ISO/IEC 16022:2024
(Main)Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Data Matrix bar code symbology specification
Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Data Matrix bar code symbology specification
This document defines the requirements for the symbology known as Data Matrix. It specifies the Data Matrix symbology characteristics, data character encodation, symbol formats, dimensions and print quality requirements, error correction rules, decoding algorithm, and user-selectable application parameters. It applies to all Data Matrix symbols produced by any printing or marking technology.
Technologies de l'information — Techniques automatiques d'identification et de capture des données — Spécification de symbologie de code à barres Data Matrix
General Information
Relations
Overview
ISO/IEC 16022:2024 is the international specification for the Data Matrix 2D bar code symbology. The third edition defines the complete set of requirements for creating, encoding, printing/marking and decoding Data Matrix symbols. It applies to all Data Matrix symbols produced by any printing or marking technology, and covers symbols’ physical characteristics, encodation rules, error correction, decoding algorithms and print-quality criteria.
Key topics and technical requirements
- Symbology characteristics: symbol structure, finder pattern, alignment patterns and module placement rules.
- Data encodation: supported encodation schemes (ASCII, C40, Text, ANSI X12, EDIFACT, Base256) and default character interpretation.
- Error detection and correction: Reed–Solomon error correction rules, generation of error-correction codewords and error-correction capacity.
- Symbol formats and sizes: defined symbol sizes, capacities and insertion of alignment patterns for larger symbols.
- Print and mark quality: symbol quality parameters, process-control measurements and symbology-specific print-quality aspects.
- Decoding: a reference decode algorithm and guidance for autodiscrimination and decode robustness.
- Application parameters: Extended Channel Interpretation (ECI), Structured Append, FNC1 protocol handling, symbology identifiers and transmitted-data protocols.
- Normative annexes: interleaving, randomising, character sets, Reed–Solomon details, symbol character placement and print-quality annexes.
Practical applications - who uses this standard
ISO/IEC 16022:2024 is essential for organizations that design, produce, read or validate Data Matrix codes, including:
- Barcode and marking equipment manufacturers (printers, laser markers, direct part marking).
- Scanner and imaging system developers and software integrators implementing decoding algorithms.
- Quality assurance and process-control engineers responsible for print/mark verification and compliance.
- Supply chain, manufacturing, electronics, healthcare and pharmaceutical companies using Data Matrix for part identification, traceability, serialization and regulatory labeling.
- Standards and compliance teams ensuring interoperability across vendors and global markets.
Related standards (if applicable)
Refer to other ISO/IEC AIDC and barcode quality standards for complementary guidance on verification, print quality and system integration. Together they ensure robust, interoperable use of Data Matrix across industries.
Keywords: ISO/IEC 16022:2024, Data Matrix, bar code symbology, Reed–Solomon, encodation, Base256, C40, print quality, decoding algorithm, AIDC, Structured Append, ECI.
Standards Content (Sample)
International
Standard
ISO/IEC 16022
Third edition
Information technology —
2024-05
Automatic identification and data
capture techniques — Data Matrix
bar code symbology specification
Technologies de l'information — Techniques automatiques
d'identification et de capture des données — Spécification de
symbologie de code à barres Data Matrix
Reference number
© ISO/IEC 2024
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© ISO/IEC 2024 – All rights reserved
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols . 2
5 Mathematical or logical notations . 2
6 Symbol description. 2
6.1 Basic characteristics .2
6.2 Summary of additional features .3
6.3 Symbol structure .3
6.3.1 General .3
6.3.2 Finder pattern .4
6.3.3 Symbol sizes and capacities .4
7 Data Matrix code requirements. 4
7.1 Encode procedure overview . .4
7.1.1 General .4
7.1.2 Step 1: data encodation .4
7.1.3 Step 2: error checking and correcting codeword generation .4
7.1.4 Step 3: module placement in matrix.5
7.2 Data encodation .5
7.2.1 Overview .5
7.2.2 Default character interpretation .5
7.2.3 ASCII encodation .5
7.2.4 Symbology control characters .6
7.2.5 C40 encodation .7
7.2.6 Text encodation .9
7.2.7 ANSI X12 encodation .9
7.2.8 EDIFACT encodation .10
7.2.9 Base 256 encodation .11
7.3 ECI .11
7.3.1 General .11
7.3.2 Encoding ECIs . . 12
7.3.3 ECIs and Structured Append . 12
7.3.4 Post-decode protocol . 12
7.4 Data Matrix symbol attributes . 13
7.4.1 Symbol sizes and capacity . 13
7.4.2 Insertion of Alignment Patterns into larger symbols .14
7.5 Structured Append .14
7.5.1 Basic principles .14
7.5.2 Symbol sequence indicator .14
7.5.3 File identification . 15
7.5.4 FNC1 and Structured Append . 15
7.5.5 Buffered and unbuffered operation . 15
7.6 Error detection and correction . . 15
7.6.1 Reed-Solomon error correction . 15
7.6.2 Generating the error correction codewords . 15
7.6.3 Error correction capacity .16
7.7 Symbol construction .17
7.7.1 General .17
7.7.2 Symbol character placement .17
7.7.3 Alignment Pattern module placement .17
© ISO/IEC 2024 – All rights reserved
iii
7.7.4 Finder Pattern module placement .18
8 Symbol dimensions .18
9 Symbol quality .18
9.1 General .18
9.2 Symbol quality parameters .18
9.2.1 Fixed pattern damage .18
9.2.2 Overall symbol grade .18
9.2.3 Decode .18
9.2.4 Grid non-uniformity .18
9.3 Process control measurements .19
10 Reference decode algorithm for Data Matrix . 19
11 User guidelines .30
11.1 Human readable interpretation . 30
11.2 Autodiscrimination capability . 30
11.3 System considerations . 30
12 Transmitted data .30
12.1 General . 30
12.2 Protocol for FNC1 . 30
12.3 Protocol for FNC1 in the second position . 30
12.4 Protocol for Macro characters in the first position .31
12.5 Protocol for ECIs .31
12.6 Symbology identifier .31
12.7 Transmitted data example .31
Annex A (normative) Data Matrix interleaving process .33
Annex B (normative) Data Matrix pattern randomising .37
Annex C (normative) Data Matrix encodation character sets .39
Annex D (normative) Data Matrix alignment patterns .42
Annex E (normative) Data Matrix Reed-Solomon error detection and correction .44
Annex F (normative) Symbol character placement .48
Annex G (normative) Data Matrix print quality – symbology-specific aspects .64
Annex H (normative) Symbology identifier .75
Annex I (informative) Encode example . 76
Annex J (informative) Encoding data using the minimum symbol data characters .79
Annex K (informative) Autodiscrimination capability .83
Annex L (informative) System considerations .84
Annex M (informative) User considerations .85
Bibliography .86
© ISO/IEC 2024 – All rights reserved
iv
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity.
ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/
IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives or www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs).
ISO and IEC draw attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the
use of (a) patent(s). ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any
claimed patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO and IEC had not
received notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers
are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents and https://patents.iec.ch. ISO and IEC shall not be held
responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
In the IEC, see www.iec.ch/understanding-standards.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 31, Automatic identification and data capture techniques.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO/IEC 16022:2006), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— the extended channel interpretations and rectangular formats have become a mandatory feature;
— the historic data matrix variant "ECC 000" to "ECC 140" has been removed;
— continuous grading according to ISO/IEC 15415 has been introduced to all quality measurements;
— transition ratio grading has been changed;
— new quality parameter “print growth” has been added;
— the reference decode algorithm has been revised;
— the interleaving blocks for 144 x 144 matrix size have been clarified.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards
body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html and
www.iec.ch/national-committees.
© ISO/IEC 2024 – All rights reserved
v
Introduction
Data Matrix is a two-dimensional matrix symbology which is made up of nominally square modules
arranged within a perimeter finder pattern. Though primarily shown and described in this document as a
dark symbol on light background, Data Matrix symbols can also be printed to appear as light on dark.
Manufacturers of bar code equipment and users of the technology need publicly available standard
symbology specifications to which they can refer when developing equipment and application standards.
The publication of standardised symbology specifications is designed to achieve this.
© ISO/IEC 2024 – All rights reserved
vi
International Standard ISO/IEC 16022:2024(en)
Information technology — Automatic identification and
data capture techniques — Data Matrix bar code symbology
specification
1 Scope
This document defines the requirements for the symbology known as Data Matrix. It specifies the Data
Matrix symbology characteristics, data character encodation, symbol formats, dimensions and print quality
requirements, error correction rules, decoding algorithm, and user-selectable application parameters.
It applies to all Data Matrix symbols produced by any printing or marking technology.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 19762, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques —
Harmonized vocabulary
ISO/IEC 15415, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques — Bar code
symbol print quality test specification — Two-dimensional symbols
ISO/IEC 646, Information technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange
ISO/IEC 8859-1, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 1: Latin
alphabet No. 1
ISO/IEC 29158, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques — Direct Part
Mark (DPM) Quality Guideline
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 19762 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
codeword
symbol character value
intermediate level of coding between source data and the graphical encodation in the symbol
3.2
module
single cell of element in a matrix symbology symbol used to encode one bit of the codeword (3.1)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 19762:2016, 04.02.06]
© ISO/IEC 2024 – All rights reserved
3.3
pattern randomising
procedure to convert an original bit pattern to another bit pattern by inverting selected bits
Note 1 to entry: The resulting bitstream is less likely to have repeating patterns.
4 Symbols
e number of erasures
k total number of error correction codewords
n total number of data codewords
N numerical base in an encodation scheme
p number of codewords reserved for error detection
S symbol character
t number of errors
X horizontal and vertical width of a module
ε error correction codeword
5 Mathematical or logical notations
div integer division operator
mod integer remainder after division
XOR exclusive-or logic function whose output is one only when its two inputs are not equivalent
6 Symbol description
6.1 Basic characteristics
Data Matrix is a two-dimensional matrix symbology.
The characteristics of Data Matrix are:
a) Encodable character set:
1) values 0 – 127 in accordance with ISO/IEC 646 IRV, i.e. all 128 ASCII characters;
2) values 128 - 255 in accordance with ISO/IEC 8859-1 (these are referred to as extended ASCII);
3) additional characters can be encoded using the ECI capabilities.
b) Representation of data: A dark module is a binary one and a light module is a zero.
This document specifies Data Matrix symbols in terms of dark modules marked on a light background.
However, 6.2 provides that symbols can also be produced with the module's colours reversed. In such
symbols, dark modules would be a binary zero, and light modules would be a binary one.
c) Symbol size in modules (not including quiet zone) ranging from 10 x 10 to 144 x 144 square and
rectangular versions ranging from 8 x 18 to 16 x 48 (see Table 10).
NOTE Additional rectangular symbol sizes are defined in ISO/IEC 21471 (see Reference [4]).
© ISO/IEC 2024 – All rights reserved
d) Data characters per symbol (for maximum symbol size):
1) Alphanumeric data: up to 2 335 characters
2) 8-bit byte data: 1 555 characters
3) Numeric data: 3 116 digits.
e) Code type: Matrix
f) Orientation independence: Yes
g) Error detection and correction: Reed Solomon.
6.2 Summary of additional features
The following summarises additional features which are inherent or optional in Data Matrix:
a) Reflectance reversal: (inherent): Symbols are either dark on light or light on dark (see Figure 1). The
specifications in this document are based on dark images on a light background, therefore references to
dark or light modules should be taken as references to light or dark modules respectively in the case of
symbols produced with reflectance reversal.
b) Extended Channel Interpretations: (ECI), (inherent): This mechanism enables characters from other
character sets (e.g. Arabic, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew) and other data interpretations or industry-specific
requirements to be represented.
c) Rectangular symbols: (inherent): Six symbol formats are specified in a rectangular form.
NOTE Additional rectangular symbol formats are available by ISO/IEC 21471 (see Reference [4]).
d) Structured append: (optional): This allows files of data to be represented in up to 16 Data Matrix
symbols. The original data can be correctly reconstructed regardless of the order in which the symbols
are scanned. If the feature is not implemented, reader should not transmit data in case of a structured
append symbol.
6.3 Symbol structure
6.3.1 General
Each Data Matrix symbol consists of data regions which contain nominally square modules set out in a
regular array. In larger symbols, data regions are separated by alignment patterns. The data region, or set of
data regions and alignment patterns, is surrounded by a finder pattern, and this shall in turn be surrounded
on all four sides by a quiet zone border. Figure 1 illustrates two representations of a Data Matrix symbol,
dark on light and reflectance reversal.
a) Data Matrix, dark on light b) Data Matrix, light on dark (reflectance reversal)
Figure 1 — Data Matrix "A1B2C3D4E5F6G7H8I9J0K1L2"
© ISO/IEC 2024 – All rights reserved
6.3.2 Finder pattern
The finder pattern is a perimeter to the data region and is one module wide. Two adjacent sides, the left and
lower sides, forming the L boundary, are solid lines; these are used primarily to determine physical size,
orientation and symbol distortion. The two opposite sides are made up of alternating dark and light modules.
These are used primarily to define the cell structure of the symbol, but also can assist in determining
physical size and distortion. The extent of the quiet zone is indicated by the corner marks in Figure 1.
6.3.3 Symbol sizes and capacities
Data Matrix symbols have an even number of rows and an even number of columns. Some symbols are
square with sizes from 10 x 10 to 144 x 144 not including quiet zones. Some symbols are rectangular with
sizes from 8 x 18 to 16 x 48 not including quiet zones. For all Data Matrix code symbols, the upper right
corner module has the opposite reflectance state (i.e. light or dark) of the “L” finder pattern (see Figure 1).
The complete attributes are given in Table 10.
7 Data Matrix code requirements
7.1 Encode procedure overview
7.1.1 General
Subclause 7.1 provides an overview of the encoding procedure. Following sections will provide more details.
An encoding example is given in Annex I. The following steps convert user data to a Data Matrix code symbol.
7.1.2 Step 1: data encodation
As Data Matrix includes various encodation schemes that allow a defined set of characters to be converted
into codewords more efficiently than the default scheme, analyse the data stream to identify the variety of
different characters to be encoded. Insert additional codewords to switch between the encodation schemes
and to perform other functions. Add pad characters as needed to fill the required number of codewords.
If the user does not specify the matrix size, then choose the smallest size that accommodates the data. A
complete list of matrix sizes is shown in Table 10.
Table 1 — Encodation schemes for Data Matrix code
Encodation scheme Characters Bits per data character
double digit numerics 4
ASCII ASCII values 0 to 127 8
Extended ASCII values 128 to 255 16
Upper case alphanumeric 5,33
C40
a
Lower case and special characters 10,66
Lower case alphanumeric 5,33
Text
b
Upper case and special characters 10,66
X12 ANSI X12 EDI data set 5,33
EDIFACT ASCII values 32 to 94 6
Base 256 All byte values 0 to 255 8
a
Encoded as two C40 values as result of use of a shift character.
b
Encoded as two Text values as result of use of a shift character.
7.1.3 Step 2: error checking and correcting codeword generation
For symbols with more than 255 codewords, sub-divide the codeword stream into interleaved blocks to
enable the error correction algorithms to be processed as shown in Annex A. Generate the error correction
© ISO/IEC 2024 – All rights reserved
codewords for each block. The result of this process expands the codeword stream by the number of error
correction codewords. Place the error correction codewords after the data codewords.
7.1.4 Step 3: module placement in matrix
Place the codeword modules in the matrix. Insert the alignment pattern modules, if any, in the matrix. Add
the finder pattern modules around the matrix.
7.2 Data encodation
7.2.1 Overview
The data may be encoded using any combination of six encodation schemes (see Table 1). ASCII encodation
is the basic scheme. All other encodation schemes are invoked from ASCII encodation and return to this
scheme. The compaction efficiencies given in Table 1 need to be interpreted carefully. The best scheme
for a given set of data may not be the one with the fewest bits per data character. If the highest degree of
compaction is required, account has to be taken of switching between encodation schemes and between
code sets within an encodation scheme (see Annex J). It should also be noted that even if the number of
codewords is minimised, the codeword stream sometimes needs to be expanded to fill a symbol. This fill
process is done using pad characters.
7.2.2 Default character interpretation
The default character interpretation for character values 0 to 127 shall conform to ISO/IEC 646 IRV. The
default character interpretation for character values 128 to 255 shall conform to ISO/IEC 8859-1. The
graphical representation of data characters shown throughout this document complies with the default
interpretation. This interpretation can be changed using ECI escape sequences, see 7.3. The default
interpretation corresponds to ECI 000003.
7.2.3 ASCII encodation
ASCII encodation is the default set for the first symbol character in all symbol sizes. It encodes ASCII data,
double density numeric data and symbology control characters. Symbology control characters include
function characters, the pad character and the switches to other code sets. ASCII data is encoded as
codewords 1 to 128 (ASCII value plus 1). Extended ASCII (data values 128 to 255) is encoded using the upper
shift symbology control character (see 7.2.4.3). The digit pairs 00 to 99 are encoded with codewords 130 to
229 (numeric value plus 130). The ASCII code assignments are shown in Table 2.
NOTE ASCII encodation is the name of the character set in Data Matrix. It is not to be confused with the ASCII
character set (ISO/IEC 646 IRV).
Table 2 — ASCII encodation values
Codeword Data or function
0 Not to be used in ASCII encodation
1 to 128 ASCII data (ASCII value + 1)
129 Pad
130 to 229 2-digit data 00 to 99 (Numeric Value + 130)
230 Latch to C40 encodation
231 Latch to Base 256 encodation
232 FNC1
233 Structured Append
234 Reader Programming
235 Upper Shift (shift to Extended ASCII)
236 05 Macro
© ISO/IEC 2024 – All rights reserved
TTabablele 2 2 ((ccoonnttiinnueuedd))
Codeword Data or function
237 06 Macro
238 Latch to ANSI X12 encodation
239 Latch to Text encodation
240 Latch to EDIFACT encodation
241 ECI Character
242 to 255 Not to be used in ASCII encodation
7.2.4 Symbology control characters
7.2.4.1 General
Data Matrix symbols have several special symbology control characters, which have particular significance
to the encodation scheme. These characters shall be used to instruct the decoder to perform certain
functions or to send specific data to the host computer as described in 7.2.4.2 to 7.2.4.10. These symbology
control characters, with the exception of values from 242 through 255, are found in the ASCII encodation
(see Table 2).
7.2.4.2 Latch characters
A latch character shall be used to switch from ASCII encodation to one of the other encodation schemes. All
codewords which follow a latch character shall be compacted according to the new encodation scheme. The
encodation schemes have different methods for returning to the ASCII encodation.
7.2.4.3 Upper Shift character
The Upper Shift character is used in combination with an ASCII value (1 to 128) to encode an extended ASCII
character (129 to 255). An extended ASCII character encoded in the ASCII, C40, or Text encodation scheme
requires a preceding Upper Shift character and the extended ASCII character value decreased by 128 is then
encoded according to the rules of the encodation scheme. In ASCII encodation, the Upper Shift character is
represented by codeword 235. The reduced data value (i.e. ASCII value minus 128) is transformed into its
codeword value by adding 1. For example, to encode ¥ (Yen currency symbol) (ASCII value 165), an upper
shift character (codeword 235) is followed by value 37 (165 to 128), which is encoded as codeword 38. If
there are long data strings of characters from the extended ASCII range, a latch to Base 256 encodation
should be more efficient.
7.2.4.4 Pad character
If the encoded data, irrespective of the encodation scheme in force, does not fill the data capacity of the
symbol, pad characters (value 129 in ASCII encodation) shall be added to fill the remaining data capacity
of the symbol. The pad characters shall only be used for this purpose. Before inserting pad characters, it is
necessary to return to ASCII encodation if in any other encodation mode. The 253-State pattern randomising
algorithm shall be applied to the pad characters starting at the second pad character as specified in Annex B.
7.2.4.5 ECI character
An ECI character is used to change from the default interpretation used to encode data. The ECI protocol is
common across a number of symbologies and its application to Data Matrix is defined more fully in 7.3. The
ECI character shall be followed by one, two or three codewords which identify the ECI being invoked. The
new ECI remains in place until the end of the encoded data, or until another ECI character is used to invoke
another interpretation. See also Annex M.
© ISO/IEC 2024 – All rights reserved
7.2.4.6 Shift characters in C40 and Text encodation
In C40 and Text encodation, three special characters, called shift characters, are used as a prefix to one of 40
values to encode about three quarters of the ASCII characters. This allows the remaining ASCII characters to
be encoded in a more condensed way with single values.
7.2.4.7 FNC1 alternate data type identifier
To encode data to conform to specific industry standards as authorised by AIM Inc., a FNC1 character shall
appear in the first or second symbol character position (or in the fifth or sixth data positions of the first
symbol of Structured Append). FNC1 encoded in any other position is used as a field separator and shall be
G
transmitted as control character (ASCII value 29).
S
7.2.4.8 Macro characters
Data Matrix provides a means of abbreviating an industry specific header and trailer in one symbol
character. This feature exists to reduce the number of symbol characters needed to encode data in a symbol
using certain structured formats. A Macro character shall be in the first character position of a symbol. They
shall not be used in conjunction with Structured Append and their functions are defined in Table 3. The
header shall be transmitted as a prefix to the data stream and the trailer shall be transmitted as a suffix to
the data stream. The symbology identifier, if used, shall precede the header.
Table 3 — Macro functions
Interpretation
Macro codeword Name
Header Trailer
R G R E
236 05 Macro [)> 05 o
S S S T
R G R E
237 06 Macro [)> 06 o
S S S T
7.2.4.9 Structured Append character
A Structured Append character is used to indicate that the symbol is part of a Structured Append sequence
according to the rules defined in 7.5.
7.2.4.10 Reader Programming character
A Reader Programming character indicates that the symbol encodes a message used to program the reader
system. The Reader Programming character shall appear as the first codeword of the symbol and Reader
Programming shall not be used with Structured Append.
7.2.5 C40 encodation
7.2.5.1 General
The C40 encodation scheme is designed to optimise the encoding of upper-case alphabetic and numeric
characters but also enables other characters to be encoded by the use of shift characters in conjunction with
the data character.
C40 characters are partitioned into 4 subsets. Characters of the first set, called the basic set, are the three
special shift characters, the space character, and the ASCII characters A to Z and 0 to 9. They are assigned
to a single C40 values. Characters of the other sets shall be assigned to one of the three shift characters,
pointing to one of the 3 remaining subset, followed by one of the C40 values (see Table C.1).
As a first stage, each data character is converted into a single C40 value or a pair of C40 values. The complete
string of C40 values is then decomposed into groups of three values (special rules apply if one or two values
remain at the end, see 7.2.5.3). Each triplet (C1, C2, C3) is then encoded into a 16-bit value according to the
formula: (1600 * C1) + (40 * C2) + C3 + 1. Each 16-bit value is then separated into 2 codewords by taking the
most significant 8 bits and the least significant 8 bits.
© ISO/IEC 2024 – All rights reserved
7.2.5.2 Switching to and from C40 encodation
It is possible to switch to C40 encodation from ASCII encodation using the appropriate latch codeword (230).
Codeword 254 immediately following a pair of codewords in C40 encodation acts as an unlatch codeword
to switch back to ASCII encodation. Otherwise, the C40 encodation remains in effect to the end of the data
encoded in the symbol.
7.2.5.3 C40 encodation rules
Each pair of codewords represents a 16-bit value where the first codeword represents the most significant 8
bits. Three C40 values (C1, C2, C3) shall be encoded as:
(1 600 * C1) + (40 * C2) + C3 + 1
which produces a value from 1 to 64 000. Table 4 illustrates three C40 values compacted into two codewords.
Characters in the Shift 1, Shift 2 and Shift 3 sets shall be encoded by first encoding the appropriate shift
character, and then the C40 value for the data. C40 encodation may be in effect at the end of the symbol's
codewords which encode data.
The following rules apply when only one or two symbol characters remain in the symbol before the start of
the error correction codewords:
a) If two symbol characters remain and three C40 values remain to be encoded (which may include both
data and shift characters) encode the three C40 values in the last two symbol characters. A final unlatch
codeword is not required.
b) If two symbol characters remain and two C40 values remain to be encoded (the first C40 value may be a
shift or data character but the second shall represent a data character) append a “Shift 1” character (C40
value 0) to the input to increase to three characters so that it can be processed normally as with any
three character C40 input. A final unlatch codeword again is not required.
c) If two symbol characters remain and only one C40 value (data character) remains to be encoded, the
first symbol character is encoded as an unlatch character and the last symbol character is encoded with
the data character using the ASCII encodation scheme.
d) If one symbol character remains and one C40 value (data character) remains to be encoded, the last
symbol character is encoded with the data character using the ASCII encodation scheme. The unlatch
character is not encoded, but is assumed, before the last symbol character.
In all other cases, either an unlatch character is used to exit the C40 encodation scheme before the end
of the symbol, or a larger symbol size is required to encode the data.
Table 4 — Example of C40 encoding
Data characters AIM
C40 values 14, 22, 26
Calculate 16-bit value (1600 * 14) + (40 * 22) + 26 + 1 = 23307
1st codeword: (16-bit value) div 256 23 307 div 256 = 91
2nd codeword: (16-bit value) mod 256 23 307 mod 256 = 11
Codewords 91, 11
7.2.5.4 Use of Upper Shift with C40
In C40 encodation the Upper Shift character is not a symbology function character but a shift within the
encodation set. When a data character from the extended ASCII character range is encountered, three or
four values in C40 encodation need to be encoded according to the following rule:
IF [ASCII value − 128] is in the Basic Set then:
© ISO/IEC 2024
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Frequently Asked Questions
ISO/IEC 16022:2024 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques - Data Matrix bar code symbology specification". This standard covers: This document defines the requirements for the symbology known as Data Matrix. It specifies the Data Matrix symbology characteristics, data character encodation, symbol formats, dimensions and print quality requirements, error correction rules, decoding algorithm, and user-selectable application parameters. It applies to all Data Matrix symbols produced by any printing or marking technology.
This document defines the requirements for the symbology known as Data Matrix. It specifies the Data Matrix symbology characteristics, data character encodation, symbol formats, dimensions and print quality requirements, error correction rules, decoding algorithm, and user-selectable application parameters. It applies to all Data Matrix symbols produced by any printing or marking technology.
ISO/IEC 16022:2024 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 01.080.50 - Graphical symbols for use on information technology and telecommunications technical drawings and in relevant technical product documentation; 35.040.50 - Automatic identification and data capture techniques. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO/IEC 16022:2024 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ISO/IEC 16022:2006/Cor 2:2011, ISO/IEC 16022:2006, ISO/IEC 16022:2006/Cor 1:2008. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
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ISO/IEC 16022:2024の文書は、データマトリックスバーコードシンボル仕様に関する標準であり、情報技術の自動識別およびデータキャプチャ技術に関連する重要な基盤を提供しています。この標準は、データマトリックスシンボルの要件を定義し、その特徴、データキャラクターのエンコーディング、シンボルフォーマット、寸法、印刷品質要件、エラー訂正規則、デコーディングアルゴリズム、およびユーザーが選択可能なアプリケーションパラメータを明確に規定しています。 この文書の強みは、その包括的なアプローチにあります。データマトリックスシンボルに関する詳細な要件は、様々な印刷またはマーキング技術によって生成されるすべてのデータマトリックスシンボルに適用されるため、業界全体での一貫性を促進します。また、規定されたエラー訂正規則は、データの正確性を保証するために重要であり、特に自動識別およびデータキャプチャシステムにおいて信頼性の高い動作を確保します。 ISO/IEC 16022:2024は、データマトリックス技術の適用範囲を広げるものであり、自動化の進展とともに、様々な業界での効率的なデータ管理を可能にします。この標準の普及は、さまざまなアプリケーションにおけるデータの整合性と互換性を高めるため、技術者や企業にとって非常に重要な要素となります。データマトリックスの利便性と柔軟性を最大限に活かすためにも、この標準は不可欠です。
Die ISO/IEC 16022:2024 ist ein entscheidendes Dokument im Bereich der Informationstechnologie, das sich auf Techniken zur automatischen Identifikation und Datenerfassung konzentriert. Insbesondere definiert es die Anforderungen für die Datensymbole, die als Data Matrix bekannt sind. Diese Norm ist von großer Relevanz, da sie eine breite Anwendung in verschiedenen Industrien finden kann, von der Logistik bis hin zur Medizintechnik. Zu den Stärken der ISO/IEC 16022:2024 gehört die umfassende Spezifikation der Eigenschaften der Data Matrix-Symbologie. Sie beschreibt detailliert die Encodierung der Datenzeichen, die symbolischen Formate und die geltenden Größen- und Druckqualitätsanforderungen. Diese präzisen Vorgaben sind entscheidend für die Konsistenz und Zuverlässigkeit der produzierten Data Matrix-Symbole. Ein weiterer wichtiger Aspekt ist die Festlegung der Fehlerkorrekturregeln sowie des Decodierungsalgorithmus. Diese Komponenten sorgen dafür, dass die Datenintegrität auch unter suboptimalen Bedingungen gewährleistet wird, was für die Nutzer von großer Bedeutung ist. Des Weiteren bietet die Norm flexible anwenderwählbare Parameter, die es den Nutzern ermöglichen, die Symbologie an spezifische Anwendungen und Anforderungen anzupassen. Die Anwendung dieser Norm erstreckt sich über alle Druck- oder Markiertechnologien, was ihre Vielseitigkeit und Bedeutung für unterschiedliche Sektoren unterstreicht. Mit ihrer klaren Struktur und den umfassenden Anforderungen sorgt die ISO/IEC 16022:2024 dafür, dass Unternehmen effizient und fehlerfrei mit Data Matrix-Codes arbeiten können.
The ISO/IEC 16022:2024 standard is a comprehensive document that delineates the requirements for the Data Matrix bar code symbology. Its scope encompasses a broad range of specifications essential for ensuring consistent identification and data capture across various applications. The strength of this standard lies in its detailed explanation of the Data Matrix symbology characteristics, which are critical for the effective implementation and integration of this technology within different systems. One of the pivotal aspects addressed in the standard is the data character encodation, which provides clear guidelines on how information should be encoded within the Data Matrix symbols. This ensures that users can accurately interpret the data, facilitating seamless communication across various platforms and technologies. Additionally, the standard discusses the various symbol formats and dimensions, which is crucial for maintaining uniformity in the appearance of Data Matrix symbols. By outlining specific print quality requirements, ISO/IEC 16022:2024 helps ensure that bar codes are produced with sufficient clarity for reliable scanning, thereby enhancing overall performance and efficiency. Error correction rules are also a prominent feature of the standard. The inclusion of robust error correction mechanisms increases the reliability of Data Matrix codes in real-world applications, where conditions may not always be ideal for scanning. The detailed decoding algorithm provided in the standard further aids developers and manufacturers in creating systems capable of accurately reading and processing Data Matrix symbols. Importantly, the relevance of this standard extends beyond theoretical guidelines; it is applicable to all Data Matrix symbols produced by any printing or marking technology. This broad applicability ensures that various industries can adopt and utilize the Data Matrix symbology in a consistent manner, regardless of the specific technological context. In summary, ISO/IEC 16022:2024 serves as a critical document for organizations looking to implement Data Matrix bar code symbology. Its comprehensive coverage of characteristics, formats, quality requirements, and error correction makes it a pivotal resource for enhancing data capture techniques in diverse information technology environments.
La norme ISO/IEC 16022:2024 offre une spécification complète pour la symbologie du code-barres Data Matrix, un sujet de grande importance dans le domaine de l'identification automatique et des techniques de capture de données. L'étendue de cette norme est clairement définie, car elle couvre l'ensemble des caractéristiques de la symbologie Data Matrix, y compris l'encodage des caractères de données, les formats de symbole, les dimensions ainsi que les exigences de qualité d'impression. L'un des points forts de la norme réside dans ses règles de correction d'erreurs et son algorithme de décodage, qui garantissent l'intégrité et la fiabilité des données capturées. Ces éléments sont cruciaux, surtout dans un contexte où les erreurs humaines et techniques peuvent avoir des conséquences significatives sur la gestion des informations. En outre, la norme permet une flexibilité grâce à des paramètres d'application sélectionnables par l'utilisateur, ce qui répond à divers besoins d'applications industrielles et commerciales. La pertinence d'ISO/IEC 16022:2024 ne saurait être sous-estimée, notamment pour les entreprises qui dépendent d'une identification précise et rapide de leurs produits ou de leurs composants. En fournissant des exigences claires et détaillées, cette norme facilite l'adoption des codes Data Matrix par des technologies d'impression ou de marquage variées, ce qui favorise une intégration harmonieuse dans les systèmes existants. De ce fait, la norme renforce la confiance des utilisateurs dans l'utilisation des codes-barres Data Matrix pour le suivi et la gestion des inventaires. Dans l'ensemble, ISO/IEC 16022:2024 se présente comme un référentiel essentiel pour toute entité cherchant à mettre en œuvre des solutions d'identification et de capture de données efficaces, tout en garantissant une conformité aux standards internationaux.
ISO/IEC 16022:2024는 자동 식별 및 데이터 캡처 기술에 관한 국제 표준으로, 주로 데이터 매트릭스 바코드 기호 사양을 정의하고 있습니다. 이 문서는 데이터 매트릭스의 기호 특성, 데이터 문자 인코딩, 기호 형식, 크기 및 인쇄 품질 요구 사항, 오류 수정 규칙, 해독 알고리즘, 사용자 선택 가능한 응용 프로그램 매개변수에 대한 요구 사항을 상세히 설명합니다. 이 표준의 강점 중 하나는 다양한 인쇄 또는 마킹 기술로 생성된 모든 데이터 매트릭스 기호에 적용 가능하다는 점입니다. 이는 데이터 매트릭스 기술의 보편성을 높이고, 여러 산업에서의 일관된 사용을 촉진합니다. 또한, 인쇄 품질 요구 사항과 오류 수정 규칙을 명확히 함으로써 데이터 매트릭스의 신뢰성과 정확성을 보장합니다. ISO/IEC 16022:2024는 정보 기술 분야에서의 자동 식별 및 데이터 캡처 기술의 발전에 중요한 기여를 하며, 특히 물류, 제조, 의료 등 다양한 분야에서의 활용 가능성을 높이고 있습니다. 따라서, 이 표준은 그 필요성과 관련성을 충분히 갖추고 있으며, 데이터 매트릭스 바코드를 사용하는 모든 조직에게 필수적인 문서로 자리매김할 것입니다.
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