ISO/IEC 20830:2021

Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques — Han Xin Code bar code symbology specification

This document defines the requirements for the symbology known as Han Xin Code. It specifies the Han Xin Code symbology characteristics, data encoding process, symbol structure, dimensions and print quality requirements, error correction rules, reference decoding algorithm, and user-selectable application parameters.

Technologies de l'information — Techniques d'identification et de capture de données automatiques — Spécification des symboles du code à barres de Han Xin

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 26-Aug-2021
• ICS: 35.040.50 - Automatic identification and data capture techniques
• Technical Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31 - Automatic identification and data capture techniques
• Drafting Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 1 - Data carrier
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Start Date: 27-Aug-2021
• Completion Date: 27-Aug-2021

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 20830
First edition
2021-08
Information technology — Automatic
identification and data capture
techniques — Han Xin Code bar code
symbology specification
Technologies de l'information — Techniques d'identification et de
capture de données automatiques — Spécification des symboles du
code à barres de Han Xin
Reference number
©
ISO/IEC 2021
© ISO/IEC 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/IEC 2021 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .vi
Introduction .vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions, and symbols . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Mathematical and logical symbols . 3
4 Symbology description. 4
4.1 Symbology characteristics . 4
4.1.1 Basic characteristics . 4
4.1.2 Summary of additional features . 5
4.2 Symbol structure . 5
4.2.1 General. 5
4.2.2 Symbol Versions and Sizes . 6
4.2.3 Finder Pattern . 8
4.2.4 Position Detection Pattern separator.10
4.2.5 Alignment Pattern . . .10
4.2.6 Assistant Alignment Pattern .13
4.2.7 Structural Information Region .13
4.2.8 Data Region.14
4.2.9 Quiet Zone.14
5 Requirements .15
5.1 Encode procedure overview.15
5.2 Data analysis .16
5.3 Mode .17
5.3.1 General.17
5.3.2 Numeric mode . .19
5.3.3 Text mode .19
5.3.4 Binary byte mode .19
5.3.5 Common Chinese Characters in Region One mode .19
5.3.6 Common Chinese Characters in Region Two mode .20
5.3.7 GB18030 2-byte Region mode .20
5.3.8 GB18030 4-byte Region mode .20
5.3.9 Extended Channel Interpretation (ECI) mode .20
5.3.10 Unicode mode .20
5.3.11 GS1 mode .20
5.3.12 URI mode .21
5.4 Data encoding .21
5.4.1 General.21
5.4.2 Constructing the information bit stream .21
5.4.3 Constructing information codewords sequence .21
5.4.4 Numeric mode encoding .21
5.4.5 Text mode encoding .23
5.4.6 Binary mode encoding .24
5.4.7 Common Chinese Characters in Region One mode encoding .25
5.4.8 Common Chinese Characters in Region Two mode encoding.26
5.4.9 GB18030 2-byte Region mode encoding .27
5.4.10 GB18030 4-byte Region mode encoding .28
5.4.11 ECI mode encoding .29
5.4.12 Unicode mode .30
5.4.13 GS1 mode encoding .33
5.4.14 URI mode .36
© ISO/IEC 2021 – All rights reserved iii

5.4.15 Mixed modes encoding .41
5.5 Error detection and correction .42
5.5.1 General.42
5.5.2 Generating the error correction codewords .42
5.5.3 Error correction capacity .44
5.6 User considerations for encoding data in a Han Xin Code symbol .44
5.6.1 General.44
5.6.2 User selection of error correction level.44
5.6.3 User selection of mode .44
5.6.4 User selection of Extended Channel Interpretation .45
5.6.5 User selection of symbol size .45
5.7 Construction of final data bit stream .45
5.8 Symbol construction .45
5.8.1 General.45
5.8.2 Fixed Pattern placement .45
5.8.3 Data placement.46
5.8.4 Masking .48
5.8.5 Structural Information placement .49
6 Symbol dimensions .50
6.1 Dimensions .50
6.2 Quiet zone.50
7 User guidelines .50
7.1 Human readable interpretation .50
7.2 Autodiscrimination capability .51
7.3 Principle of Han Xin Code symbol printing and scanning .51
8 Symbol quality .51
8.1 General .51
8.2 Symbol quality parameters .51
8.2.1 General.51
8.2.2 Fixed Pattern damage .51
8.2.3 Symbol grade .51
8.2.4 Grid non-uniformity .51
8.3 Process control measurements.51
9 Decoding procedure overview .52
10 Reference decode algorithm for Han Xin Code .53
10.1 General .53
10.2 Image preprocessing .53
10.3 Locate Finder Pattern and determine the orientation .53
10.4 Structural Information decoding .55
10.5 Establish the sampling grid .56
10.6 Sampling .63
10.7 Masking releasing .63
10.8 Restore data codewords.64
10.9 Error correction decoding .64
10.10 Data codeword decoding .64
11 Transmitted data .64
11.1 General .64
11.2 Basic interpretation .64
11.3 Protocol for Extended Channel Interpretation .64
11.4 Protocol for GS1 data transmission.65
Annex A (normative) Alignment Pattern parameters of symbol of different versions .66
Annex B (normative) Data capacity and error correction characterics of Han Xin Code .69
Annex C (informative) Information capacity of Han Xin Code .84
iv © ISO/IEC 2021 – All rights reserved

Annex D (normative) Error correction codeword generator polynomials .93
Annex E (normative) Structural Information .95
Annex F (informative) Autodiscrimination compatibility.98
Annex G (informative) Error correction decoding algorithm .99
Annex H (informative) User guidance for Han Xin Code printing and scanning .101
Annex I (normative) Print quality of Han Xin Code — Symbology-specific aspects .103
Annex J (informative) Useful process control techniques .107
Annex K (informative) Han Xin Code encoding examples .108
Annex L (informative) Symbology identifier .129
Annex M (normative) Charsets of URI mode .130
Annex N (normative) Source codes for Unicode modein C programming .137
Annex O (informative) Implement Source code for URI modein C programming .161
Bibliography .196
© ISO/IEC 2021 – All rights reserved v

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical
activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the
work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for
the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives or www .iec .ch/ members
_experts/ refdocs).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the
Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents) or the IEC
list of patent declarations received (see patents.iec.ch).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html. In the IEC, see www .iec .ch/ understanding -standards.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 31, Automatic identification and data capture techniques.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html and www .iec .ch/ national
-committees.
vi © ISO/IEC 2021 – All rights reserved

Introduction
Han Xin Code is a two-dimensional matrix symbology which is made up of an array of nominally square
modules arranged in an overall square pattern, including a Finder Pattern located at four corners of
the symbol that are intended to assist in easy locating of its position, size and inclination. Alignment
Patterns and Assistant Alignment Patterns are also used in Versions 4 to 84 symbols. A wide range
of size of symbols is provided together with four error correction levels. Module dimension is user-
specified to produce symbols by a wide variety of techniques.
Manufacturers of bar code equipment and users of the technology require publicly available standard
symbology specifications to which they can refer when developing equipment and application
standards. This document is published to meet this request.
© ISO/IEC 2021 – All rights reserved vii

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 20830:2021(E)
Information technology — Automatic identification
and data capture techniques — Han Xin Code bar code
symbology specification
1 Scope
This document defines the requirements for the symbology known as Han Xin Code. It specifies the
Han Xin Code symbology characteristics, data encoding process, symbol structure, dimensions and
print quality requirements, error correction rules, reference decoding algorithm, and user-selectable
application parameters.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 646, Information technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange
ISO/IEC 15415:2011, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques —
Bar code symbol print quality test specification — Two-dimensional symbols
ISO/IEC 15416, Automatic identification and data capture techniques — Bar code print quality test
specification — Linear symbols
ISO/IEC 15424, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques — Data
Carrier Identifiers (including Symbology Identifiers)
ISO/IEC 19762, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques —
Harmonized vocabulary
GS1 General Specifications
3 Terms, definitions, and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 19762 and the following
apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1.1
assistant alignment pattern
non-data pattern located in the perimeter of the Han Xin Code symbol and intended to provide
additional reference points to synchronize modules for reading
© ISO/IEC 2021 – All rights reserved 1

3.1.2
data bit stream
binary sequence that comprises the information bit stream (3.1.9) and the error correction bit stream
(3.1.4)
3.1.3
data codeword
codeword that is used to encode information codewords and error correction codewords.
3.1.4
error correction bit stream
binary sequence used to correct errors, made by error correction encoding from the information bit
stream (3.1.9)
3.1.5
Unicode
international encoding standard for use with different languages and scripts, by which each letter, digit,
or symbol applies across different platforms and programs.
Note 1 to entry: The repertoire of Unicode is synchronized with ISO/IEC 10646, and both are code-for-code
identical.
3.1.6
GS1 mode
encoding mode (3.1.10) used for representing GS1 data in Han Xin Code
3.1.7
URI mode
encoding mode (3.1.11) used for representing uniform resource identifier (URI) described in RFC 3986
in Han Xin Code
3.1.8
Unicode mode
encoding mode (3.1.11) used for representing text data in Unicode (3.1.5) encoding/charset in Han Xin
Code.
3.1.9
information bit stream
binary sequence made up of mode (3.1.11) encodings from the original input data
3.1.10
masking
XOR processing of the bit pattern in the information encoding region of the symbol with an
algorithmically determined pattern to provide a symbol with more evenly balanced numbers of dark
and light modules and to reduce the occurrence of patterns which would interfere with fast processing
of the image
3.1.11
mode
method of representing a specific character set as a binary bit stream
3.1.12
mode indicator
bit sequence indicating in which mode (3.1.11) the following data sequence is encoded
3.1.13
mode terminator
bit sequence used to terminate the bit sequence representing an encoding mode (3.1.11)
2 © ISO/IEC 2021 – All rights reserved

3.1.14
padding bit
bit ”0”, appended to the information bit stream (3.1.9) to meet the requirements of the error correction
algorithm
3.1.15
position detection pattern
one of the four pattern components of the Finder Pattern in Han Xin Code symbols
3.1.16
position detection center
center of the 3 × 3 dark modules in the position detection pattern (3.1.15)
3.1.17
position detection pattern separator
one-module wide non-data pattern, made up of all light modules, used to separate the position detection
pattern (3.1.15) from the structural information (3.1.18) region
3.1.18
structural information
bit stream of data used to record version (3.1.20), error correction level and masking (3.1.10) solution
3.1.19
symbol padding bit
bit ”0”, not representing data, used to fill the empty positions of the symbol when the information
encoding region cannot be fully filled with 8-bit codewords
3.1.20
version
size of the symbol represented in terms of its position in the sequence of permissible sizes for Han Xin
Code symbols, from 23 × 23 modules (Version 1) to 189 × 189 modules (Version 84)
3.2 Mathematical and logical symbols
d number of error correction codewords
e number of erasures
k total number of information codewords
n total number of data codewords
t number of errors
X horizontal width of a module
Y vertical distance from the center line of modules in one row to the center line of modules
in an adjacent row
(…) data in ( ) is figured in binary system
bin
…HEX data is figured in hexadecimal
(…) data in ( ) is figured in hexadecimal
hex
© ISO/IEC 2021 – All rights reserved 3

div is the integer division operator
mod is the integer remainder after division
XOR is the exclusive-or logic function whose output is one only when its two inputs are not
equivalent
NOTE Without any specific statement, a byte usually comprises 8 binary bits and the byte’s contents are
represented in hexadecimal.
4 Symbology description
4.1 Symbology characteristics
4.1.1 Basic characteristics
4.1.1.1 General
Han Xin Code is a two-dimensional matrix symbology with the following basic characteristics:
4.1.1.2 Encodable characters
(1) Numeric characters (digits 0~9)
(2) ASCII characters (refer to ISO/IEC 646)
(3) Chinese characters (refer to GB18030)
(4) Octet bytes such as graphic and audio information, etc.
(5) GS1 data used in GS1 system
(6) Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
(7) Any text data reference to a encoding/charset (such as Unicode, JIS, etc.)
4.1.1.3 Representation of data
A dark module is a binary one and a light module is a zero, Howerver, dark module is zero and a light
module is one for the reflectance reversal symbols. See 4.1.2 for details of reflectance reversal.
4.1.1.4 Symbol size in modules
23 modules × 23 modules to 189 modules × 189 modules (Version 1 to 84, increasing in steps of two
modules per side).
4.1.1.5 Maximum data capacity
(1) Numeric data: 7827 characters
(2) ASCII characters: 4350 characters
(3) Common Chinese Characters in Regions One and Two of GB18030: 2174 characters
(4) 2-byte Chinese characters data: 1739 characters
(5) 4-byte Chinese characters data: 1044 characters
(6) Binary byte data: 3261 bytes
4 © ISO/IEC 2021 – All rights reserved

4.1.1.6 Selectable error correction
Four levels of Reed-Solomon error correction and their error correction abilities of symbol codewords
are shown as follows:
L1 8 %
L2 15 %
L3 23 %
L4 30 %
4.1.2 Summary of additional features
The following are additional inherent and optional features of Han Xin Code:
a. Masking: (Inherent) Masking pattern is used to the proportions of dark modules and light modules
in the symbols and decrease the occurrences of images preventing fast processing.
b. Reflectance reversal: (Inherent) Symbols are intended to be read when marked so that the image is
either dark on light or light on dark (see Figure 1).
c. Extended Channel Interpretations: (Optional) This mechanism enables characters from other
character sets (e.g. Arabic, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew) and other data interpretations or industry-
specific requirements to be represented.
a.  Dark on light b.  Light on dark
Figure 1 — Examples of Hanxin Code symbol encoding the text ”Han Xin Code Symbol”
4.2 Symbol structure
4.2.1 General
Each Han Xin Code symbol shall be constructed of n × n nominally square modules set out in a regular
square array and shall consist of an information encoding region, Structural Information regions
and Fixed Pattern region. Fixed Pattern region include Finder Pattern, Position Detection Pattern
separators, Alignment Pattern and Assistant Alignment Patterns. The symbol shall be surrounded by a
quiet zone. Figure 2 illustrates a Version 24 Han Xin Code symbol. Figure 3 illustrates the structure of a
Version 24 symbol.
© ISO/IEC 2021 – All rights reserved 5

Figure 2 — Han Xin Code symbol (Version 24)
Figure 3 — Structure of a Version 24 Han Xin Code symbol
4.2.2 Symbol Versions and Sizes
There are eighty-four sizes of Han Xin Code symbol referred to as Version 1, Version 2 … Version 84
respectively. Version 1 measures 23 modules × 23 modules, Version 2 measures 25 modules × 25
modules and so on, increasing in steps of 2 modules per side up to Version 84 which measures 189
modules × 189 modules. Figure 4 to Figure 9 illustrate the symbols of Versions 1, 4, 24, 40, 62 and 84.
Figure 4 — Version 1 symbol
Figure 5 — Version 4 symbol
6 © ISO/IEC 2021 – All rights reserved

Figure 6 — Version 24 symbol
Figure 7 — Version 40 symbol
Figure 8 — Version 62 symbol
© ISO/IEC 2021 – All rights reserved 7

Figure 9 — Version 84 symbol
4.2.3 Finder Pattern
The Finder Pattern is made up of four Position Detection Patterns located at the four corners of the
symbol respectively, which is illustrated in Figure 10.
The size of Position Detection Pattern is 7×7 modules. The Position Detection Pattern at the upper left
corner is constructed by five aligned squares, whose lower right corners are superposed. The squares
are constructed of dark 7 × 7 modules, light 6 × 6 modules, dark 5 × 5 modules, light 4 × 4 modules, dark
3 × 3 modules respectively. The other Position Detection Patterns are obtained by rotating the upper
left one, as illustrated in Figure 10. The scanning ratio of each Position Detection Pattern is 1:1:1:1:3
or 3:1:1:1:1 (scanning along different directions) as illustrated in Figure 11. The center of dark 3 × 3
modules in Position Detection Pattern is called the Position Detection Center. Similar patterns have a
low probability of being encountered elsewhere in the symbol, so that identification of the four Position
Detection Patterns can define unambiguously the location and rotational orientation of the symbol in
the field of view.
The shapes of all Position Detection Patterns are the same except their placement directions. Figure 11
is the Position Detection Pattern of the upper left corner. The lower left corner Position Detection
Pattern for the upper left corner Position Detection Pattern by clockwise rotation of 90 degrees, the
lower right corner Position Detection Pattern for the lower left corner Position Detection Pattern by
clockwise rotation of 90 degrees, the upper right corner Position Detection Pattern for the lower right
corner Position Detection Pattern by counterclockwise rotation of 90 degrees.
8 © ISO/IEC 2021 – All rights reserved

Key
1 Finder Pattern
2 Position Detection Pattern
3 Position Detection Pattern seperator
Figure 10 — Finder Pattern of Han Xin Code symbol
Figure 11 — Structure of Position Detection Pattern
© ISO/IEC 2021 – All rights reserved 9

4.2.4 Position Detection Pattern separator
A one-module wide separator, constructed of all light modules, is placed between each Position
Detection Pattern and the Structural Information region, as illustrated in Figure 10.
4.2.5 Alignment Pattern
The Alignment Pattern is a set of step-wise alignment lines in the Han Xin Code symbol, as illustrated in
Figure 12. There is no Alignment Pattern in the symbols of Version 1, Version 2, and Version 3.
The alignment line is made up of a dark line and an adjacent light line which are one module wide and
follow the rule that the dark line is on the upside or right of the light line. On the left borderline and the
bottom borderline of the symbol, the alignment line is a dark line in one module width.
There are two alignment lines in the Version 4 to 10 symbols with the length of k modules. When
the version is bigger than 10, there are two kinds of Alignment Pattern layouts, the length of the two
alignment lines on the lower left corner in the symbol is a special value r modules, the length of the rest
regions is k modules except the alignment line on the upper left corner and the alignment line on the
lower right corner is a special value (k-9) modules. The relation of r, k and m in different versions is
given by the following formula:
n = r + m × k
where
n: is the total of modules in each side of the symbol;
r: is the selected length of the two specific alignment lines which locate near by the lower left
corner of the Version 4 to 84 Han Xin code in module. r is the length of the dark line(including
the turning module);
k: is the selected length of the normal alignment lines in module, which equals to the length of the
light line(not including one of the turning modules)and the length of the dark line(not including
one of the turning modules);
m: is a number obtained by dividing n minus r by k.
The relationship of r and k grids is shown in Figure 12.
10 © ISO/IEC 2021 – All rights reserved

Figure 12 — Alignment Pattern of Version 24 Han Xin Code symbol
The parameters n, k, m, r in different versions of Han Xin Code shall conform to Table A.1 in Annex A.
© ISO/IEC 2021 – All rights reserved 11

Key
1 Alignment Pattern
2 Assistant Alignment Pattern
Figure 13 — Alignment Pattern and Assistant Alignment Pattern of Version 24 Han Xin Code
symbol
12 © ISO/IEC 2021 – All rights reserved

4.2.6 Assistant Alignment Pattern
Assistant Alignment Pattern is made up of patterns comprised by 6 modules, including 5 light modules
and a dark module, on the four sides of the symbol, as illustrated in Figure 13 and Figure 14.
a)  Assistant Alignment Pattern b)  Assistant Alignment Pattern
on the left borderline on the top borderline
d)  Assistant Alignment Pattern
on the bottom borderline
c)  Assistant Alignment Pattern
on the right borderline
Figure 14 — Assistant Alignment Patterns
Every dark Alignment Pattern segment that points through data to a margin, without hitting another
Fixed Pattern, aligns with the dark element of an Assistant Alignment Pattern, as illustrated in
Figure 14.
4.2.7 Structural Information Region
Structural Information Region is a one module wide region surrounding the four Position Detection
Pattern separator regions, beginning and ending on a margin, as illustrated in Figure 15. Every
Structural Information region is made up of 17 modules, totaling 68 modules, which is used to encode
Structural Information. See 5.8.3 for details.
© ISO/IEC 2021 – All rights reserved 13

Key
1 Structural Information Region
Figure 15 — Function information region of Han Xin Code symbol
4.2.8 Data Region
The data region encodes information codewords, padding bits, error correctloion codewords and
symbol padding bits. It excludes the Fixed Patterns and the Structural Information region in the symbol.
4.2.9 Quiet Zone
This is a region which shall be at least three modules surrounding the symbol on all four sides. Nominal
reflectance value of the Quiet Zone shall be equal to that of the light modules, as illustrated in Figure 16.
14 © ISO/IEC 2021 – All rights reserved

Key
1 Quiet Zone
Figure 16 — Quiet Zone
5 Requirements
5.1 Encode procedure overview
This subclause provides an overview of the encoding procedure.
The following steps are required to convert user data to a Han Xin Code symbol.
Step 1: Data analysis
The user data is analyzed to identify the variety of different characters to be encoded. Han Xin Code
includes several modes (see 5.3) to allow different sub-sets of characters to be converted into symbol
characters in efficient ways. Some additional data, such as mode indicators and mode terminators,
are generated during mode transforming. These additional data should be fully considered when
choosing modes in the process of input data analysis. the versions and data capacities of Han Xin
Code symbols shall be identical with Annex B. In order to improve the compaction efficiency, the
lowest level encoding scheme (the least bits per character) capable of encoding the data should be
selected. When the encoding mode is decided, calculate the length of the data bit stream according
to the length of information bit stream and error correction level. If the user does not specify the
symbol version, then choose the smallest version that could accommodates the data.
Step 2: Data encoding
© ISO/IEC 2021 – All rights reserved 15

Convert the data characters into a bit stream in accordance with the rules for the mode in force,
as defined in 5.3 and 5.4. Insert mode indicators as necessary to change modes at the beginning of
each new mode segment, and mode terminators at the end of the data sequence. Split the resulting
information bit stream into 8-bit codewords. Add pad bits as necessary to fill the number of data
codewords required for the version and the error correction level.
Step 3: Error correction encoding
Divide the codewords sequence into the required number of blocks to enable the error correction
algorithms to be processed. In each block, generate the error correction codewords, and append
them at the end of the data codewords sequence.
Step 4: Con
...