IEC TR 61000-4-32:2002

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-32: Testing and measurement techniques - High-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) simulator compendium

Provides information about extant system-level high-altitude EMP (HEMP) simulators and their applicability as test facilities and validation tools for immunity test requirements. This report provides the first detailed listing of HEMP simulators throughout the worldand is the preliminary summary of this effort. It should be updated on a regular basis as the status of test facilities change. The main body of the report is a collection of datasheets describing 42 EMP simulators in 14 countries that are still operational or could be made available for use by the international community.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 29-Oct-2002
• ICS: 33.100.20 - Immunity
• ICS: 33.100.99 - Other aspects related to EMC
• Technical Committee: SC 77C - High power transient phenomena
• Drafting Committee: PT 61000-4-32 - TC 77/SC 77C/PT 61000-4-32
• Current Stage: PPUB - Publication issued
• Start Date: 30-Oct-2002
• Completion Date: 30-Sep-2002

Standards Content (Sample)

TECHNICAL IEC
REPORT
61000-4-32
First edition
2002-10
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) –
Part 4-32:
Testing and measurement techniques –
High-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP)
simulator compendium
Compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM) –
Partie 4-32:
Techniques d'essai et de mesure –
Compendium des simulateurs d'impulsions
électromagnétiques à haute altitude (IEMN-HA)
Reference number
IEC/TR 61000-4-32:2002(E)
Publication numbering
As from 1 January 1997 all IEC publications are issued with a designation in the
60000 series. For example, IEC 34-1 is now referred to as IEC 60034-1.
Consolidated editions
The IEC is now publishing consolidated versions of its publications. For example,
edition numbers 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2 refer, respectively, to the base publication, the
base publication incorporating amendment 1 and the base publication incorporating
amendments 1 and 2.
Further information on IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC,
thus ensuring that the content reflects current technology. Information relating to
this publication, including its validity, is available in the IEC Catalogue of
publications (see below) in addition to new editions, amendments and corrigenda.
Information on the subjects under consideration and work in progress undertaken
by the technical committee which has prepared this publication, as well as the list
of publications issued, is also available from the following:
• IEC Web Site (www.iec.ch)
• Catalogue of IEC publications
The on-line catalogue on the IEC web site (http://www.iec.ch/searchpub/cur_fut.htm)
enables you to search by a variety of criteria including text searches, technical
committees and date of publication. On-line information is also available on
recently issued publications, withdrawn and replaced publications, as well as
corrigenda.
• IEC Just Published
This summary of recently issued publications (http://www.iec.ch/online_news/
justpub/jp_entry.htm) is also available by email. Please contact the Customer
Service Centre (see below) for further information.
• Customer Service Centre
If you have any questions regarding this publication or need further assistance,
please contact the Customer Service Centre:
Email: [e-mail]
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
INTERNATIONAL IEC
STANDARD
61000-4-32
First edition
2002-10
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) –
Part 4-32:
Testing and measurement techniques –
High-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP)
simulator compendium
Compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM) –
Partie 4-32:
Techniques d'essai et de mesure –
Compendium des simulateurs d'impulsions
électromagnétiques à haute altitude (IEMN-HA)
 IEC 2002  Copyright - all rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Varembé, PO Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
Telephone: [phone] Telefax: [phone] E-mail: [e-mail]  Web: www.iec.ch
PRICE CODE
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
XE
International Electrotechnical Commission
Международная Электротехническая Комиссия
For price, see current catalogue

– 2 – TR 61000-4-32  IEC:2002(E)
CONTENTS
1 Scope. 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 General . 6
4 Definitions . 7
5 Datasheet definitions and instructions . 8
5.1 General information. 8
5.2 Simulator input options. 8
5.3 Electromagnetic field characteristics. 8
5.4 Administrative information . 9
5.5 Availability. 10
5.6 Other technical information. 10
6 Project description. 11
6.1 Introduction . 11
6.2 Guided-wave simulators . 11
6.3 Dipole simulators. 14
6.4 Hybrid simulators . 19
7 EMP simulator datasheets . 20
7.1.1 Canada – DREMPS . 24
7.2.1 China – DM-1200 . 26
7.3.1 Czech Republic (reserved) . --
7.4.1 Egypt (reserved). --
7.5.1 France – France Telecom R&D Guided-wave . 28
7.5.2 France – DPH. 30
7.5.3 France – SSR. 32
7.6.1 Germany – DIESES. 34
7.6.2 Germany – HPD . 36
7.6.3 Germany – WIS Indoor Guided-wave. 38
7.6.4 Germany – VPD . 40
7.6.5 Germany – MIGUS . 42
7.7.1 India – IBWEMPS. 44
7.7.2 India – RBWEMPS . 46
7.8.1 Israel – Rafael Guided-wave. 48
7.8.2 Israel – Rafael Hybrid. 50
7.9.1 Italy – INSIEME. 52
7.10.1 Netherlands – EMIS-III-HPD. 54
7.10.2 Netherlands – EMIS-III-TL . 56
7.10.3 Netherlands – EMIS-III-VPD . 58
7.11.1 Poland (reserved). --
7.12.1 Russia – ERU-2M. 60
7.12.2 Russia – SEMP-6-2M . 62
7.12.3 Russia – PULSE-M. 64
7.12.4 Russia – SEMP-12-3 . 66
7.12.5 Russia – SEMP-1,5 . 68

TR 61000-4-32  IEC:2002 – 3 –
7.13.1 Sweden – SAPIENS-2 . 70
7.13.2 Sweden – SPERANS. 72
7.14.1 Switzerland – MEMPS . 74
7.14.2 Switzerland – VEPES . 76
7.14.3 Switzerland – VERIFY . 78
7.14.4 Switzerland – SEMIRAMIS . 80
7.15.1 Ukraine – GIN-1,6-5 . 82
7.15.2 Ukraine – GINT-12-30 . 84
7.15.3 Ukraine – IEMI-M5M. 86
7.15.4 Ukraine – IEMP-10 . 88
7.16.1 United Kingdom – DERA Guided-wave . 90
7.17.1 United States – ALECS . 92
7.17.2 United States – ARES . 94
7.17.3 United States – HPD . 96
7.17.4 United States – Trestle. 98
7.17.5 United States – VPD-I . 100
7.17.6 United States – VPD-II . 102
7.17.7 United States – USN NAWCAD HPD . 104
7.17.8 United States – USN NAWCAD VPD . 106
8 Bibliography . 108
Tables
1 Guided-wave EMP simulators with conventional termination. 15
2 Guided-wave EMP simulators with distributed termination . 16
3 Vertical dipole EMP simulators . 17
4 Hybrid EMP simulators . 18
5 EMP simulator datasheets . 21

– 4 – TR 61000-4-32  IEC:2002(E)
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) –
Part 4-32: Testing and measurement techniques –
High-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) simulator compendium
FOREWORD
1) The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is
entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may
participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the
two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested National Committees.
3) The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the form
of standards, technical specifications, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National
Committees in that sense.
4) In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International
Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any
divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly
indicated in the latter.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.
6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this technical report may be the subject of
patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepare International Standards. However, a
technical committee may propose the publication of a technical report when it has collected
data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard, for
example "state of the art".
Technical reports do not necessarily have to be reviewed until the data they provide are
considered to be no longer valid or useful by the maintenance team.
IEC 61000-4-32, which is a technical report, has been prepared by subcommittee 77C: High
power transient phenomena, of IEC technical committee 77: Electromagnetic compatibility
(EMC). It has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107.
The text of this technical report is based on the following documents:
Enquiry draft Report on voting
77C/116/CDV 77C/126/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this technical report can be found in the
report on voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

TR 61000-4-32  IEC:2002 – 5 –
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
2005. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed;
• withdrawn;
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
– 6 – TR 61000-4-32  IEC:2002(E)
ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) –
Part 4-32: Testing and measurement techniques –
High-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) simulator compendium
1 Scope
This Technical Report provides information about extant system-level high-altitude EMP
(HEMP) simulators and their applicability as test facilities and validation tools for immunity
test requirements. This report provides the first detailed listing of HEMP simulators throughout
the worldand is the preliminary summary of this effort. It should be updated on a regular basis
as the status of test facilities change.
The main body of the report is a collection of datasheets describing 42 EMP simulators in 14
countries that are still operational or could be made available for use by the international
community.
The owners of the simulators have provided the information contained in this report. The IEC
shall not be held responsible for the accuracy of the information.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 61000-2-9: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 2: Environment – Section 9:
Description of HEMP environment – Radiated disturbance. Basic EMC publication
IEC 61000-2-10: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 2-10: Environment Description
of HEMP environment – Conducted disturbance
3 General
A high–altitude (above 30 km) nuclear burst produces 3 types of electromagnetic pulses that
are observed on the earth's surface:
– early-time HEMP (fast);
– intermediate-time HEMP (medium);
– late-time HEMP (slow).
Historically most interest has been focused on the early-time HEMP that was previously
referred to as simply "HEMP". Here we will use the term high-altitude EMP or HEMP to
include all 3 types of waveforms. The term NEMP covers many categories of nuclear EMPs
including those produced by surface bursts (SREMP) or created on space systems
(SGEMP) .
___________
Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse
Source Region EMP
System Generated EMP
TR 61000-4-32  IEC:2002 – 7 –
The classification of the HEMP environment used in this report is the radiated electromagnetic
environment (incident plus ground reflection, if any) that would be experienced by the external
surfaces of a system thereby producing voltages and currents prevailing at typical locations
within a system or installation through external and internal coupling processes. This
approach is appropriate because the HEMP environment is generated in the upper
atmosphere and is initially described as an external electromagnetic environment (both
radiated and conducted; see IEC 61000-2-9 and IEC 61000-2-10). For components, devices,
equipment, subsystems or systems located within an installation, the conducted and radiated
environments incident at their locations are determined by the amount of protection provided
by EM shields and/or conductive point of entry (PoE) elements present in the installation or
enclosure. System-level EMP simulators are the most effective means of assessing the
effectiveness of these protection measures.
4 Terms and definitions
4.1
conductive point-of-entry
penetrating conductor, electrical wire, cable or other conductive object, such as a metal rod,
which passes through an electromagnetic barrier
4.2
electromagnetic barrier
topologically closed surface made to limit EM fields and conducted transients from entering
the enclosed space. The barrier consists of the shield surface and points-of-entry treatments,
and encloses the protected volume
4.3
electromagnetic pulse (EMP)
nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP)
all types of electromagnetic fields produced by a nuclear explosion. Also referred to as
nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP)
4.4
electromagnetic shield
electrically continuous housing for a facility, area, or component used to attenuate incident
electric and magnetic fields by both absorption and reflection
4.5
HEMP
high-altitude nuclear EMP
4.6
high-altitude (nuclear explosion)
height of burst above 30 km altitude
4.7
point-of-entry (PoE)
physical location (point) on an electromagnetic barrier, where EM energy may enter or exit a
topological volume, unless an adequate PoE protective device is provided. A PoE is not
limited to a geometrical point. PoEs are classified as aperture PoEs or conductive PoEs
according to the type of penetration. They are also classified as architectural, mechanical,
structural or electrical PoEs according to the functions they serve
4.8
shielding effectiveness
measure of the reduction or attenuation in the electromagnetic field strength at a point in
space caused by the insertion of a shield between the source and that point; usually
expressed in decibels (dB)
– 8 – TR 61000-4-32  IEC:2002(E)
5 Datasheet definitions and instructions
The request for information that was sent to owners of worldwide EMP simulators included the
following definitions and instructions for supplying the requested information.
5.1 General information
Simulator type: Specify the type simulator using one of Baum's 3 categories: guided-wave,
dipole, or hybrid.
Termination or For guided-wave simulators, specify the type termination used (for example,
resistive loading: output conic section with approximate point resistive load, output conic
section with distributed resistive load, no output conic section with sparse,
distributed resistive load). For dipole simulators, specify whether antenna is
resistively loaded. For hybrid simulators, specify whether the antenna is
uniformly resistively loaded or end-terminated.
Major simulator Specify the longest dimension of the simulator in meters (for example, 80 m
dimension(s): long).
Test volume Specify the dimensions in meters of the usable test volume (for example, 15
dimensions: m (high) by 20 m (wide) by 50 m (long)). Specify each if more than one test
volume is available.
5.2 Simulator input options
Primary pulse Describe the type generator and peak output voltage of the primary high-
power: voltage pulse generator used (for example, 6-MV Marx generator with
peaking capacitor).
Repetition rate: Specify the usable pulse repetition rate and any limits on how long the
simulator can be operated at this rate (for example, 12 pulses per hour) for
the primary pulse power source.
Low-voltage or Specify any lower-voltage input sources available (for example, 50-kV, 2-ns
CW test rise time, 50-pps pulse generator) and any continuous wave (CW) sources
capability: available (for example, 10-kHz to 1-GHz CW generator).
5.3 Electromagnetic field characteristics (in test volume unless otherwise noted)
Electric field Specify the electric field orientation with respect to the earth (for example,
polarization: vertical).
Line impedance: For guided-wave simulator, specify the transmission line impedance (for
example, 120 Ω). For dipole and hybrid simulators, specify the cone or
bicone impedance of the early-time radiating element (for example, 150 Ω).
Wave impedance:
Specify the impedance of the field in the test volume (for example, 377 Ω –
HEMP spherical wave).
Peak electric Specify the range of peak electric fields available in the test volume (for
field: example, 20 kV/m to 100 kV/m).
Peak magnetic Specify the range of peak magnetic fields available in the test volume (for
field: example, 50 A/m to 250 A/m).

TR 61000-4-32  IEC:2002 – 9 –
Pulse rise time: Specify the 10 % to 90 % pulse rise time (for example, 9 ns).
Prepulse: Specify the maximum value of the prepulse as a percentage of the peak
output of the simulator (for example, 10 %).
Pulse width: Specify the 1/e or full-width, half-maximum pulse width (e.g., 580 ns (1/e) or
400 ns FWHM).
Field uniformity: Guided-wave simulators – Use the following qualitative ratings to specify the
worst-case uniformity of the peak value of the principal field component in
the test volume:
Excellent – better than ±10 %
Good – between ±20 % and ±10 %
Fair – between ±50 % and ±20 %
Poor – worse than ±50 %
Use the plane in the test volume closest to the simulator input and normal to
the direction of propagation of the wave. Specify the fall-off (1/r) of the peak
field in per cent from the front to the back of the test volume. Specify the
maximum value of any non-principal component in per cent of the peak
value of the principal component. Example:
Excellent uniformity of peak value of vertical field component.
20 % fall-off of peak field from front to back of test volume.
Horizontal field components ≤15 % of vertical component everywhere in test
volume.
Other simulators – Specify the maximum and minimum values of the peak of
the principal field component anywhere in the test volume (for example,
horizontal E-field parallel to simulator axis 65 kV/m maximum and 10 kV/m
minimum). Specify the maximum value in per cent of the peak value of the
principal component of any non-principal component (for example, vertical
and other horizontal components ≤ 25 % of principal horizontal component).
Other: Describe any other pertinent technical features of the simulator not covered
above.
5.4 Administrative information
Location: Specify the location of the simulator (nearest city or military base and
country).
Owner: Specify the name of the company or agency that owns the simulator.
Point of contact: Specify the name and full address of the person to contact for more
information about the simulator.
Initial operation Specify the year in which the simulator first became operational.
date:
Status: Specify the current status of the simulator (for example, under development,
operational, stand-by, inoperative).

– 10 – TR 61000-4-32  IEC:2002(E)
5.5 Availability
Government State availability of simulator for use by government agencies and any
users: restrictions on this availability (for example, available to government
agencies of any EU country).
Industry users: State availability of simulator for use by private companies and any
restrictions on this availability (for example, available to any private
company with endorsement of government agency of any EU country).
5.6 Other technical information
Photograph: Provide one or more high-quality colour photographs of the facility that will
provide readers of the compendium with a basic understanding of the size
and scope of the simulator.
Typical time- Provide a representative sample of a time-domain E-field or B-field
domain waveform: measurement from the simulator test volume.
Typical Provide a Fourier transform of a representative pulse from the simulator test
frequency-domain volume.
spectrum:
General Provide whatever general historical and descriptive information about the
description: facility that you would like to present and can fit in the available space.
Available Describe the sensors and data acquisition equipment available for use with
instrumentation: the EMP simulator. Include information about the frequency ranges and/or
rise times of the instrumentation.
Auxiliary test Describe any auxiliary test equipment, such as direct drive (pulse or CW)
equipment: equipment, associated with the EMP simulator.

TR 61000-4-32  IEC:2002 – 11 –
6 Project description
6.1 Introduction
This report reviews worldwide EMP simulators in terms of their characteristics, capabilities,
and limitations. This historical section of the report is a summary and update of papers
presented at international conferences in 1984, 1995, 1998, and 1999 and describes several
EMP simulators that have been built and dismantled as well as those that currently exist [1-4].
The section that follows is organised into 42 datasheets for individual EMP simulators that
remain in operation or could be put back into operation for EMP testing. Other simulators exist
in China, Poland, and probably elsewhere, but it was not possible to obtain information about
them in time for this report.
Dr. Carl Baum (U.S. Air Force, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico) is the father of most of the Western
simulator designs through his series of Sensor and Simulation Notes. He also named many of
the simulators [5]. Baum has classified non-source-region EMP simulators in 3 categories:
guided-wave, dipole, and hybrid [6], [7]. The scope of the report is restricted to those
simulators designed to simulate the nuclear EMP outside of the source region and in
particular those that simulate the electromagnetic environment caused by a high-altitude
nuclear explosion (HEMP).
The end of the Cold War has provided the opportunity to learn of electromagnetic pulse (EMP)
simulators developed in the former Soviet Union as well as China and to compare their
performance characteristics and test methods employed in them to those of western
simulators. While similarities exist with EMP simulators developed in the U.S. and other
western countries, in some cases the simulators developed by researchers of the former
Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact nations provide some very interesting differences in
approach.
No one perfect EMP simulator exists. This report describes several examples that fall into
Baum’s 3 categories (guided-wave, dipole, and hybrid) of HEMP simulators. All designs have
inherent limitations; hence the large variety of designs that exists. Some analysis and
extrapolation of results must always be done. The ideal of a simple “zap" test to prove a
system hard to EMP is just that – an unachievable ideal.
6.2 Guided-wave simulators
Guided-wave simulators use metal “plates” driven by one or more high-voltage generators to
propagate a nominally TEM wave through a region frequently called the "working volume."
The test object is located in this working volume. This class of simulator is used primarily to
simulate the free-space environment produced by a high-altitude nuclear burst. Most existing
guided-wave simulators produce a vertical electric field (and horizontal magnetic field)
because in this case the earth can be used as one of the conducting plates.
This most ubiquitous of EMP simulators is highly efficient in its use of pulsed power. For
example, a 1-MV Marx generator can provide high-fidelity fields with strengths of >100 kV/m
over objects as long as 6 m. These fields usually have the “double-exponential” shape
characteristic of a high-altitude EMP. Guided-wave structures can propagate pulses with sub-
nanosecond rise times if the generator is capable of producing them. Simulator impedances
and field distributions can be calculated readily, and the fields can be made uniform over a
large volume of space.
___________
The term “plates” is commonly used; however, in almost all EMP simulators the conductors for the transmission
line are formed of parallel wires or wire mesh.

– 12 – TR 61000-4-32  IEC:2002(E)
Guided-wave simulators are the best choice for testing missiles and aircraft in simulated in-
flight configurations. For good simulation fidelity, the test object dimensions should not
exceed 60 % of the plate spacing. While they often are used to test ground vehicles (for
example, jeeps, tanks, trains), this is not a high-fidelity simulation because it does not provide
the ground reflection needed for assessing the EMP coupling characteristics of systems
situated on the earth's surface. In general, guided-wave simulators are not transportable; the
test object usually must be brought to the simulator.
Several guided-wave simulators outside the U.S., particularly those in the former Soviet
Union, have generators that produce very long pulses (microseconds to milliseconds) to
provide some information on system response to an endo-atmospheric nuclear burst albeit
absent the ionizing radiation and associated conductivity that would exist in a true SREMP
environment.
Guided-wave simulators come in two basic types: those with symmetrically tapered input and
output-feed sections usually attached to a parallel plate section (Table 1) and those with a
single-feed section attached to a sparse, distributed, resistive load, usually without an
intervening parallel-plate section (Table 2).
The AFWL-Los Alamos EMP Calibration and Simulation (ALECS), located in the U.S., is one
of the earliest examples of the symmetric type guided-wave simulator and is typical of this
genre. Built in the early 1960s, it has been used for numerous tests including missiles, scale
models of aircraft, communications systems, and automobiles. The facility is used in both
pulse and continuous wave (CW) modes. In pulse mode a Marx generator provides input
voltage of up to 2 MV. Test data is recorded in a RF-shielded room located beneath the
transmission line. The Advanced Research EMP Simulator (ARES) was built in the late 1960s
to overcome the size restrictions of ALECS. The largest EMP simulator in the world is the
Trestle. The structure was built to perform tests of aircraft in the in-flight mode with
horizontally polarized waves. The structure can accommodate 747-size aircraft. The wooden
platform on which the aircraft sits is 36 m above the earth and with its ramp over 180 m long.
More than 6,5 million board feet of lumber were used in the construction, and more than
100,000 special wooden bolts hold it all together.
Two very large guided-wave simulator complexes are operated by the Ministry of Defence in
Russia: one at the Central Institute of Physics and Technology (CIPT) at Sergiev Posad near
Moscow and one at the Science Research Centre near St. Petersburg [8-11]. Each of the
Russian complexes includes two large guided-wave simulators driven by a centrally located
pulse generator. The very large cylindrical housing for the multi-megavolt air-insulated Marx
generator adjacent to another large dielectric structure housing the pulse shaping circuitry
(e.g., “peaking capacitor”) are distinguishing characteristics of these facilities.
In the case of the St. Petersburg complex, one of the simulators is used for high-altitude EMP
environments and one for source-region EMP environments. This complex specializes in
evaluating the effects of EMP on buried structures. These simulators include a capability for
testing objects either on, or buried beneath, the earth’s surface. In SEMP-12-3 an
underground transmission line, which consists of 2 rows of vertical electrodes positioned at a
relative distance of 50 m, is connected to the transition sections leading to the pulse
generator section and the matched restive load.
The SEMP-6 facility near Sergiev Posad is very similar in appearance to the one at St.
Petersburg, but important differences exist. For example, the lower plate of the transmission
line is on, not below, the earth’s surface. However, like SEMP-12-1 at St. Petersburg, the
SEMP-6 provides some SREMP simulation capability by the use of large-dimension,
rectangular coils in the vertical planes outside the working volume driven by pulsed current
sources to produce late-time, long-duration magnetic fields in the simulator. Many different
types of military systems are tested in this simulator complex. One portion of the simulator is
being upgraded for 1 ns-3 ns rise-time performance.

TR 61000-4-32  IEC:2002 – 13 –
A similar, antecedent complex that exists at the small town of Andreevka near Kharkov in
Ukraine was developed and is operated by the Institute “Molniya” (lightning) [12]. As this
name implies, both the Russian and Ukrainian complexes are used for studying the effects of
lightning as well as EMP on systems.
Although the simulators have an output transition section, the terminations in the Russian and
Ukrainian simulators do not really come to a “point”. Instead, a rectangular array of resistive
elements absorbs the electromagnetic wave after it has passed through the simulator test
volume.
China has a small guided-wave EMP simulator, the DM-1200, that is similar in basic geometry
to the ARES system located in Albuquerque, New Mexico. However, the lower plate of the
transmission line is not connected to the earth in the transition sections as in the case of
ARES. The 1,2-MV Marx generator is located in a building at the end of the transmission line.
The DM-1200 was developed and is operated by the Beijing Institute of Electronic Systems
Engineering (BIESE) of the Ministry of Aerospace.
The "bend" in the top plate at the transition from conical to parallel geometry in traditional
guided-wave EMP simulators produces reflections that limit the unperturbed fields to the
forward portion of the parallel plate section in this type simulator [13]. This bend and its twin
at the output transition also produce higher-order mode effects particularly limiting the
usefulness of these simulators in continuous-wave (CW) mode.
SIEM-2, built in France in the late 1970s for testing strategic missiles, was the first of a class
of simpler geometry guided-wave simulators with improved high-frequency performance over
the more traditional symmetrical geometry (Table 2) [14]. These simulators basically use just
the input conic section in the traditional-geometry simulators. This configuration sometimes is
referred to as a “horn” simulator. The large, but sparse, distributed resistive termination used
in these simulators allows the high-frequency components of the pulse to radiate out the end
of the simulator rather than being trapped as standing waves in the transmission line.
Simulators with this basic geometry exist in Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, Israel, and
reportedly Poland (so far, it has not been possible to obtain any information on the Polish
simulator).
The conical geometry of the input section that transitions from the relatively small dimensions
where the wave is launched to the large dimensions of the working volume produces a
spherical wave rather than the desired plane wave. This causes different parts of the test
object to experience the arrival of the wave at somewhat different times and introduces non-
vertical components to the electric field. In traditional simulator designs, designers controlled
this problem by keeping the transition angle small (typically 15°), which makes the simulator
dimensions large.
A different approach has been taken in a new simulator built by France Telecom/CNET in
Lannion, France [15-17]. In this simulator, the electromagnetic wave passes through a large
lens made from plywood. The effect of the lens is to refract and slow down the
electromagnetic waves while traversing the dielectric material. In this way, the spherical wave
is transformed into a planar one, because the shape of the lens slows down waves travelling
along the direction of the simulator axis more than waves diverging from the simulator axis.
The developers claim very good field characteristics (for example, homogeneity, rise time,
planarity) in the simulator working volume beyond the lens.
The indoor ERU-2M simulator at Sergiev Posad, Russia is significantly different from those
described above because it employs a 3-plate transmission line. The 1-MV pulse generator is
much more compact than those typically found in the simulators of the former Soviet Union
and produces a 2 ns rise-time field in the simulator working volume.
In addition to those listed in Tables 1 and 2, guided-wave simulators exist or formerly existed
in Poland and the former East Germany. Egypt reportedly is developing a small guided-wave
simulator.
– 14 – TR 61000-4-32  IEC:2002(E)
6.3 Dipole simulators
Ideally, the test object is far away from the source of a freely propagating TEM wave for this
class of EMP simulator; practically this is seldom quite the case. These simulators can be
mobile or fixed. They can radiate very fast rise time pulses, and the fields produced are
analytically tractable. One helicopter-borne version (RES I) was capable of varying both
incidence angle and field polarization. Aircraft have flown nearby these simulators to perform
actual in-flight tests, but these tests usually simulate the incident wave with its associated
ground reflection. When used properly, the unwanted simulator-object interaction can be kept
very small, and the area covered by a uniform field can be large. These simulators can radiate
very fast rise-time pulses, and the fields produced are analytically tractable.
One true dipole simulator was the Radiating EMP Simulator (RES) used by the U.S. Air Force
and Army in the early 1970s to test large ground-based facilities. Because the pulser/antenna
system was suspended beneath a helicopter, it was highly mobile. Two versions were built: a
horizontal antenna and a vertical antenna. A 1,5-MV, 150-ohm biconic generator drove each.
The resistively loaded antennas shaped the radiated pulse and prevented a large notch in the
frequency spectrum. However, the RES I simulator produced a field strength at reasonable
distances of only a few kV/m, and due to the short antenna length the low-frequency content
was particularly deficient. Longer, more powerful versions were planned but never built.
Operating costs were high because of the helicopter. After sufficient testing was done to
correlate the high-quality (except at low frequencies) RES data with other simulators, the
antennas were salvaged and the generators used for other simulators.
Most examples of this class of simulator are equivalent dipoles over a conducting surface. In
this configuration they produce vertically polarized fields and a single angle of incidence.
Since these are radiating antennas, they are not as efficient at converting pulse-power energy
into fields as are guided-wave simulators. Dipoles also suffer from a deficiency in low-fre-
quency energy because they cannot radiate at d.c. and their physical size must be held to
practical limits.
Most of these antennas are resistively loaded to prevent reflection of the currents when they
reach the top of the cone [18]. Some information about coupling to an in-flight aircraft can be
extracted from the test data, but the effects of the conducting ground must be considered in
the analysis. Employing a large antenna, large pulser capacitance, and very large shunt
resistance to ground enhanced low frequencies. The fields can be predicted accurately by
analytical methods. The agreement of the predicted and measured peak field strengths is ex-
cellent, and the correlation in the frequency domain is also quite good. Baum’s model also
predicts the spatial distribution of the fields very well.

TR 61000-4-32  IEC(E):2002               – 15 –
Table 1 – Guided-wave EMP simulators with conventional termination
Simulator ALECS ARES Trestle DREMPS EMIS- DM-1200 GIN-1,6- GINT-12- IEMI- IEMP-10 SEMP- SEMP- Pulse-M SEMP-1,5
Characteristic III-TL 5 30 M5M 6M-2M 12-3
Albuq. Albuq. Albuq. Ottawa The Beijing Kharkov Kharkov Kharkov Kharkov Sergiev St. Pete. St. Pete. Istra
Location
Hague Posad
USA USA USA Canada China Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine Russia Russia Russia
NL Russia
Peak output voltage 1 4 6-8 0,6 0,5 1,2 1,6 4,5 0,7 2,5 6 2,4 0,6 1,5
(MV)
Rise time (ns) 10 <10 ~20 5 10 10 5-10 5-10 5-10 20-40 9 55-12
Air ≥ 15
Earth ≥
Duration (ns) 250 250 500 400 ? 200 200-2500 200-280 200-250 350-400 580 150 35-850
Air < 400
Earth <
Peak electric field 100 >100 50 55 ~50 120 150 120 330 140 100 100 20-100
Air < 200
(kV/m)
Earth <
Length (m)
100 189 ~400 100 50 54 48 254 23 110 80 170 15 100
Plate spacing (m) 13 40 105 10 ~10 8,4 5 30 3 12 15 10 3-6 ~15
Wave-guide imped- 100 125 300 110 100 180 100 100 100 100 120 110 150 100
ance (Ohms)
Initial operational
mid-60s 1970 early 80s Mid-90s 1992 1985 1976 1992 1992 1970 1982 1992 Early 1998
capability (IOC) 90s
6 2 2 3 2 2 2 2222 2 2 2 2
Status
Availability
Government ? ? ? Yes Yes ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes MOD MOD Yes
Industry ? ? Yes Yes ? No No No No No ? ? ?
?
7 II II II II II II II II II II II II II Cand. for
IEC type simulator
Type I
Sub-clause 7.17.1 7.17.2 7.17.4 7.1.1 7.10.2 7.2.1 7.15.1 7.15.2 7.15.3 7.15.4 7.12.2 7.12.4 7.12.3 7.12.5
Compendium page 92 94 98 56 26 82 84 86 88 62 66 64 68
___________
This listing is preliminary and subject to verification by the simulator owner/operator.
Status Codes: 1 – Under development; 2 – Operational; 3 – Stand-by; 4 – Dismantled or no longer in use; ? – Unknown.
Type I and Type II EMP simulators are defined in IEC 61000-4-25:2001, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-25: Testing and measurement techniques – HEMP
immunity test methods for equipment and systems .

– 16 –               TR 61000-4-32  IEC:2002(E)
Table 2 – Guided-wave EMP simulators with distributed termination
Simulator SIEM-2 DIESES SAPIENS INSIEME Rafael VEPES VERIFY SEMIRAMIS SSR France ERU-2M
Characteristic 2 Telecom
Location Mimizan Munster Linköping Pisa Haifa Spiez Lausanne Gramat Lannion Sergiev
Spiez
Posad
Switzerland
France Germany Sweden Italy Israel Switzerlan Switzerland France France
d Russia
Peak output voltage 2,8 1 1 1 2 0,8 0,6 0,1 2 0,8 1
(MV)
Rise time (ns) 10 1-7 5 4 <5 8 1 <10 1-5 2,5 2,5-25
Duration (ns) 250 80-1000 150 ? ? ~300 24-36 200 25-200 23-200 25-750
Peak electric field >100 >100 >50 >100 >200 >100 100 62 >100 75 100
(kV/m)
Length (m) 180 120 90 120 130 55 20 10 106 5
...