or more antennas using one or more frequencies in the range 110 MHz to 300 GHz; b) considers the impact of ambient sources on RF exposure at least in the 100 kHz to 300 GHz frequency range; c) specifies the methods to be used for RF exposure evaluation for compliance assessment applications, namely: 1) product compliance – determination of compliance boundary information for a BS product before it is placed on the market; 2) product installation compliance – determination of the total RF exposure levels in accessible areas from a BS product and other relevant sources before the product is put into operation; 3) in-situ RF exposure assessment – measurement of in-situ RF exposure levels in the vicinity of a BS installation after the product has been taken into operation; d) specifies how to perform RF exposure assessment based on the actual maximum approach; e) describes several RF field strength, power density, and SAR measurement and computation methodologies with guidance on their applicability to address both the in-situ evaluation of installed BS and laboratory-based evaluations; f) describes how surveyors establish their specific evaluation procedures appropriate for their evaluation purpose; g) provides guidance on how to report, interpret and compare results from different evaluation methodologies and, where the evaluation purpose requires it, determine a justified decision against a limit value; h) provides methods for the RF exposure assessment of BS using time-varying beam-steering technologies such as new radio (NR) BS using massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO). NOTE 1 Practical implementation case studies are provided as examples in the companion Technical Report IEC TR 62669 [5]. NOTE 2 Although the current BS product types have been specified to operate up to 200 GHz (see, for example, [6] and [7]), the upper frequency of 300 GHz is consistent with applicable exposure limits. NOTE 3 The lower frequency considered for ambient sources, 100 kHz, is derived from ICNIRP-1998 [2] and ICNIRP-2020 [1]. However, some applicable exposure guidelines require ambient fields to be evaluated as low as 3 kHz, e.g. Safety Code 6 [4] and IEEE Std C95.1-2019 [3]. NOTE 4 Specification of appropriate RF exposure mitigation measures such as signage, access control, and training are beyond the scope of this document. It is possible to refer to the applicable regulations or recommended practices on these topics. NOTE 5 While this document is based on the current international consensus about the best engineering practice for assessing the compliance of RF exposure with the applicable exposure limits, it is possible that national regulatory agencies specify different requirements. The entity conducting an RF exposure assessment needs to be aware of the applicable regulations. This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2022. It includes corrections of obvious errors and text improvements on the third edition in order to bring more clarity in the description of the assessment methods and avoid misinterpretations. This edition has the same technical content as the third edition.
IEC 62232:2025 provides methods for the determination of RF field strength, power density and specific absorption rate (SAR) in the vicinity of base stations (BS) for the purpose of evaluating human exposure. This document: a) considers intentionally radiating BS which transmit on one or more antennas using one or more frequencies in the range 110 MHz to 300 GHz; b) considers the impact of ambient sources on RF exposure at least in the 100 kHz to 300 GHz frequency range; c) specifies the methods to be used for RF exposure evaluation for compliance assessment applications, namely: 1) product compliance – determination of compliance boundary information for a BS product before it is placed on the market; 2) product installation compliance – determination of the total RF exposure levels in accessible areas from a BS product and other relevant sources before the product is put into operation; 3) in-situ RF exposure assessment – measurement of in-situ RF exposure levels in the vicinity of a BS installation after the product has been taken into operation; d) specifies how to perform RF exposure assessment based on the actual maximum approach; e) describes several RF field strength, power density, and SAR measurement and computation methodologies with guidance on their applicability to address both the in-situ evaluation of installed BS and laboratory-based evaluations; f) describes how surveyors establish their specific evaluation procedures appropriate for their evaluation purpose; g) provides guidance on how to report, interpret and compare results from different evaluation methodologies and, where the evaluation purpose requires it, determine a justified decision against a limit value; h) provides methods for the RF exposure assessment of BS using time-varying beam-steering technologies such as new radio (NR) BS using massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO). NOTE 1 Practical implementation case studies are provided as examples in the companion Technical Report IEC TR 62669 [5]. NOTE 2 Although the current BS product types have been specified to operate up to 200 GHz (see, for example, [6] and [7]), the upper frequency of 300 GHz is consistent with applicable exposure limits. NOTE 3 The lower frequency considered for ambient sources, 100 kHz, is derived from ICNIRP-1998 [2] and ICNIRP-2020 [1]. However, some applicable exposure guidelines require ambient fields to be evaluated as low as 3 kHz, e.g. Safety Code 6 [4] and IEEE Std C95.1-2019 [3]. NOTE 4 Specification of appropriate RF exposure mitigation measures such as signage, access control, and training are beyond the scope of this document. It is possible to refer to the applicable regulations or recommended practices on these topics. NOTE 5 While this document is based on the current international consensus about the best engineering practice for assessing the compliance of RF exposure with the applicable exposure limits, it is possible that national regulatory agencies specify different requirements. The entity conducting an RF exposure assessment needs to be aware of the applicable regulations. This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2022. It includes corrections of obvious errors and text improvements on the third edition in order to bring more clarity in the description of the assessment methods and avoid misinterpretations. This edition has the same technical content as the third edition.
IEC 62232:2025 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 13.280 - Radiation protection; 17.240 - Radiation measurements. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
IEC 62232:2025 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to IEC 62232:2022. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
You can purchase IEC 62232:2025 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of IEC standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
IEC 62232 ®
Edition 4.0 2025-04
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of base
stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
Détermination de l'intensité du champ de radiofréquences, de la densité de
puissance et du DAS à proximité des stations de base dans le but d'évaluer
l'exposition humaine
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IEC 62232 ®
Edition 4.0 2025-04
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of
base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
Détermination de l'intensité du champ de radiofréquences, de la densité de
puissance et du DAS à proximité des stations de base dans le but d'évaluer
l'exposition humaine
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 13.280, 17.240 ISBN 978-2-8327-0316-8
– 2 – IEC 62232:2025 © IEC 2025
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 16
INTRODUCTION . 18
1 Scope . 19
2 Normative references . 20
3 Terms and definitions . 21
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 37
4.1 Physical quantities . 37
4.2 Constants . 37
4.3 Abbreviated terms. 38
5 How to use this document . 41
5.1 Quick start guide . 41
5.2 RF evaluation purpose categories . 43
5.3 Implementation case studies . 43
6 Evaluation processes for product compliance, product installation compliance and
in-situ RF exposure assessments . 43
6.1 Evaluation process for product compliance . 43
6.1.1 General. 43
6.1.2 Establishing compliance boundaries . 44
6.1.3 Iso-surface compliance boundary definition . 44
6.1.4 Simple compliance boundaries . 44
6.1.5 Methods for establishing the compliance boundary . 46
6.1.6 Uncertainty . 50
6.1.7 Reporting for product compliance . 51
6.2 Evaluation process used for product installation compliance . 52
6.2.1 General. 52
6.2.2 General evaluation procedure for product installations . 52
6.2.3 Product installation compliance based on the actual maximum
transmitted power or EIRP . 53
6.2.4 Product installation data collection . 57
6.2.5 Simplified product installation evaluation process . 57
6.2.6 Assessment area selection . 61
6.2.7 Measurements . 62
6.2.8 Computations . 64
6.2.9 Uncertainty . 65
6.2.10 Reporting for product installation compliance . 65
6.3 In-situ RF exposure evaluation or assessment process . 66
6.3.1 General. 66
6.3.2 In-situ measurement process . 66
6.3.3 Site analysis . 67
6.3.4 Case A evaluation . 68
6.3.5 Case B evaluation . 68
6.3.6 Uncertainty . 69
6.3.7 Reporting . 69
6.4 Averaging procedures . 70
6.4.1 Spatial averaging . 70
6.4.2 Time averaging . 70
7 Determining the evaluation method . 70
7.1 Overview . 70
7.2 Process to determine the evaluation method . 70
7.2.1 General. 70
7.2.2 Establishing the evaluation points in relation to the source-environment
plane . 71
7.2.3 Exposure metric selection . 73
8 Evaluation methods . 74
8.1 General . 74
8.2 Measurement methods . 74
8.2.1 General. 74
8.2.2 RF field strength and power density measurements . 75
8.2.3 SAR measurements . 76
8.3 Computation methods . 76
8.4 Methods for assessment based on actual maximum approach . 78
8.4.1 General requirements . 78
8.4.2 Actual transmitted power or EIRP monitoring . 79
8.4.3 Actual transmitted power or EIRP control . 79
8.5 Methods for the assessment of RF exposure to multiple sources . 80
8.6 Methods for establishing the BS transmitted power or EIRP . 82
9 Uncertainty . 82
10 Reporting . 83
10.1 General requirements. 83
10.2 Report format . 83
10.3 Opinions and interpretations . 84
Annex A (informative) Source-environment plane and guidance on the evaluation
method selection . 85
A.1 Guidance on the source-environment plane . 85
A.1.1 General. 85
A.1.2 Source-environment plane example . 85
A.1.3 Source regions . 86
A.2 Select between computation or measurement approaches . 92
A.3 Select measurement method . 93
A.3.1 Selection stages . 93
A.3.2 Selecting between RF field strength, power density and SAR
measurement approaches . 93
A.3.3 Selecting between broadband and frequency selective measurement . 94
A.3.4 Selecting RF field strength measurement procedures . 95
A.4 Select computation method . 96
A.5 Additional considerations . 97
A.5.1 Simplicity . 97
A.5.2 Evaluation method ranking . 97
A.5.3 Applying multiple methods for RF exposure evaluation . 97
Annex B (normative) Evaluation methods . 98
B.1 Overview . 98
B.2 General . 98
B.2.1 Coordinate systems and reference points . 98
B.2.2 Variables . 99
B.3 RF exposure evaluation principles . 100
B.3.1 Simple calculation of RF field strength and power density . 100
– 4 – IEC 62232:2025 © IEC 2025
B.3.2 Measurement of RF field strength and power density . 104
B.3.3 Spatial averaging . 106
B.3.4 Time averaging . 109
B.3.5 Comparing measured and computed values . 111
B.3.6 Personal RF monitors . 111
B.4 RF field strength and power density measurements . 111
B.4.1 Applicability of RF field strength and power density measurements . 111
B.4.2 In-situ RF exposure measurements . 111
B.4.3 Laboratory based RF field strength and power density measurements . 123
B.4.4 RF field strength and power density measurement uncertainty . 133
B.5 SAR measurements . 138
B.5.1 Overview of SAR measurements . 138
B.5.2 SAR measurement requirements . 138
B.5.3 SAR measurement description . 140
B.5.4 SAR measurement uncertainty . 146
B.6 Basic computation methods . 148
B.6.1 General. 148
B.6.2 Basic computation formulas for RF field strength or power density
evaluation . 149
B.6.3 Basic wbSAR and psSAR evaluation formulas. 155
B.6.4 Basic compliance boundary assessment method for BS using parabolic
dish antennas . 162
B.6.5 Basic compliance boundary assessment method for intentionally
radiating cables . 165
B.7 Advanced computation methods . 166
B.7.1 General. 166
B.7.2 Synthetic model and ray tracing algorithms . 166
B.7.3 Full wave RF exposure computation. 173
B.7.4 Full wave SAR computation . 182
B.8 Extrapolation from the evaluated values to the maximum or actual values . 187
B.8.1 Extrapolation method . 187
B.8.2 Extrapolation to maximum in-situ RF field strength or power density
using broadband measurements . 189
B.8.3 Extrapolation to maximum in-situ RF field strength / power density using
frequency or code selective measurements . 189
B.8.4 Influence of traffic in real operating network . 190
B.8.5 Extrapolation for massive MIMO and beamforming BS . 191
B.8.6 Maximum exposure extrapolation with dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) . 193
B.9 Guidance for implementing the actual maximum approach . 194
B.9.1 BS actual EIRP evaluation assumptions . 194
B.9.2 Technology duty-cycle factor description . 195
B.9.3 CDF evaluation using modelling studies . 197
B.9.4 CDF evaluation using measurement studies on operational BS sites . 198
B.9.5 Actual transmitted power or EIRP monitoring counters . 200
B.9.6 Configurations with multiple transmitters . 200
B.10 Transmitted power or EIRP evaluation . 202
B.10.1 General. 202
B.10.2 Measurement of the transmitted power in conducted mode . 202
B.10.3 Measurement of the transmitted power in OTA conditions . 203
B.10.4 Measurement of the EIRP in OTA and laboratory conditions . 203
B.10.5 Measurement of the EIRP in OTA and in-situ conditions . 204
Annex C (informative) Guidelines for the validation of power or EIRP control features
and monitoring counter(s) related to the actual maximum approach . 205
C.1 Overview . 205
C.2 Guidelines for validating control feature(s) and monitoring counters . 205
C.3 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in laboratory conditions . 206
C.3.1 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in conducted mode –
test procedure . 206
C.3.2 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in OTA mode – test
procedure . 208
C.3.3 Validation of control feature(s) in laboratory conditions . 211
C.3.4 Validation of control features using in-situ measurements . 214
C.4 Validation test report . 216
C.5 Case studies . 217
C.5.1 Case study A – In-situ validation. 217
C.5.2 Case study B – In-situ validation. 221
C.5.3 Case study C – In-situ validation . 224
Annex D (informative) Rationale supporting simplified product installation criteria . 230
D.1 General . 230
D.2 Class E2 . 230
D.3 Class E10 . 231
D.4 Class E100 . 232
D.5 Class E+ . 234
D.6 Simplified formulas for millimetre-wave antennas using massive MIMO or
beam steering . 235
Annex E (informative) Technology-specific exposure evaluation guidance . 237
E.1 Overview to guidance on specific technologies . 237
E.2 Summary of technology-specific information . 237
E.3 Guidance on spectrum analyser settings . 238
E.3.1 Overview of spectrum analyser settings. 238
E.3.2 Detection algorithms . 239
E.3.3 Resolution bandwidth and channel power processing . 239
E.3.4 Integration per service . 242
E.4 Stable transmitted power signals . 242
E.4.1 TDMA/FDMA technology . 242
E.4.2 WCDMA/UMTS technology . 243
E.4.3 OFDM technology . 244
E.5 WCDMA measurement and calibration using a code domain analyser . 244
E.5.1 WCDMA measurements – General . 244
E.5.2 WCDMA decoder characteristics. 244
E.5.3 Calibration . 245
E.6 Wi-Fi measurements . 247
E.6.1 General. 247
E.6.2 Integration time for reproducible measurements . 248
E.6.3 Channel occupation. 248
E.6.4 Some considerations . 249
E.6.5 Measurement configuration and steps . 249
E.6.6 Influence of the application layers . 250
E.6.7 Power control . 250
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E.7 LTE measurements . 251
E.7.1 Overview . 251
E.7.2 LTE transmission modes . 251
E.7.3 LTE-FDD frame structure . 252
E.7.4 LTE-TDD frame structure . 253
E.7.5 Maximum LTE exposure evaluation . 255
E.7.6 Instantaneous LTE exposure evaluation . 260
E.7.7 MIMO multiplexing of LTE BS . 260
E.8 NR BS measurements . 261
E.8.1 General. 261
E.8.2 Maximum NR exposure evaluation . 261
E.9 Establishing compliance boundaries using numerical simulations of MIMO
array antennas emitting correlated waveforms . 270
E.9.1 General. 270
E.9.2 Field combining near base stations for correlated exposure with the
purpose of establishing compliance boundaries . 271
E.9.3 Numerical simulations of MIMO array antennas with densely packed
columns . 272
E.9.4 Numerical simulations of large MIMO array antennas . 272
E.10 Massive MIMO antennas . 273
E.10.1 Overview . 273
E.10.2 Deterministic conservative approach . 273
E.10.3 Statistical conservative approach. 273
E.10.4 Example approaches . 274
Annex F (informative) Guidelines for the assessment of BS compliance with ICNIRP-
2020 brief exposure limits . 291
F.1 General . 291
F.2 Brief exposure limits . 291
F.3 Implications of brief exposure limits on signal modulation and TDD duty
cycle . 293
F.4 Implications of brief exposure limits on the actual maximum approach . 293
Annex G (informative) Uncertainty . 298
G.1 Background . 298
G.2 Requirement to estimate uncertainty . 298
G.3 How to estimate uncertainty . 299
G.4 Guidance on uncertainty and assessment schemes . 299
G.4.1 General. 299
G.4.2 Overview of assessment schemes . 299
G.4.3 Examples of assessment schemes . 300
G.4.4 Assessment schemes and compliance probabilities . 303
G.5 Guidance on uncertainty . 305
G.5.1 Overview . 305
G.5.2 Measurement uncertainty and confidence levels . 306
G.6 Applying uncertainty for compliance assessments . 307
G.7 Example influence quantities for field measurements . 308
G.7.1 General. 308
G.7.2 Calibration uncertainty of measurement antenna or field probe . 308
G.7.3 Frequency response of the measurement antenna or field probe . 308
G.7.4 Isotropy of the measurement antenna or field probe . 310
G.7.5 Frequency response of the spectrum analyser . 310
G.7.6 Temperature response of a broadband field probe . 310
G.7.7 Linearity deviation of a broadband field probe . 311
G.7.8 Mismatch uncertainty . 311
G.7.9 Deviation of the experimental source from numerical source. 311
G.7.10 Meter fluctuation uncertainty for time-varying signals . 311
G.7.11 Uncertainty due to power variation in the RF source . 312
G.7.12 Uncertainty due to field gradients . 312
G.7.13 Mutual coupling between measurement antenna or isotropic probe and
object . 313
G.7.14 Uncertainty due to field scattering from the surveyor’s body . 314
G.7.15 Measurement device . 316
G.7.16 Fields out of measurement range . 316
G.7.17 Noise . 317
G.7.18 Integration time. 317
G.7.19 Power chain . 317
G.7.20 Positioning system . 317
G.7.21 Matching between probe and the EUT . 317
G.7.22 Drifts in output power of the EUT, probe, temperature, and humidity . 317
G.7.23 Perturbation by the environment . 317
G.8 Example influence quantities for RF field strength computations by ray
tracing or full wave methods . 318
G.8.1 General. 318
G.8.2 System . 318
G.8.3 Technique uncertainties . 319
G.8.4 Environmental uncertainties . 319
G.9 Influence quantities for SAR measurements . 320
G.9.1 General. 320
G.9.2 Post-processing . 320
G.9.3 EUT holder . 320
G.9.4 EUT positioning . 321
G.9.5 Phantom shell uncertainty . 322
G.9.6 SAR correction depending on target liquid permittivity and conductivity . 322
G.9.7 Liquid permittivity and conductivity measurements . 323
G.9.8 Liquid temperature . 323
G.10 Influence quantities for SAR calculations. 323
G.11 Spatial averaging . 323
G.11.1 General. 323
G.11.2 Small-scale fading variations . 324
G.11.3 Error on the estimation of local average power density . 324
G.11.4 Characterization of environment statistical properties . 325
G.11.5 Characterization of different spatial averaging schemes . 326
G.12 Influence of human body on measurements of the electric RF field strength . 330
G.12.1 Simulations of the influence of human body on measurements based on
the method of moments (surface equivalence principle) . 330
G.12.2 Comparison with measurements . 332
G.12.3 Conclusions . 333
Annex H (informative) Guidance on comparing evaluated parameters with a limit
value . 334
H.1 Overview . 334
H.2 Information recommended to compare evaluated value against limit value . 334
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H.3 Performing a limit comparison at a given confidence level . 334
H.4 Performing a limit comparison using a process-based assessment scheme . 335
Bibliography . 336
Figure 1 – Quick start guide to the evaluation process. 41
Figure 2 – Example of iso-surface compliance boundary. 44
Figure 3 – Example of cylindrical and half-pipe compliance boundaries . 45
Figure 4 – Example of box shaped compliance boundary . 46
Figure 5 – Example of truncated box shaped compliance boundary . 46
Figure 6 – Example illustrating the linear scaling procedure . 47
Figure 7 – Example of massive MIMO antenna and corresponding beams and envelope
patterns . 49
Figure 8 – Example of compliance boundary shape for BS antennas with beam
steering . 50
Figure 9 – Example of dish antenna compliance boundary . 50
Figure 10 – Flowchart describing the product installation evaluation process . 53
Figure 11 – Example of a CDF curve representing the normalized actual transmitted
power or EIRP. 55
Figure 12 – Flow chart for product installation compliance based on the actual
maximum transmitted power or EIRP threshold(s) . 56
Figure 13 – Simplified compliance assessment process using installation classes . 58
Figure 14 – Example of DI within a square-shaped assessment domain boundary
(ADB) with dimension L . 62
ADB
Figure 15 – In-situ RF exposure evaluation or assessment process flow chart . 67
Figure 16 – Source-environment plane concept . 72
Figure 17 – Flow chart of the measurement methods. 75
Figure 18 – Flow chart of the relevant computation methods . 77
Figure 19 – Example of segments used for monitoring and control of BS using mMIMO
or beam steering . 79
Figure A.1 – Example source-environment plane regions near a base station antenna
on a tower . 85
Figure A.2 – Example source-environment plane regions near a roof-top antenna that
has a narrow vertical (elevation plane) beamwidth (not to scale) . 86
Figure A.3 – Geometry of an antenna with largest linear dimension L and largest
eff
end dimension L . 87
end
Figure A.4 – Maximum path difference for an antenna with largest linear dimension L . 91
Figure B.1 – Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems relative to the BS
antenna (view from the rear panel) . 99
Figure B.2 – Typical RF exposure assessment case . 101
Figure B.3 – Reflection due to the presence of a ground plane . 102
Figure B.4 – Reflections due to the presence of internal walls of the housing and
surrounding asphalt and soil configuring a base station installed underground . 103
Figure B.5 – General representation of RF field strength or power density
measurements . 104
Figure B.6 – Practical examples of measurement equipment installation . 105
Figure B.7 – Spatial averaging schemes relative to walking or standing surface and in
the vertical plane oriented to offer maximum area in the direction of the source being
evaluated . 107
Figure B.8 – Spatial averaging relative to spatial-peak field strength point height . 109
Figure B.9 – Evaluation points . 121
Figure B.10 – Relationship of separation of remote radio source and evaluation area to
separation of evaluation points . 122
Figure B.11 – Outline of the surface scanning methodology . 125
Figure B.12 – Block diagram of the antenna measurement system. 126
Figure B.13 – Minimum radius constraint, where a denotes the minimum radius of a
sphere, centred at the reference point, that encompasses the EUT . 127
Figure B.14 – Maximum angular sampling spacing constraint . 127
Figure B.15 – Outline of the volume/surface scanning methodology . 130
Figure B.16 – Block diagram of typical near-field EUT measurement system. 131
Figure B.17 – Examples of positioning of the EUT relative to the relevant phantom . 138
Figure B.18 – Phantom liquid volume and measurement volume used for wbSAR
measurements with the box-shaped phantoms. 145
Figure B.19 – Reference frame employed for cylindrical formulas for RF field strength
computation at a point P (left), and on a line perpendicular to boresight (right) . 149
Figure B.20 – Views illustrating the three valid zones for field strength computation
around an antenna . 151
Figure B.21 – Enclosed cylinder around collinear array antennas, with and without
electrical downtilt. 152
Figure B.22 – Spherical formulas reference results . 155
Figure B.23 – Cylindrical formulas reference results .
...
IEC 62232:2025 표준은 기지국 근처에서의 인체 노출을 평가하기 위한 RF 전자기장 강도, 전력 밀도 및 특정 흡수율(SAR)을 결정하는 방법을 제공합니다. 이 문서는 110 MHz에서 300 GHz 주파수 범위에서 작동하는 감지 전파를 방출하는 기지국(BS)의 평가 방법을 제시하며, 주변 소스가 RF 노출에 미치는 영향을 고려합니다. 이 표준의 강점은 여러 평가 APPLICATION에 대한 RF 노출 평가 방법을 구체적으로 규명하고 있다는 점입니다. 특히 BS 제품이 시장에 출시되기 전, 설치 전, 그리고 운영 후에 이르는 다양한 단계에서 RF 노출 수준을 판단할 수 있도록 돕는 체계적인 접근 방식을 제공합니다. 더욱이, 실제 최대 접근 방식에 따른 RF 노출 평가 조건을 규명하여 실려 있는 BS의 이론적 및 실제 평가를 모두 다룰 수 있는 방법론을 제시합니다. IEC 62232:2025 표준은 RF 필드 강도, 전력 밀도 및 SAR 측정 방법에 대한 여러 가지 방법과 그 적용 가능성에 대한 지침을 포함하여, 설치된 BS의 현장 평가 및 실험실 기반 평가를 통합적으로 다룹니다. 이 표준은 다양한 평가 방법론에서 결과를 보고하고 해석하는 방법에 대해 가이드라인을 제공하여, 필요한 경우 한계 값에 대한 정당한 결정을 내릴 수 있는 프로세스를 명시합니다. 또한, 이 표준은 시간 변화 빔 스티어링 기술을 사용하는 새로운 라디오 BS의 RF 노출 평가 방법을 제공하며, 실용적인 구현 사례를 제시해 이론과 실제의 유기적 연계를 도모합니다. 이 표준의 최신판은 이전 판의 명백한 오류를 수정하고 평가 방법의 설명을 더 명확히 하여 오해를 방지하는 데 초점을 맞추었습니다. 결과적으로, IEC 62232:2025는 RF 노출 평가 관련 분야에서 국제적으로 합의된 가장 좋은 공학적 관행을 반영하며, 각 국의 규제 기관의 요구사항을 이해하고 준수할 필요성을 강조합니다. 이처럼 IEC 62232:2025 표준은 RF 전자기장 노출 평가의 체계성과 신뢰성을 강화하는 중요한 문서로, 기술 발전의 변화를 반영하여 업데이트되었으며, 인체 안전성을 평가하는 데 필수적인 역할을 합니다.
Die Norm IEC 62232:2025 stellt einen wichtigen Meilenstein in der Bewertung der RF-Feldstärke, der Leistungsdichte und der spezifischen Absorptionsrate (SAR) im Umfeld von Basisstationen (BS) dar. Der Umfang der Norm ist klar definiert und umfasst alle bewusst strahlenden BS, die im Frequenzbereich von 110 MHz bis 300 GHz senden. Ein herausragendes Merkmal dieser Norm ist die Berücksichtigung der Auswirkungen von Umgebungsquellen auf die RF-Exposition in einem breiten Frequenzbereich von 100 kHz bis 300 GHz. Die Norm spezifiziert präzise Methoden für die RF-Expositionsbewertung, die für verschiedene Compliance-Anwendungen relevant sind, einschließlich der Produktkonformität, der Installation und der in-situ RF-Expositionsbewertung. Die detaillierte Anleitung zur Ermittlung von RF-Expositionslevels in zugänglichen Bereichen stärkt die Anwendungssicherheit und gewährleistet, dass BS-Produkte gemäß den geltenden Vorschriften eingesetzt werden. Ein weiterer Vorzug der IEC 62232:2025 liegt in der Beschreibung mehrerer Methodologien zur Messung und Berechnung von RF-Feldstärke, Leistungsdichte und SAR. Diese Methodologien sind darauf ausgelegt, sowohl die in-situ Bewertung installierter BS als auch die laborgestützten Evaluierungen zu unterstützen. Dies zeigt die praktische Relevanz der Norm für Fachleute, die sicherstellen müssen, dass ihre Messungen den aktuellen Standards entsprechen. Zusätzlich bietet die Norm wertvolle Hinweise zur Berichterstattung, Interpretation und zum Vergleich von Ergebnissen aus unterschiedlichen Bewertungsmethoden. Dies ist besonders wichtig, um fundierte Entscheidungen im Hinblick auf Grenzwerte treffen zu können. Die Behandlung von zeitvariierenden Beam-Steering-Technologien, wie sie in neuen Radio (NR) BS mit massiver MIMO eingesetzt werden, zeigt die Innovationskraft und Zukunftsorientierung dieser Norm. Insgesamt ist die IEC 62232:2025 für Fachleute im Bereich der RF-Expositionsbewertung von großer Bedeutung. Sie bietet nicht nur klare Richtlinien und hilfreiche Methoden für die Compliance-Bewertung, sondern sorgt auch für eine einheitliche und nachvollziehbare Vorgehensweise, indem sie den internationalen Konsens über die besten Ingenieurausführungen zur Bewertung der RF-Exposition in Einklang mit den geltenden Grenzwerten festhält.
La norme IEC 62232:2025 est un document essentiel qui fournit des méthodes précises pour déterminer la force du champ radiofréquence (RF), la densité de puissance et le taux d'absorption spécifique (SAR) dans les environs des stations de base (SB). Son objectif principal est l'évaluation de l'exposition humaine aux champs électromagnétiques. Le champ d'application de cette norme est vaste, car il prend en compte les SB émettant délibérément sur une ou plusieurs antennes, sur une gamme de fréquences allant de 110 MHz à 300 GHz. De plus, elle élargit son analyse en considérant l'impact des sources ambiantes sur l'exposition RF, notamment dans la plage de fréquences de 100 kHz à 300 GHz. Cette approche holistique est un atout majeur, car elle garantit que toutes les sources potentielles d'exposition sont prises en compte pour une évaluation complète. Une des forces de la norme IEC 62232:2025 réside dans sa spécification claire des méthodes d'évaluation de l'exposition RF pour diverses applications, telles que la conformité des produits avant leur mise sur le marché, l'évaluation des niveaux d'exposition RF dans les zones accessibles avant la mise en service, et l'évaluation in-situ après le démarrage d'une installation de SB. Cette structure permet aux professionnels de se conformer aux exigences réglementaires tout en assurant la sécurité du public. De plus, la norme décrit plusieurs méthodologies de mesure et de calcul concernant la force du champ RF, la densité de puissance et le SAR, fournissant des conseils sur leur applicabilité pour les évaluations in-situ ainsi que pour les évaluations en laboratoire. Cela garantit une flexibilité et une précision dans l'évaluation des installations en cours et des nouvelles technologies. L'édition actuelle apporte également des corrections claires et des améliorations de texte par rapport à la version précédente de 2022, ce qui renforce la clarté dans la description des méthodes d'évaluation et réduit les malentendus. Cette norme s'aligne sur le consensus international actuel concernant les meilleures pratiques d'ingénierie pour évaluer la conformité de l'exposition RF aux limites d'exposition applicables. En intégrant des technologies modernes telles que celles utilisant le beam-steering et le massive MIMO, la norme IEC 62232:2025 reste pertinente face à l'évolution rapide des technologies de communication. Cela en fait un document incontournable pour les professionnels du secteur, leur fournissant les outils nécessaires pour assurer une évaluation adéquate de l'exposition humaine aux champs RF dans un contexte toujours changeant.
IEC 62232:2025は、基地局の近傍におけるRF電界強度、電力密度、および特定吸収率（SAR）の評価方法を提供する標準文書です。この標準は、人間の曝露評価を目的としており、これまでの電磁波に関する標準の中でも特に重要な位置を占めています。 この文書の強みは、RF曝露評価の方法が明確に示されている点にあります。特に、110 MHzから300 GHzの広範な周波数範囲にわたる意図的に放射する基地局（BS）の影響を考慮しています。周囲の環境要因がRF曝露に及ぼす影響を評価するための基準を設けていることも、この標準の特長です。 標準は、製品市場投入前のコンプライアンス境界情報の決定、製品の稼働前におけるアクセス可能な領域での総RF曝露レベルの評価、そして製品運用後の実際のRF曝露レベルの測定といった、具体的な評価手法を明記しています。これにより、RF曝露評価が一貫して行えるフレームワークを提供します。 また、実際の最大アプローチに基づくRF曝露評価の方法が具体的に述べられており、計測手法や計算手法の多様な選択肢があり、それぞれの適用性についての指針も含まれています。これにより、評価者は具体的な方針を設定し、目的に応じた適切な手続きを確立することが可能になります。 特に注目すべきは、新しい無線（NR）基地局における時間変動ビームスティアリング技術を使用したRF曝露評価の方法が提供されている点です。これは、現在の通信技術の進化に対応するものであり、今後の基地局の設置に対する規制や評価方法において、大いに役立つといえます。 さらに、標準文書の改訂により、以前の版からの誤記修正やテキストの改善が施されており、RF曝露評価に関する明確な説明が強調されています。全体として、この標準はRF曝露評価における適用限度値との整合性を乗せるための最善のエンジニアリングプラクティスを反映しているため、様々な分野での実用性が高いと言えるでしょう。
The IEC 62232:2025 standard is a crucial document focusing on the determination of RF field strength, power density, and specific absorption rate (SAR) in the vicinity of base stations (BS). Its comprehensive scope covers the evaluation of human exposure, ensuring that safety standards are met in the context of RF radiation. One of the strengths of the IEC 62232:2025 is its detailed approach to different aspects of RF exposure assessment. The standard considers intentionally radiating base stations that operate across a wide frequency range of 110 MHz to 300 GHz. This encompasses a substantial range of communications technologies, reflecting the evolving landscape of radio frequency applications. The standard provides a robust framework for compliance assessment applications, which include product compliance assessment, product installation compliance, and in-situ RF exposure assessment. Each section specifies clear methodologies, offering practical guidance that can be applied to various evaluation scenarios. This structured approach allows for effective monitoring of RF exposure levels from both the base station product and ambient sources, thus ensuring comprehensive safety evaluations. Another notable aspect is the emphasis on the actual maximum approach in RF exposure assessment. This method aligns evaluations more closely with real-world conditions, assisting surveyors in establishing accurate evaluation procedures. The guidance surrounding measurement and computation methodologies is particularly valuable, as it aids professionals in selecting the appropriate methods for both in-situ evaluations and laboratory assessments. Moreover, the standard acknowledges the advancements in technology, including the incorporation of time-varying beam-steering methodologies like new radio (NR) and massive MIMO. This forward-thinking component ensures that the standard remains relevant in a rapidly changing technological environment, permitting ongoing compliance with exposure limits. Additionally, the IEC 62232:2025 delineates how results from various evaluation methods can be reported, interpreted, and compared. This feature facilitates a clearer understanding of RF exposure levels and supports informed decision-making for compliance with safety limits. Overall, the IEC 62232:2025 standard exemplifies a comprehensive approach to RF exposure evaluation, addressing critical elements necessary for assessing human exposure near base stations. Its strengths lie in its detailed methodologies, adaptability to emerging technologies, and commitment to safety, making it an essential reference for professionals in the field of RF exposure assessment.
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