ISO 17094:2014

Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Test method for antibacterial activity of semiconducting photocatalytic materials under indoor lighting environment

ISO 17094:2014 presents a test method for determining the antibacterial activity of materials that contain an indoor-light-active photocatalytic material or have indoor-light-active photocatalytic films on the surface by measuring the survival of bacteria after illumination with indoor light. It is intended for use with different kinds of indoor-light-active photocatalytic materials used in construction materials in flat sheet, board or plate shape that are the basic forms of materials for various applications. It does not include powder, granular, or porous indoor-light-active photocatalytic materials, nor is it applicable to cloth or textiles. It is applicable to indoor-light-active photocatalytic materials produced for antibacterial application. Other types of performance of indoor-light-active photocatalytic materials, i.e. decomposition of water contaminants, self-cleaning, antifogging, and air purification, cannot be determined by this method.

Céramiques techniques — Méthode d'essai de l'activité antibactérienne des matériaux photocatalytiques semiconducteurs dans un environnement d'éclairage intérieur

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 06-May-2014
• ICS: 81.060.30 - Advanced ceramics
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 206 - Fine ceramics
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 206/WG 9 - Photocatalysis
• Current Stage: 9093 - International Standard confirmed
• Completion Date: 04-Sep-2019

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 17094
First edition
2014-05-01
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics,
advanced technical ceramics) — Test
method for antibacterial activity
of semiconducting photocatalytic
materials under indoor lighting
environment
Céramiques techniques — Méthode d’essai de l’activité
antibactérienne des matériaux photocatalytiques semiconducteurs
dans un environnement d’éclairage intérieur
Reference number
ISO 17094:2014(E)
©
ISO 2014

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ISO 17094:2014(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

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ISO 17094:2014(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols . 2
5 Principle . 3
6 Materials . 3
6.1 Bacteria strains and preparation for tests . 3
6.2 Chemicals and implements . 3
7 Apparatus . 4
7.1 General . 4
7.2 Cover film . 5
7.3 Moisture preservation glass plate . 5
7.4 Glass tube or glass rod . 5
7.5 Light source . 5
7.6 UV sharp cut-off filter . 5
7.7 Illuminance meter . 6
8 Test piece . 6
9 Procedure. 6
9.1 General . 6
9.2 Cover film method . 7
9.3 Indoor lighting condition . 8
9.4 Measurement of number of living bacteria . 8
10 Calculation . 9
10.1 General . 9
10.2 Test requirement fulfilment validation . 9
10.3 Indoor light-active photocatalyst antibacterial activity value calculation .10
11 Test report .11
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved iii

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ISO 17094:2014(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 206, Fine ceramics.
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

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ISO 17094:2014(E)

Introduction
A test method for cloths or textiles is not included in this International Standard because of a lack of
indoor-light-active photocatalytic cloths or textiles. When indoor-light-active photocatalytic cloths
or textiles have been developed, a suitable test method will be proposed with the remediated glass
adhesion method given in ISO 27447.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17094:2014(E)
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical
ceramics) — Test method for antibacterial activity of
semiconducting photocatalytic materials under indoor
lighting environment
WARNING — Handling and manipulation of microorganisms that are potentially hazardous
requires a high degree of technical competence. Only personnel trained in microbiological
techniques should carry out tests.
1 Scope
This International Standard presents a test method for determining the antibacterial activity of materials
that contain an indoor-light-active photocatalytic material or have indoor-light-active photocatalytic
films on the surface by measuring the survival of bacteria after illumination with indoor light.
It is intended for use with different kinds of indoor-light-active photocatalytic materials used in
construction materials in flat sheet, board or plate shape that are the basic forms of materials for
various applications. It does not include powder, granular, or porous indoor-light-active photocatalytic
materials, nor is it applicable to cloths or textiles.
It is applicable to indoor-light-active photocatalytic materials produced for antibacterial application.
Other types of performance of indoor-light-active photocatalytic materials, i.e. decomposition of water
contaminants, self-cleaning, antifogging, and air purification, cannot be determined by this method.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 27447, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Test method for antibacterial
activity of semiconducting photocatalytic materials
ISO 14605, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Light source for testing
semiconducting photocatalytic materials used under indoor lighting environment
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
photocatalyst
substance that performs one or more functions based on oxidization and reduction reactions under
photoirradiation, including decomposition and removal of air and water contaminants, deodorization,
and antibacterial, antifungal, self-cleaning, and antifogging actions
3.2
indoor-light-active photocatalyst
photocatalyst that functions under illumination with artificial light used for general lighting purposes
3.3
indoor lighting environment
illumination with artificial light source(s) used for general lighting purposes and excluding sunlight
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ISO 17094:2014(E)

3.4
indoor-light-active photocatalytic material
material in which or on which the indoor-light-active photocatalyst is added by coating, impregnation,
mixing, etc
3.5
antibacterial
condition inhibiting the growth of bacteria on the surface of flat surface materials
3.6
indoor-light-active photocatalyst antibacterial activity value
numerical difference between the logarithmic values of the total number of viable bacteria on the indoor-
light-active photocatalytic treated material and non-treated material after indoor light illumination
Note 1 to entry: This value includes the decrease of number of bacteria without indoor light illumination.
3.7
indoor-light-active photocatalyst antibacterial activity value with indoor light illumination
numerical difference between the logarithmic values of the total number of viable bacteria on the indoor-
light-active photocatalytic treated material after indoor light illumination and the same material kept
in the dark
4 Symbols
A average number of viable bacteria on non-treated test pieces, just after inoculation
B average number of viable bacteria on non-treated test pieces, after being kept in a dark
D
place
B average number of viable bacteria on non-treated test pieces, after indoor light illumina-
L
tion of intensity L
C average number of viable bacteria on indoor-light-active photocatalytic treated test
D
pieces, after being kept in dark place
C average number of viable bacteria on indoor-light-active photocatalytic treated test
L
pieces, after indoor light illumination of intensity L
D dilution factor
F
L illuminance of indoor light
L maximum logarithmic value of viable bacteria
max
L average logarithmic value of viable bacteria for three test pieces
mean
L minimum logarithmic value of viable bacteria
min
N number of viable bacteria
P bacteria concentration
R indoor-light-active photocatalyst antibacterial activity value, after illumination at a con-
L
stant intensity (L) on an indoor-light-active photocatalytic material
ΔR indoor-light-active photocatalyst antibacterial activity value with indoor light illumina-
tion
2 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

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ISO 17094:2014(E)

V volume of soybean-casein digest broth with lecithin and polysorbate 80 medium for
washout
Z average number of colonies in two Petri dishes
5 Principle
The method is used to obtain the antibacterial activity of indoor-light-active photocatalytic materials by
contact of a test piece with bacteria, under indoor lighting condition. The film cover method is available
for flat sheet, board, or plate-shaped materials.
The test piece is laid in a Petri dish and the bacterial suspension is dripped onto the test piece. Then
the cover film is placed on the suspension and the moisture conservation glass is placed on top of the
Petri dish. The Petri dish containing the test piece is exposed to light. After exposure, the test bacteria
are washed out of the test piece and the cover film. This washout suspension is measured by the viable
bacterial count method.
6 Materials
6.1 Bacteria strains and preparation for tests
6.1.1 Bacteria strains
The bacteria strains to be used in the test shall be the same as or equivalent to those described in Table 1
and supplied by an entity that is registered under the World Federation for Culture Collections or the
Japan Society for Culture Collections.
Table 1 — Bacteria strains to be used in test
Bacteria species WDCM code
Staphylococcus aureus WDCM 00195
Escherichia coli WDCM 00196
NOTE Refer to WDCM (World Data Centre for Microorganisms) and its website: http://
www.wdcm.org/.
NOTE If necessary, additional tests with other bacteria can be allowed.
6.1.2 Bacteria preparation
Aseptic manipulations using microorganisms should be performed in an adequate safety cabinet.
Inoculate each strain into slant culture medium (nutrient agar medium), incubate for 16 h to 24 h at
37 °C ± 1 °C, and then store in a refrigerator at 5 °C to 10 °C. Repeat subcultures within one month by
replicating this process. The maximum number of subcultures from the original strain transferred by
culture collection is 10. A slant culture shall not be stored for more than one month.
NOTE 1 In the case of bacteria stored in deep freezer, the maximum number of subcultures from original strain
transferred by culture collection is 10.
NOTE 2 If activity of used bacteria is maintained, agar plates can be used.
6.2 Chemicals and implements
6.2.1 General
Commercial media of same components described below can be used.
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ISO 17094:2014(E)

Volume of prepared media should be adjusted in accordance with the number of test pieces.
6.2.2 1/500 nutrient broth (1/500 NB)
For 100 ml of purified water, take 0,3 g meat extract, 1,0 g peptone, and 0,5 g sodium chloride, put them
into a flask and dissolve them thoroughly. When the contents are thoroughly dissolved, use a solutio
...

DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 17094
ISO/TC 206 Secretariat: JISC
Voting begins on Voting terminates on

2013-03-18 2013-06-18
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION  •  МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПО СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИИ  •  ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION


Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical
ceramics) — Test method for antibacterial activity of
semiconducting photocatalytic materials under indoor lighting
environment
Céramiques techniques — Méthode d'essai de l'activité antibactérienne des matériaux photocatalytiques
semiconducteurs dans un environnement d'éclairage intérieur

ICS 81.060.30









To expedite distribution, this document is circulated as received from the committee
secretariat. ISO Central Secretariat work of editing and text composition will be undertaken at
publication stage.
Pour accélérer la distribution, le présent document est distribué tel qu'il est parvenu du
secrétariat du comité. Le travail de rédaction et de composition de texte sera effectué au
Secrétariat central de l'ISO au stade de publication.



THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY NOT BE
REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION.
©  International Organization for Standardization, 2013

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ISO/DIS 17094

Copyright notice
This ISO document is a Draft International Standard and is copyright-protected by ISO. Except as permitted
under the applicable laws of the user’s country, neither this ISO draft nor any extract from it may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission being secured.
Requests for permission to reproduce should be addressed to either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
Web www.iso.org
Reproduction may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.
Violators may be prosecuted.

ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

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ISO/DIS 17094
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 Symbols.2
5 Principle.3
6 Materials.3
6.1 Bacteria strains and preparation for tests .3
6.2 Chemicals and implements .4
7 Apparatus.5
7.1 General.5
7.2 Adhesive film.5
7.3 Moisture preservation glass.5
7.4 Glass tube or glass rod.5
7.5 Light source .5
7.6 UV sharp cut-off filter.5
7.7 Illuminance meter .6
8 Test piece.6
9 Procedure.6
9.1 General.6
9.2 Film adhesion method .7
9.3 Indoor lighting condition .8
9.4 Measurement of number of living bacteria .8
10 Calculation.9
11 Test report.10
Bibliography.12

© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved iii

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ISO/DIS 17094
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 17094 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 206, Fine ceramics.
This second/third/. edition cancels and replaces the first/second/. edition (), [clause(s) / subclause(s) /
table(s) / figure(s) / annex(es)] of which [has / have] been technically revised.
iv © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

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ISO/DIS 17094
Introduction
The test method for cloths or textiles is not included in this draft, because of lack of indoor light-active
photocatalytic cloths or textiles. When the indoor light-active photocatalytic cloths or textiles will be developed,
test method for indoor light-active photocatalytic cloths or textiles will be proposed with remediated glass
adhesion method in ISO27447.
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved v

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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 17094

Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical
ceramics) — Test method for antibacterial activity of
semiconducting photocatalytic materials under indoor lighting
environment
WARNING – Handling and manipulation of microorganisms that are potentially hazardous requires a
high degree of technical competence. Only personnel trained in microbiological techniques should
carry out tests.
1 Scope
This test method covers the determination of the antibacterial activity of materials that contain an indoor light-
active photocatalytic materials or have indoor light-active photocatalytic films on the surface, by measuring the
enumeration of bacteria after illumination with indoor light.
This standard is intended for use with different kinds of indoor light-active photocatalytic materials used in
construction materials in flat sheet, board, plate shape that are the basic forms of materials for various
applications. It does not include powder, granular or porous indoor light-active photocatalytic materials. Also
this standard is not applicable for cloths or textiles.
This test method is applicable to indoor light-active photocatalytic materials produced for antibacterial
application. Other types of performance of indoor light-active photocatalytic materials, i.e., decomposition of
water contaminants, self-cleaning, antifogging and air purification, are not to be determined by this method.
The values expressed in this standard are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI).
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 80000-1, Quantities and units -- Part 0: General principles
ISO 27447, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) -- Test method for antibacterial
activity of semiconducting photocatalytic materials
ISO/DIS 14605, Fine Ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) -- Visible light source for
testing semiconducting photocatalytic materials
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 1

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ISO/DIS 17094
3.1
photocatalyst
substance that carries out many functions based on oxidization and reduction reactions under photoirradiation,
including decomposition and removal of air and water contaminants, deodorization, and antibacterial,
antifungal, self-cleaning and antifogging actions.
3.2
indoor light-active photocatalyst
photocatalyst that functions under illumination with artificial light used for general lighting purposes.
3.3
indoor lighting environment
illumination with artificial light source(s) used for general lighting purposes and excluding sunlight.
3.4
indoor light-active photocatalytic materials
materials in which or on which the indoor light-active photocatalyst is added by coating, impregnation, mixing,
etc.
3.5
antibacterial
condition inhibiting the growth of bacteria on the surface of flat surface materials.
3.6
indoor light-active photocatalyst antibacterial activity value
difference between the total number of viable bacteria of indoor light-active photocatalytic treated materials
and non-treated materials after indoor light illumination.
NOTE This value includes the decrease of number of bacteria without indoor light illumination.
3.7
indoor light-active photocatalyst antibacterial activity value with indoor light illumination
difference between the total number of viable bacteria on indoor light-active photocatalytic treated materials
after indoor light illumination and the total number of viable bacteria on indoor light-active photocatalytic
treated materials kept in the dark place
4 Symbols
A average number on viable bacteria of non-treated specimen, just after inoculation
B average number on viable bacteria of non-treated specimens, after being kept in a dark place
D
B average number on viable bacteria of non-treated specimens, after indoor light illumination of intensity
L
L
C average number on viable bacteria of indoor light-active photocatalytic treated specimens, after being
D
kept in dark place
C average number on viable bacteria of indoor light-active photocatalytic treated specimens, after indoor
L
light illumination of intensity L
D dilution factor
F
L illuminance of indoor light
Lmax maximum logarithmic value of viable bacteria
Lmean average logarithmic value of viable bacteria for 3 specimens
2 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

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ISO/DIS 17094
Lmin minimum logarithmic value of viable bacteria
N number of viable bacteria
P bacteria concentration
R indoor light-active photocatalyst antibacterial activity value, after illumination at a constant intensity (L)
L
on a indoor light-active photocatalytic material
∆R indoor light-active photocatalyst antibacterial activity value with indoor light illumination
V volume of soybean-casein digest broth with lecithin and polysorbate 80 medium for washout
Z average number of colonies in 2 Petri dishes
5 Principle
This standard is for development, comparison, quality assurance, characterization, reliability, and design data
generation of indoor light-active photocatalytic materials. The method is used to obtain the antibacterial
activity of indoor light-active photocatalytic materials by contact of a specimen with bacteria, under indoor
lighting condition. The film adhesion method is available for flat sheet, board or plate shaped materials.
The specimen is laid in a Petri dish and the bacterial suspension is dripped onto the specimen. Then the
adhesive film is placed on the suspension and the moisture conservation glass is placed on top of the Petri
dish. The Petri dish containing the specimen is exposed to light. After exposure, the test bacteria are washed
out of the specimen and the adhesive film. This washout suspension is measured by the viable bacterial count
method.
6 Materials
6.1 Bacteria strains and preparation for tests
6.1.1 Bacteria strains
The bacteria strains to be used in the test shall be the same as or equivalent to those described in Table 1
and supplied by an entity that is registered under the World Federation for Culture Collections or the Japan
Society for Culture Collections.
Table 1 — Bacteria strains to be used in test
Bacteria species WDCM code
WDCM 00195
Staphylococcus aureus
http://refs.wdcm.org/getinfo.htm?sid=WDCM_00195
WDCM 00196
Escherichia coli
http://refs.wdcm.org/getinfo.htm?sid=WDCM_00196
NOTE Refer to WDCM and its website: http://refs.wdcm.org/search.htm . (Note that
WDCM stands for World Data Centre for Microorganisms.)

6.1.2 Bacteria preparation
Aseptic manipulations using microorganisms can be performed in an adequate safety cabinet. Inoculate each
strain into slant culture medium (nutrient agar medium), incubate for 16 h to 24 h at 37 ˚C ± 1 ˚C, and then
store in a refrigerator at 5 ˚C to 10 ˚C. Repeat subcultures within 1 month by replicating this process. The
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ISO/DIS 17094
maximum number of subcultures from the original strain transferred by culture collection is 10. The slant
culture must not be used for further storing after 1 month.
NOTE 1 In the case of bacteria stored in deep freezer, the maximum number of subcultures from original strain
transferred by culture collection is 10.
NOTE 2 If necessary, additional tests with other bacteria can be allowed.
6.2 Chemicals and implements
6.2.1 General
Commercial media of same components described below may be used.
Volume of prepared media may be adjusted in accordance with the number of specimens.
6.2.2 1/500 Nutrient broth (1/500 NB)
For 1 000 ml of purified water, take
...