IEC 62127-2:2007
(Main)Ultrasonics - Hydrophones - Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz
Ultrasonics - Hydrophones - Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz
IEC 62127-2:2007 specifies absolute hydrophone calibration methods and relative (comparative) hydrophone calibration methods. This standard is applicable to:
- hydrophones used for measurements made in water and in the ultrasonic frequency range up to 40 MHz;
- hydrophones employing circular piezoelectric sensor elements, designed to measure the pulsed wave and continuous wave ultrasonic fields generated by ultrasonic equipment;
- and hydrophones with or without a hydrophone pre-amplifier. IEC 62127-1, IEC 62127-2 and IEC 62127-3 are being published simultaneously. Together these cancel and replace IEC 60866:1987, IEC 61101:1991, IEC 61102:1991, IEC 61220:1993 and IEC 62092:2001. The contents of the corrigendum of August 2008 have been included in this copy. The French version of this standard has not been voted upon.
Ultrasons - Hydrophones - Partie 2: Etalonnage des champs ultrasoniques jusqu'à 40 MHz
La CEI 62127-2:2007 spécifie les méthodes d'étalonnage absolues de l'hydrophone et les méthodes d'étalonnage (comparatives) relatives de l'hydrophone. Cette norme s'applique:
- aux hydrophones utilisés pour procéder à des mesures dans l'eau dans la plage de fréquences ultrasonores pouvant atteindre 40 MHz;
- aux hydrophones utilisant des capteurs piézoélectriques circulaires, conçus pour mesurer les champs ultrasoniques à ondes pulsées et entretenues générés par les appareils à ultrasons;
- et aux hydrophones avec ou sans préamplificateur d'hydrophone. La CEI 62127-1, la CEI 62127-2 et la CEI 62127-3 ont été publiées conjointement. Ensemble, elles annulent et remplacent la CEI 60866:1987, la CEI 61101:1991, la CEI 61102:1991, la CEI 61220:1993 et la CEI 62092:2001. Le contenu du corrigendum (août 2008, disponible en anglais seulement) a été inclus dans cette norme. La version française n'a pas été soumise au vote.
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IEC 62127-2
Edition 1.0 2007-08
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
Ultrasonics – Hydrophones –
Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
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IEC 62127-2
Edition 1.0 2007-08
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
Ultrasonics – Hydrophones –
Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
PRICE CODE
XC
ICS 17.140.50 ISBN 2-8318-9277-5
– 2 – 62127-2 © IEC:2007(E)
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.5
INTRODUCTION.7
1 Scope.8
2 Normative references.8
3 Terms, definitions and symbols .9
4 List of symbols.13
5 Overview of calibration procedures .15
5.1 Principles .15
5.2 Summary of calibration procedures .16
5.3 Reporting of results .17
5.4 Recommended calibration periods .18
6 Generic requirements of a hydrophone calibration system .19
6.1 Mechanical positioning.19
6.1.1 General .19
6.1.2 Accuracy of the axial hydrophone position .19
6.1.3 Accuracy of the lateral hydrophone position.19
6.2 Temperature measurements and temperature stability .19
6.3 Hydrophone size.20
6.4 Measurement vessel and water properties .20
6.5 Measurement of output voltage .20
7 Electrical considerations .21
7.1 Signal type .21
7.2 Earthing.21
7.3 Measurement of hydrophone output voltage .21
7.3.1 General .21
7.3.2 Electrical loading by measuring instrument.21
7.3.3 Electrical loading by extension cables .22
7.3.4 Noise.22
7.3.5 Cross-talk (radio-frequency rf pick-up) and acoustic interference .22
7.3.6 Integral hydrophone pre-amplifiers .23
8 Preparation of hydrophones .23
8.1 General .23
8.2 Wetting.23
8.3 Hydrophone support .23
8.4 Influence of cable .23
9 Free field reciprocity calibration .23
9.1 General .23
9.2 Object .23
9.3 General principles.24
9.3.1 General .24
9.3.2 Three-transducer reciprocity calibration method .24
9.3.3 Self-reciprocity calibration method .24
9.3.4 Two-transducer reciprocity calibration method.24
9.4 Two-transducer reciprocity calibration method.24
9.4.1 Apparatus .24
62127-2 © IEC:2007(E) – 3 –
9.4.2 Procedure.25
10 Free field calibration by planar scanning .25
10.1 General .25
10.2 Object .25
10.3 General principle .25
10.4 Procedural requirements.27
10.4.1 Hydrophone scanning .27
10.5 Procedure.27
10.5.1 Power measurement .27
10.5.2 Transducer mounting .27
10.5.3 Measurement conditions .27
10.5.4 Measurements .28
10.6 Corrections and sources of uncertainty .28
11 Free field calibration by optical interferometry .28
11.1 General .28
11.2 Principle .28
12 Calibration by comparison using a standard hydrophone .28
12.1 General .28
12.2 Object .28
12.3 Principle .29
12.4 Procedural requirements.29
12.4.1 Source transducer .29
12.4.2 Source transducer drive signal .29
12.4.3 Measurement system .29
12.5 Procedure.30
12.5.1 Measurements (Type I): determination of the directional response of a
hydrophone.30
12.5.2 Measurements (Type II): calibration by comparison using a standard
hydrophone.30
12.6 Maximum hydrophone size.31
Annex A (informative) Assessment of uncertainty in free field calibration of
hydrophones .32
Annex B (informative) Behaviour of PVDF polymer sensors in high intensity ultrasonic
fields.34
Annex C (informative) Electrical loading corrections .37
Annex D (informative) Absolute calibration of hydrophones using the planar scanning
technique .38
Annex E (informative) Properties of water.46
Annex F (informative) The absolute calibration of hydrophones by optical
interferometry up to 40 MHz .48
Annex G (informative) Waveform concepts.58
Annex H (informative) Time delay spectrometry – requirements and a brief review of
the technique .68
Annex I (informative) Determination of the phase response of hydrophones .71
Annex J (informative) Maximum size considerations for the active element of a
hydrophone.77
– 4 – 62127-2 © IEC:2007(E)
Bibliography .79
Figure F.1 – Experimental set-up of the interferometric foil technique .51
Figure F.2 – End-of-cable open-circuit sensitivity, M , of a coplanar membrane
c
hydrophone.53
Figure F.3 – Hydrophone waveform generated by a 9 μm coplanar membrane
hydrophone positioned at the focus of a 5 MHz transducer (focal length 51 mm) .54
Figure F.4 – Interferometer (displacement) waveform generated with the pellicle
positioned at the focus of the 5 MHz transducer (focal position 51 mm) .55
Figure F.5 – Frequency spectrum of the displacement waveform (lower curve) and the
differentiated displacement waveform (upper curve) .55
Figure F.6 – Sensitivity of a 0,2 mm active element diameter of a 9 μm bilaminar
membrane hydrophone determined at 5 MHz intervals over the frequency range 5 MHz
to 60 MHz .56
Figure G.1 – Coordinates of a field point
...
IEC 62127-2 ®
Edition 1.0 2007-08
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Ultrasonics – Hydrophones –
Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz
Ultrasons – Hydrophones –
Partie 2: Etalonnage des champs ultrasoniques jusqu’à 40 MHz
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester.
If you have any questions about IEC copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication,
please contact the address below or your local IEC member National Committee for further information.
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf indication contraire, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni
utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les
microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de la CEI ou du Comité national de la CEI du pays du demandeur.
Si vous avez des questions sur le copyright de la CEI ou si vous désirez obtenir des droits supplémentaires sur cette
publication, utilisez les coordonnées ci-après ou contactez le Comité national de la CEI de votre pays de résidence.
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3, rue de Varembé Fax: +41 22 919 03 00
CH-1211 Geneva 20 info@iec.ch
Switzerland www.iec.ch
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published.
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Elle donne aussi des informations sur les projets et les les termes équivalents dans les langues additionnelles.
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IEC 62127-2 ®
Edition 1.0 2007-08
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Ultrasonics – Hydrophones –
Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz
Ultrasons – Hydrophones –
Partie 2: Etalonnage des champs ultrasoniques jusqu’à 40 MHz
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
CODE PRIX XC
ICS 17.140.50 ISBN 978-2-83220-136-7
– 2 – 62127-2 © IEC:2007
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
INTRODUCTION . 7
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references. 8
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 9
4 List of symbols . 13
5 Overview of calibration procedures . 15
5.1 Principles . 15
5.2 Summary of calibration procedures . 16
5.3 Reporting of results . 17
5.4 Recommended calibration periods . 18
6 Generic requirements of a hydrophone calibration system . 19
6.1 Mechanical positioning . 19
6.1.1 General . 19
6.1.2 Accuracy of the axial hydrophone position . 19
6.1.3 Accuracy of the lateral hydrophone position . 19
6.2 Temperature measurements and temperature stability . 19
6.3 Hydrophone size . 20
6.4 Measurement vessel and water properties . 20
6.5 Measurement of output voltage . 20
7 Electrical considerations . 21
7.1 Signal type . 21
7.2 Earthing . 21
7.3 Measurement of hydrophone output voltage . 21
7.3.1 General . 21
7.3.2 Electrical loading by measuring instrument . 21
7.3.3 Electrical loading by extension cables . 22
7.3.4 Noise . 22
7.3.5 Cross-talk (radio-frequency rf pick-up) and acoustic interference . 22
7.3.6 Integral hydrophone pre-amplifiers . 23
8 Preparation of hydrophones . 23
8.1 General . 23
8.2 Wetting . 23
8.3 Hydrophone support . 23
8.4 Influence of cable . 23
9 Free field reciprocity calibration . 23
9.1 General . 23
9.2 Object . 23
9.3 General principles . 24
9.3.1 General . 24
9.3.2 Three-transducer reciprocity calibration method . 24
9.3.3 Self-reciprocity calibration method . 24
9.3.4 Two-transducer reciprocity calibration method . 24
9.4 Two-transducer reciprocity calibration method . 24
9.4.1 Apparatus . 24
62127-2 © IEC:2007 – 3 –
9.4.2 Procedure . 25
10 Free field calibration by planar scanning . 25
10.1 General . 25
10.2 Object . 25
10.3 General principle . 25
10.4 Procedural requirements . 27
10.4.1 Hydrophone scanning . 27
10.5 Procedure . 27
10.5.1 Power measurement . 27
10.5.2 Transducer mounting . 27
10.5.3 Measurement conditions . 27
10.5.4 Measurements . 28
10.6 Corrections and sources of uncertainty . 28
11 Free field calibration by optical interferometry . 28
11.1 General . 28
11.2 Principle . 28
12 Calibration by comparison using a standard hydrophone . 28
12.1 General . 28
12.2 Object . 28
12.3 Principle . 29
12.4 Procedural requirements . 29
12.4.1 Source transducer . 29
12.4.2 Source transducer drive signal . 29
12.4.3 Measurement system . 29
12.5 Procedure . 30
12.5.1 Measurements (Type I): determination of the directional response of a
hydrophone . 30
12.5.2 Measurements (Type II): calibration by comparison using a standard
hydrophone . 30
12.6 Maximum hydrophone size . 31
Annex A (informative) Assessment of uncertainty in free field calibration of
hydrophones . 32
Annex B (informative) Behaviour of PVDF polymer sensors in high intensity ultrasonic
fields .
...
IEC 62127-2 ®
Edition 1.1 2013-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Ultrasonics – Hydrophones –
Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz
Ultrasons – Hydrophones –
Partie 2: Etalonnage des champs ultrasoniques jusqu’à 40 MHz
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester.
If you have any questions about IEC copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication,
please contact the address below or your local IEC member National Committee for further information.
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf indication contraire, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni
utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les
microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de la CEI ou du Comité national de la CEI du pays du demandeur.
Si vous avez des questions sur le copyright de la CEI ou si vous désirez obtenir des droits supplémentaires sur cette
publication, utilisez les coordonnées ci-après ou contactez le Comité national de la CEI de votre pays de résidence.
IEC Central Office Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11
3, rue de Varembé Fax: +41 22 919 03 00
CH-1211 Geneva 20 info@iec.ch
Switzerland www.iec.ch
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published.
Useful links:
IEC publications search - www.iec.ch/searchpub Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
The advanced search enables you to find IEC publications The world's leading online dictionary of electronic and
by a variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical electrical terms containing more than 30 000 terms and
committee,…). definitions in English and French, with equivalent terms in
It also gives information on projects, replaced and additional languages. Also known as the International
withdrawn publications. Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) on-line.
IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc
Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication
details all new publications released. Available on-line and or need further assistance, please contact the
also once a month by email. Customer Service Centre: csc@iec.ch.
A propos de la CEI
La Commission Electrotechnique Internationale (CEI) est la première organisation mondiale qui élabore et publie des
Normes internationales pour tout ce qui a trait à l'électricité, à l'électronique et aux technologies apparentées.
A propos des publications CEI
Le contenu technique des publications de la CEI est constamment revu. Veuillez vous assurer que vous possédez
l’édition la plus récente, un corrigendum ou amendement peut avoir été publié.
Liens utiles:
Recherche de publications CEI - www.iec.ch/searchpub Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
La recherche avancée vous permet de trouver des Le premier dictionnaire en ligne au monde de termes
publications CEI en utilisant différents critères (numéro de électroniques et électriques. Il contient plus de 30 000
référence, texte, comité d’études,…). termes et définitions en anglais et en français, ainsi que
Elle donne aussi des informations sur les projets et les les termes équivalents dans les langues additionnelles.
publications remplacées ou retirées. Egalement appelé Vocabulaire Electrotechnique
International (VEI) en ligne.
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Disponible en ligne et aussi une fois par mois par email. cette publication ou si vous avez des questions
contactez-nous: csc@iec.ch.
IEC 62127-2 ®
Edition 1.1 2013-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Ultrasonics – Hydrophones –
Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz
Ultrasons – Hydrophones –
Partie 2: Etalonnage des champs ultrasoniques jusqu’à 40 MHz
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 11.040.50 ISBN 978-2-8322-0649-2
– 2 – 62127-2 © IEC:2007+A1:2013
CONTENTS
CONTENTS . 2
FOREWORD . 5
INTRODUCTION . 7
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references. 8
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 9
4 List of symbols . 15
5 Overview of calibration procedures . 17
5.1 Principles . 17
5.2 Summary of calibration procedures . 18
5.3 Reporting of results . 19
5.4 Recommended calibration periods . 21
6 Generic requirements of a hydrophone calibration system . 21
6.1 Mechanical positioning . 21
6.1.1 General . 21
6.1.2 Accuracy of the axial hydrophone position . 21
6.1.3 Accuracy of the lateral hydrophone position . 21
6.2 Temperature measurements and temperature stability . 22
6.3 Hydrophone size . 22
6.4 Measurement vessel and water properties . 22
6.5 Measurement of output voltage . 23
7 Electrical considerations . 23
7.1 Signal type . 23
7.2 Earthing . 23
7.3 Measurement of hydrophone output voltage . 24
7.3.1 General . 24
7.3.2 Electrical loading by measuring instrument . 24
7.3.3 Electrical loading by extension cables . 24
7.3.4 Noise . 24
7.3.5 Cross-talk (radio-frequency rf pick-up) and acoustic interference . 25
7.3.6 Integral hydrophone pre-amplifiers . 25
8 Preparation of hydrophones . 25
8.1 General . 25
8.2 Wetting . 25
8.3 Hydrophone support . 25
8.4 Influence of cable . 26
9 Free field reciprocity calibration . 26
9.1 General . 26
9.2 Object . 26
9.3 General principles . 26
9.3.1 General . 26
9.3.2 Three-transducer reciprocity calibration method . 26
9.3.3 Self-reciprocity calibration method . 26
9.3.4 Two-transducer reciprocity calibration method . 27
62127-2 © IEC:2007+A1:2013 – 3 –
9.4 Two-transducer reciprocity calibration method . 27
9.4.1 Apparatus . 27
9.4.2 Procedure . 27
10 Free field calibration by planar scanning . 27
10.1 General . 27
10.2 Object . 27
10.3 General principle . 28
10.4 Procedural requirements . 29
10.4.1 Hydrophone scanning . 29
10.5 Procedure . 29
10.5.1 Power measurement . 29
10.5.2 Transducer mounting . 30
10.5.3 Measurement conditions . 30
10.5.4 Measurements . 30
10.6 Corrections and sources of uncertainty . 30
11 Free field calibration by optical interferometry . 30
11.1 General . 30
11.2 Principle . 31
12 Calibration by comparison using a standard hydrophone . 31
12.1 General . 31
12.2 Object . 31
12.3 Principle . 31
12.4 Procedural requirements . 32
12.4.1 Source transducer . 32
12.4.2 Source transducer drive signal . 32
12.4.3 Measurement system . 32
12.5 Procedure . 32
12.5.1 Measurements (Type I): determination of the directional response of a
hydrophone . 32
12.5.2 Measurements (Type II): calibration by comparison using a standard
hydrophone . 33
12.6 Maximum hydrophone size . 33
Annex A (informative) Assessment of uncertainty in free field calibration of
hydrophones .
...
IEC 62127-2 ®
Edition 1.2 2017-03
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Ultrasonics – Hydrophones –
Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz
Ultrasons – Hydrophones –
Partie 2: Etalonnage des champs ultrasoniques jusqu’à 40 MHz
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
your local IEC member National Committee for further information.
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf indication contraire, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite
ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie
et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'IEC ou du Comité national de l'IEC du pays du demandeur. Si vous avez des
questions sur le copyright de l'IEC ou si vous désirez obtenir des droits supplémentaires sur cette publication, utilisez
les coordonnées ci-après ou contactez le Comité national de l'IEC de votre pays de résidence.
IEC Central Office Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11
3, rue de Varembé Fax: +41 22 919 03 00
CH-1211 Geneva 20 info@iec.ch
Switzerland www.iec.ch
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published.
IEC Catalogue - webstore.iec.ch/catalogue Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
The stand-alone application for consulting the entire The world's leading online dictionary of electronic and
bibliographical information on IEC International Standards, electrical terms containing 20 000 terms and definitions in
Technical Specifications, Technical Reports and other English and French, with equivalent terms in 16 additional
documents. Available for PC, Mac OS, Android Tablets and languages. Also known as the International Electrotechnical
iPad. Vocabulary (IEV) online.
IEC publications search - www.iec.ch/searchpub IEC Glossary - std.iec.ch/glossary
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a 65 000 electrotechnical terminology entries in English and
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical French extracted from the Terms and Definitions clause of
committee,…). It also gives information on projects, replaced IEC publications issued since 2002. Some entries have been
and withdrawn publications. collected from earlier publications of IEC TC 37, 77, 86 and
CISPR.
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details all new publications released. Available online and If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or
also once a month by email. need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
Centre: csc@iec.ch.
A propos de l'IEC
La Commission Electrotechnique Internationale (IEC) est la première organisation mondiale qui élabore et publie des
Normes internationales pour tout ce qui a trait à l'électricité, à l'électronique et aux technologies apparentées.
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IEC 62127-2 ®
Edition 1.2 2017-03
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Ultrasonics – Hydrophones –
Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz
Ultrasons – Hydrophones –
Partie 2: Etalonnage des champs ultrasoniques jusqu’à 40 MHz
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 17.140.50 ISBN 978-2-8322-4136-3
IEC 62127-2 ®
Edition 1.2 2017-03
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
REDLINE VERSION
VERSION REDLINE
colour
inside
Ultrasonics – Hydrophones –
Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz
Ultrasons – Hydrophones –
Partie 2: Etalonnage des champs ultrasoniques jusqu’à 40 MHz
– 2 – IEC 62127-2:2007+AMD1:2013
+AMD2:2017 CSV © IEC 2017
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
INTRODUCTION . 7
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references. 8
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 9
4 List of symbols . 15
5 Overview of calibration procedures . 18
5.1 Principles . 18
5.2 Summary of calibration procedures . 19
5.3 Reporting of results . 20
5.4 Recommended calibration periods . 21
6 Generic requirements of a hydrophone calibration system . 22
6.1 Mechanical positioning . 22
6.1.1 General . 22
6.1.2 Accuracy of the axial hydrophone position . 22
6.1.3 Accuracy of the lateral hydrophone position . 22
6.2 Temperature measurements and temperature stability . 22
6.3 Hydrophone size . 23
6.4 Measurement vessel and water properties . 23
6.5 Measurement of output voltage . 24
7 Electrical considerations . 24
7.1 Signal type . 24
7.2 Earthing . 24
7.3 Measurement of hydrophone output voltage . 24
7.3.1 General . 24
7.3.2 Electrical loading by measuring instrument . 25
7.3.3 Electrical loading by extension cables . 25
7.3.4 Noise . 25
7.3.5 Cross-talk (radio-frequency rf pick-up) and acoustic interference . 25
7.3.6 Integral hydrophone pre-amplifiers . 26
8 Preparation of hydrophones . 26
8.1 General . 26
8.2 Wetting . 26
8.3 Hydrophone support . 26
8.4 Influence of cable . 26
9 Free field reciprocity calibration . 27
9.1 General . 27
9.2 Object . 27
9.3 General principles . 27
9.3.1 General . 27
9.3.2 Three-transducer reciprocity calibration method . 27
9.3.3 Self-reciprocity calibration method . 27
9.3.4 Two-transducer reciprocity calibration method . 27
9.4 Two-transducer reciprocity calibration method . 28
9.4.1 Apparatus Auxiliary transducers . 28
+AMD2:2017 CSV © IEC 2017
9.4.2 Procedure Reflector . 28
9.4.3 Measurement field . 29
9.4.4 Reciprocity approach . 29
9.4.5 Measurement procedure . 29
10 Free field calibration by planar scanning . 29
10.1 General . 29
10.2 Object . 29
10.3 General principle . 30
10.4 Procedural requirements . 31
10.4.1 Hydrophone scanning . 31
10.5 Procedure . 31
10.5.1 Power measurement . 31
10.5.2 Transducer mounting . 32
10.5.3 Measurement conditions . 32
10.5.4 Measurements . 32
10.6 Corrections and sources of uncertainty . 32
11 Free field calibration by optical interferometry . 32
11.1 General . 32
11.2 Principle .
...
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