ISO 11798:2023
(Main)Information and documentation — Permanence and durability of writing, printing and copying on paper — Requirements and test methods
Information and documentation — Permanence and durability of writing, printing and copying on paper — Requirements and test methods
This document specifies requirements and test methods for evaluation of the permanence and durability of writing, printing and copying on paper stored in libraries, archives, and other protected environments for long periods of time, in which the information recorded on paper must be retained but not necessarily the full artistic quality. It is applicable to: — images on white permanent paper according to ISO 9706 or ISO 11108; — recording obtained from pens, stamps, copying machines and printers (that can produce monocoloured and/or multicoloured images). It does not apply to: — documents stored under harmful conditions, such as high humidity that promotes microbiological attack, excessive heat, radiation (e.g. light), high levels of pollutants, or the risk of water damage (or water contact). Since documents might be kept in non-protected environments before being transferred to protected environments, resistance to water and light is, however, of importance; — legal documents, e.g. banking documents, where the authenticity is of primary interest; — documents where the information contents are influenced by small colour changes; — documents within the scope of ISO/TC 42, Photography.
Information et documentation — Permanence et durabilité de l'écriture, de l'impression et de la reprographie sur des documents papier — Prescriptions et méthodes d'essai
La présente Norme internationale spécifie les prescriptions et les méthodes d'essai pour l'évaluation de la permanence et de la durabilité de l'écriture, de l'impression et de la reprographie sur des documents papier entreposés pendant de longues périodes dans des bibliothèques, centres d'archives et autres environnements protégés. Elle s'applique aux images sur papier, à l'exception des documents relevant du domaine d'application de l'ISO/TC 42, Photographie; aux images en couleurs. Il convient de conserver le contenu informationnel de ces dernières, mais il n'est pas nécessaire que ces images gardent leur parfaite qualité artistique. Les documents dont le contenu informationnel peut être altéré par de légers changements de couleur ne relèvent pas de la présente Norme internationale. Elle ne s'applique pas aux documents conservés dans des conditions inappropriées, par exemple en présence d'un fort taux d'humidité susceptible de favoriser les agressions microbiennes, de chaleur excessive, de rayonnements (lumineux par exemple), de forts taux de polluants, ou d'action de l'eau. Comme il peut arriver que des documents soient conservés dans des environnements non protégés avant d'être transportés dans des environnements protégés, la résistance à l'eau et à la lumière est un élément important; aux documents juridiques, tels que ceux du secteur bancaire, dont l'authenticité est une priorité majeure.
Informatika in dokumentacija - Trajnost in obstojnost pisanja, tiskanja in razmnoževanje na papir - Zahteve in preskusne metode
Ta mednarodni standard določa zahteve in preskusne metode za vrednotenje trajnosti in obstojnosti pisanja, tiskanja in razmnoževanja na papir, ki se dolgo časa hrani v knjižnicah, arhivih in drugih zaščitenih okoljih.
Uporablja se za slike na papirju z izjemo dokumentov v okviru ISO/TC 42, Fotografija; večbarvne slike.
Priporočljivo je ohraniti informacijsko vsebino večbarvnih slik, ne pa tudi polne umetniške kakovosti barvne slike. Dokumenti, v katerih na informacijsko vsebino vplivajo majhne spremembe barve, niso zajeti v tem mednarodnem standardu.
Standard se ne uporablja za dokumente, hranjene v škodljivih pogojih, kot je visoka vlažnost, ki lahko povzroči mikrobno delovanje, prekomerna vročina, sevanje (npr. svetloba), visoke ravni onesnaževal ali vpliv vode. Dokumenti se lahko hranijo v nezaščitenem okolju, preden se prenesejo v zaščiteno okolje, zato je njihova odpornost na vodo in svetlobo pomembna;
zlasti za pravno dokumentacijo, npr. bančne dokumente, kjer je verodostojnost najpomembnejša.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-2024
Nadomešča:
SIST ISO 11798:2003
Informatika in dokumentacija - Trajnost in obstojnost pisanja, tiskanja in
razmnoževanje na papir - Zahteve in preskusne metode
Information and documentation — Permanence and durability of writing, printing and
copying on paper — Requirements and test methods
Information et documentation — Permanence et durabilité de l'écriture, de l'impression et
de la reprographie sur des documents papier — Prescriptions et méthodes d'essai
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 11798:2023
ICS:
01.140.20 Informacijske vede Information sciences
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 11798
Second edition
2023-06
Information and documentation —
Permanence and durability of writing,
printing and copying on paper —
Requirements and test methods
Information et documentation — Permanence et durabilité de
l'écriture, de l'impression et de la reprographie sur des documents
papier — Prescriptions et méthodes d'essai
Reference number
© ISO 2023
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Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Preparation of specimens .4
4.1 Performance testing paper . 4
4.2 Conditioning of document substrates and recording atmosphere . 4
4.3 Guidance for sample preparation . 4
4.4 Conditioning of specimens . 5
4.5 Reference material used for testing of mechanical properties . 5
5 Required characteristics . 5
5.1 General . 5
5.2 Colour fastness . 5
5.3 Visual appearance . 6
5.4 Lightfastness . 7
5.5 Water resistance . 7
5.6 Transfer of recording . 7
5.7 Abrasion resistance . . . 7
5.8 Resistance to heat . 7
5.9 Effects of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper . 7
5.9.1 General . 7
5.9.2 Tensile energy absorption. 8
5.9.3 Folding endurance . . . 8
6 Test method and procedure . 8
6.1 General . 8
6.2 Colour fastness . 8
6.3 Visual appearance . 9
6.4 Lightfastness . 9
6.5 Water resistance . 10
6.6 Transfer of recording . 10
6.7 Abrasion resistance . . . 11
6.8 Resistance to heat . 12
6.9 Effects of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper .12
6.9.1 General .12
6.9.2 Tensile energy absorption.12
6.9.3 Folding endurance . . .13
7 Test report .14
Annex A (normative) Performance testing paper .15
Annex B (normative) Specimen preparation .16
Annex C (normative) Printout templates for sample preparation of printers and copying
machines .18
Annex D (informative) Reporting forms .24
Bibliography .27
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use
of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received
notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are
cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation,
Subcommittee SC 10, Requirements for document storage and conditions for preservation.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 11798:1999), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows.
— The reference material used for the testing of mechanical properties is defined and shall, prior to
testing, be handled according to 4.5.
— CIELAB measurements replaces optical density measurements, i.e. evaluation of monocoloured
printing shall be performed by CIELAB measurements. Accordingly, microdensitometers or
densitometers are no longer needed.
— Testing of colour fastness (5.2 and 6.2) shall be followed to evaluate recording (monocoloured and
multicoloured) for lightfastness (6.4), water resistance (6.5) and resistance to heat (6.8).
— Table 1 (see 5.1) presents, for printing devices, elaborated CIELAB lightness and colour shift
* * * *
requirements ΔL , Δa , Δb and, in addition, a new requirement of ΔE (Euclidean distance
ab
between two CIELAB coordinates).
— Table 2 (see 5.1) presents, for pens and stamps, requirement of maximum CIELAB lightness change
*
ΔL .
— Abrasion resistance (formerly referred to as resistance to wear) shall be evaluated by the degree of
abrasion (6.7) and is determined by CIELAB measurements prior to, and after, abrasion.
iv
— Detailed descriptions of specimen preparation for pens and stamps, three printout templates
for specimen preparation from printers and copying machines and reporting forms are given in
Annexes.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
Introduction
It is of great importance that recording of images on paper which, during long-term storage in libraries,
archives, and other protected environments, undergo little or no change in properties that affects its
use. The documents must preserve their information content and, thus, enable information storage and
information supply for the future. Accordingly, it is important to study the permanence and durability
of recording on paper.
Writing materials and printing equipment meeting the requirements given in this document can be
used in the preparation of paper documents intended for long-term storage and recurrent use. Such
documents contain permanent and durable images, i.e. images likely to be stable and thus undergo
little or no change in properties that influence legibility and the possibility of copying or converting the
paper documents to other data carriers.
Permanent paper and archival paper, used in the preparation of documents, may differ widely in
properties of importance for the quality and permanence of the image. Some properties of an image,
such as abrasion resistance, depend on the combination of the image and the paper. The testing
conditions of this document are chosen so that results, representative of most papers on the market to
be used for a particular imaging process, shall be obtained.
In this document, the requirements are given in the following attributes:
— visual image colour strength and appearance;
— lightfastness;
— water resistance;
— transfer of recorded image;
— abrasion resistance;
— resistance to heat;
— effect of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper.
Experience has shown that images written with carbon black ink as well as printed images using
commercial printing inks have proved to be consistently reliable. There are, however, many documents
where acidic inks have affected the paper to such an extent that the paper has degraded. Images
produced from dry or liquid toner are also susceptible to ageing problems.
Images printed with modern material and machinery are often completely different from old images
with respect to composition and properties. The rapid development of new printing techniques makes
this testing very important. One printing technology may be replaced by a newer technology within
a few years on the market. Therefore, conclusions based on studies of old documents in libraries and
archives are of limited use when discussing the permanence of modern documents.
Strictly speaking, the only way to test the permanence and durability of documents is to handle them
and to store them under the relevant conditions for long periods of time. In practice, one can only rely on
the observations made on documents kept for a few decades and evaluate the effect of factors known to
influence the permanence and durability of the image. Therefore, the testing according to this document
does not correlate to lifetime of documents, but rather the documents that satisfy the requirements can
be stored for a long time in the future in archives and protected environments, probably for several
hundred years.
vi
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11798:2023(E)
Information and documentation — Permanence and
durability of writing, printing and copying on paper —
Requirements and test methods
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements and test methods for evaluation of the permanence and
durability of writing, printing and copying on paper stored in libraries, archives, and other protected
environments for long periods of time, in which the information recorded on paper must be retained
but not necessarily the full artistic quality.
It is applicable to:
— images on white permanent paper according to ISO 9706 or ISO 11108;
— recording obtained from pens, stamps, copying machines and printers (that can produce
monocoloured and/or multicoloured images).
It does not apply to:
— documents stored under harmful conditions, such as high humidity that promotes microbiological
attack, excessive heat, radiation (e.g. light), high levels of pollutants, or the risk of water damage
(or water contact). Since documents might be kept in non-protected environments before being
transferred to protected environments, resistance to water and light is, however, of importance;
— legal documents, e.g. banking documents, where the authenticity is of primary interest;
— documents where the information contents are influenced by small colour changes;
— documents within the scope of ISO/TC 42, Photography.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 536, Paper and board — Determination of grammage
ISO 1924-2, Paper and board — Determination of tensile properties — Part 2: Constant rate of elongation
method (20 mm/min)
ISO 2470-1, Paper, board and pulps — Measurement of diffuse blue reflectance factor — Part 1: Indoor
daylight conditions (ISO brightness)
ISO 4892-2, Plastics — Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources — Part 2: Xenon-arc lamps
ISO 5626, Paper — Determination of folding endurance
ISO 9352, Plastics — Determination of resistance to wear by abrasive wheels
ISO 9706, Information and documentation — Paper for documents — Requirements for permanence
ISO 11108, Information and documentation — Archival paper — Requirements for permanence and
durability
ISO 12757-1, Ball point pens and refills — Part 1: General use
ISO 13655, Graphic technology — Spectral measurement and colorimetric computation for graphic arts
images
ISO 14145-1, Roller ball pens and refills — Part 1: General use
ISO 27668-1, Gel ink ball pens and refills — Part 1: General use
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasion resistance
rub resistance
characteristic of a document with recording (3.14) against losses of image or text from the action of
abrasion (i.e. the ability of materials and structures to withstand mechanical wear or rubbing by means
of friction)
Note 1 to entry: Abrasion resistance is measured in this standard as the degree of abrasion resistance, R (3.4).
a
3.2
archival paper
paper of high permanence (3.11) and high durability (3.6)
[SOURCE: ISO 11108:1996, 3.1]
3.3
CIELAB colour shift
* * * *
lightness and colour change (ΔL , Δa , Δb and ΔE ) measured between two coordinates in the
ab
CIELAB colour space
Note 1 to entry: CIELAB colour space is a three-dimensional, approximately uniform colour space, produced by
plotting, in rectangular coordinates L*, a*, b*. It was defined by the International Commission on Illumination
(CIE) in 1976 (Synonymously referred to as CIE 1976 L*a*b*. CIELAB colour space or CIELAB values.).
Note 2 to entry: The quantity L* is a measure of the lightness, where L* = 0 corresponds to black and L* = 100
corresponds to the perfect reflecting diffuser. Visually, the quantities a* and b* represent respectively the red-
green and yellow-blue axes in colour space, such that:
— +a* is a measure of the degree of redness;
— −a* is a measure of the degree of greenness;
— +b* is a measure of the degree of yellowness;
— −b* is a measure of the degree of blueness.
If both a* and b* are equal to zero, the test piece is grey
Note 3 to entry: Synonymously referred to as CIE 1976 L*a*b*, CIELAB colour space or CIELAB values.
Note 4 to entry: Adapted from ISO/TS 21331:2020, 3.3.5.
3.4
degree of abrasion resistance
R
a
measure of the magnitude of retain of recorded image (or text) on paper because of abrasion (or wear,
or rubbing)
Note 1 to entry: Degree of abrasion resistance is evaluated by measuring the % of changes in L* of a printed image
or text prior to and after the abrasion test, according to ISO 13655, and is calculated according to Formula (5) in
6.7.
3.5
document
recorded information which can be treated as a unit in a documentation process
[SOURCE: ISO 5127:2017, 3.1.1.38, modified — "material object" and Notes to entry have been deleted
from the definition.]
3.6
durability
ability to resist the effect of physical stress, such as wear and tear, pressure, or damage during recurrent
use
3.7
image
visual representation with colourants (such as dyes or pigments) distributed on paper as text
characters, lines, colour patches or other visually identifiable patterns
3.8
monochromatic image
image (3.7) with recording (3.14) uniformly in one colour
Note 1 to entry: Images produced in one colour from a black and white printer, or any colour from a printer that
can produce other colours, such as black, cyan, magenta and yellow.
3.9
multicoloured image
image (3.7) composed of recording (3.14) in more than one colour, where the colours constitute part of
the information contents
Note 1 to entry: It can be separated into different base colours (e.g. black, cyan magenta and yellow).
Note 2 to entry: Not to be confused with a coloured image. A coloured image is in this standard referred to as an
image recorded in any colour as a monochromatic image (3.8).
3.10
performance testing paper
permanent paper (3.13) or archival paper (3.2) used for sample preparation
Note 1 to entry: The performance testing paper shall be handled according to clause 4.1 and meet the
requirements of Annex A.
3.11
permanence
ability to remain chemically and physically stable over long periods of time
3.12
permanent image
image (3.7) which, during long-term storage in libraries, archives and other protected environments
will undergo little or no change in properties that affect its use
3.13
permanent paper
paper of high permanence (3.11) in accordance with ISO 9706
3.14
recording
process of performing writing, printing and copying on paper
3.15
spot colour image
specialized ink mixes to create a specific predetermined uniform colour in commercial printing
3.16
sample
aggregate of all the specimens (3.17) taken to be representative of a lot
[SOURCE: ISO 4046-5:2016, 5.100]
3.17
specimen
portion of a paper or board sample (in this context performance testing paper with recording from the
tested writing, printing, or copying material) sufficient in size so that test pieces (3.18) can be obtained
from it
[SOURCE: ISO 4046-5:2016, 5.106, modified — text in brackets has been added.]
3.18
test piece
piece or pieces of paper or board on which the measurement is carried out in accordance with the
stipulations of the method of test
[SOURCE: ISO 4046-5:2016, 5.118, modified — Note to entry has been omitted.]
4 Preparation of specimens
4.1 Performance testing paper
Paper used for production of specimens shall meet the requirements of Annex A.
For the use of archival paper (in accordance with ISO 11108) as performance testing paper, watermarks
may be present on various spots throughout the specimens. Such imprints are basically attenuations
of the paper and indicate authenticity. To avoid misleading testing results, the watermarks shall be
avoided for the test piece preparation when tested according to 6.2, 6.4, 6.5, 6.7, 6.8 and 6.9.
4.2 Conditioning of document substrates and recording atmosphere
Preferably, material (including paper) should be conditioned for at least 15 h at (23 ± 1) °C and (50 ± 2) %
RH before recording. The recording should be performed in the same atmosphere. If this is not possible,
instructions from the manufacturer of the recording equipment to be tested shall be followed.
4.3 Guidance for sample preparation
Specimens for testing purposes shall be prepared as described in an International Standard dealing with
the specific type of recording equipment. If no such standard is available, the preparation of specimens
shall be performed according to the instructions of the manufacturer of the recording equipment.
The test patterns shall be recorded to conform with Clause 6 using the same printing/writing method,
ink, and paper combination, identical to the intended application or user case. Characters, spacing, etc.
shall represent normal use of the recording equipment intended for testing. Specimen preparation shall
also meet the requirements of Annex B.
Three printout templates and the number of specimens that shall be used for sample preparation are
given in Table C.1 of Annex C.
For printers and other recording devices, in addition to their manufacturer/brand, model number and
serial number, note the print adjustment settings (such as paper setting, driver setting, colour mode
and printing speed used), if specific print adjustments are to be made.
NOTE Print adjustments and other settings on a printer may have major impact on the permanence of the
printed images. Accordingly, the print adjustments and print settings are two very important parameters to
report, because different settings can drastically change the quality of the recorded information and thus impact
its permanence.
4.4 Conditioning of specimens
Printed specimens shall be dried or cured and conditioned to the level of the intended use prior to
testing. The specimens shall be kept at (23 ± 1) °C and (50 ± 2) % RH for at least 24 h (depending on the
type of printing method) prior to further test piece preparation and testing. Inks that must evaporate
or cure, such as water-based inkjet-printed specimens, shall be conditioned at least 7 days prior to the
testing. When testing the mechanical strength of the paper (see 6.9), the preparation of test pieces,
conditioning and testing atmosphere shall be in accordance with ISO 1924-2 and ISO 5626.
The specimens shall not be touched with bare hands.
4.5 Reference material used for testing of mechanical properties
Tensile energy absorption (see 6.9.2) and folding endurance (see 6.9.3) are both comparative tests
between test specimens (performance testing paper with recording) and reference specimens
(performance testing paper without recording). Accordingly, for a reliable comparison, all the
performance testing paper used, for both test and reference specimens, shall be ensured to come from
the same batch and also from the same section of the paper roll (i.e. sorted paper). In addition, paper is a
sensitive material and is strongly affected by the surrounding climate, so the reference specimens shall
be handled and stored in a similar manner as the test specimens prior to testing. Due to such unique
handling, the reference specimens are restricted to the corresponding test specimens and cannot be
used for other comparative tests.
EXAMPLE If test specimens are prepared for, such as a printer outside the laboratory, the reference
specimens are brought to all environments where test specimens are produced and are stored together,
preferably in the same box, prior to preparation of test pieces in the laboratory.
5 Required characteristics
5.1 General
Paper documents conforming to this document shall meet the following requirements. Specimens for
testing shall be prepared as described in Clause 4 and tested according to Clause 6.
5.2 Colour fastness
The colour fastness is evaluated as CIELAB colour shift between before and after each test when tested
according to 6.4, 6.5 and 6.8, and measured according to 6.2.
The colour change of monochromatic images obtained from printing devices shall not exceed the
maximum CIELAB lightness and colour differences specified in Table 1.
For printing equipment that can produce multicoloured images (from e.g. toners or inks), all the base
colours such as cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK), shall be tested individually to cover all sets of
chemical compositions of the multicolour. For spot colour images, each spot colour shall individually be
tested. The colour change (for each base colour or spot colour) shall not exceed the maximum CIELAB
lightness and colour differences specified in Table 1.
The colour tone of the image may change visually but it shall still be recognizable as being of the same
colour as before the treatment.
Table 1 — Maximum CIELAB lightness and colour changes for printers and other machines
* * * *
Test property
ΔL Δa Δb ΔE
ab
a b c
5.4 , 5.5 and 5.8 ±8 ±8 ±8 ≤10
All colours except yellow
a b c
5.4 , 5.5 and 5.8 ±8 ±8 ±15 ≤15
Yellow
a
Lightfastness.
b
Water resistance.
c
Resistance to heat.
* * * *
NOTE 1 ΔL is lightness difference and Δa , Δb and ΔE are colour differences.
ab
NOTE 2 The presented maximum changes are valid for uniform colours, such as cyan, magenta, yellow and
black (CMYK).
The lightness change of images obtained from pens and stamps shall not exceed the maximum CIELAB
lightness changes specified in Table 2. For pen writing with blue ink, the colour may change from blue
to green when testing lightfastness and resistance to heat. This is acceptable if the requirement in
Table 2 is met.
Table 2 — Maximum CIELAB lightness changes for pens and stamps
*
Test property
ΔL
a
5.4 ±15
b c
5.5 and 5.8 ±10
a
Lightfastness.
b
Water resistance.
c
Resistance to heat.
NOTE Multicoloured images (where colours constitute parts of the information content) are not possible
*
to produce from pens and stamps, and thus, only lightness difference ΔL is required to measure.
5.3 Visual appearance
5.3.1 Each element of the specimen images shall be clearly defined and easily legible when inspected
as described in 6.3. The colour strength shall be even, and the print density and colour intensity shall
be satisfactory by eye for each colour that is tested. Text characters shall be easily legible. Feathering or
strikethrough shall not be visible without magnification.
5.3.2 For printing or copying on paper, if traces of characters are detected outside the intended area
on the paper specimens, anywhere on the white sections of the paper, and the assessment is that this
appearance can interfere with the information content of the document, those specimens shall be
regarded as failed. Such incident is referred to as ghost printing.
5.3.3 For printing devices that can produce multicolours, this visual appearance requirement shall be
met for each base colour.
5.4 Lightfastness
After illumination in accordance with 6.4, images shall meet the requirements of colour fastness in 5.2.
5.5 Water resistance
After treatment with water in accordance with 6.5, images shall meet the requirements of colour
fastness in 5.2.
NOTE Resistance to forgery by chemicals may be important for some types of documents, such as banking
documents. ISO 12757-2 and ISO 14145-2 contain requirements on resistance to chemicals other than water.
The image shall also meet the requirements of 5.3.1 when inspected visually as described in 6.3.
However, noticeable traces of characters can occur on the white adjacent paper loaded against the
test piece. This is acceptable if the image on the test piece meets the requirements stated in the first
sentence of this paragraph.
Only a slight discolouration of the paper is accepted, ΔE < 5, when determined in accordance
background
with 6.5.
5.6 Transfer of recording
Test pieces kept in a stack under pressure as described in 6.6 shall show no evidence of blocking
(sticking) or damage to the images after separation. No characters, or parts of characters, shall be
visible on the adjacent paper, but traces of transfer in the form of small dots are acceptable if the image
on the test piece meets the requirements stated in the first sentence.
For printing devices that can produce multicolours, this requirement shall be met for each base colour.
5.7 Abrasion resistance
When testing abrasion resistance, the degree of abrasion resistance of the image shall be ≥ 75 % as
specified in 6.7. The abraded surface will be affected by the abrasion procedure, and when inspected
visually, smaller fibres of uniform size can be found, but larger fibres shall not be found.
Flaking of part of the image, causing partial deletions or voids, shall not occur on the test pieces
containing alphabetical characters when abraded as specified in 6.7, steps 8 to 9.
5.8 Resistance to heat
Images that have been exposed to heat in accordance with 6.8 shall meet the requirements of colour
fastness in 5.2. The image shall also meet the requirements of 5.3.1 when inspected visually as
described in 6.3.
5.9 Effects of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper
5.9.1 General
The mechanical strength of the paper may be affected by the recording process and by the recorded
image. Heat, radiation and chemical agents involved in the recording process may cause degradation of
the paper.
For paper documents prepared by recording processes that involves processes which may cause
degradation of the paper, the requirements of 5.9.2 and 5.9.3 shall be met in both machine- and
cross-directions of the paper. For paper documents prepared by recording processes where no such
processing occurs, only the requirements of 5.9.2 shall be met in both machine- and cross-direction of
the paper. In the case of, for example, ball-point pens, where specimens in accordance with 6.9.2 are
normally obtainable in one direction only, testing in one direction is accepted.
5.9.2 Tensile energy absorption
The tensile energy absorption of the test pieces with recorded images shall not be lowered by more
than 10 % as compared to the reference pieces (blank paper), when tested as described in 6.9.2. This
requirement applies to both the unaged test pieces as well as to the aged test pieces in accordance with
the accelerated ageing conditions described in 6.8.
5.9.3 Folding endurance
The folding endurance of the test pieces with recorded images shall not be lowered by more than 0,1
as compared to the reference pieces (blank paper), when tested as described in 6.9.3. This requirement
applies to both the unaged test pieces as well as to the aged test pieces in accordance with the
accelerated ageing conditions described in 6.8.
6 Test method and procedure
6.1 General
To comply with the requirements of document permanence and durability, nine test methods are
required in this document. These test methods assess the permanence and durability of recorded
information under different types of stresses from the storage or display environment to the ordinary
wear and tear during the usages.
For the testing, prepare specimens as described in each test method and in accordance with Clause 4
and Annex B.
6.2 Colour fastness
This test examines the colour fastness of recorded images and is a measure which is used to evaluate
the tests of lightfastness (see 6.4), water resistance (see 6.5) and resistance to heat (see 6.8).
To produce specimens for colour fastness from printing devices, use the printout template with colour
patches attached in C.3 and use the printout template 2, Figure C.4. Specimens from pens and stamps
shall be prepared according to B.4 and B.5.
From the specimens, prepare test pieces with colour patches of uniform colour that are appropriate in
size for the intended spectrophotometer. Perform measurements on the colour patches and determine
the CIELAB lightness and colour coordinates L*, a*, b* according to ISO 13655 prior to exposure
** * ** *
(coordinate La,,b ) and after exposure (coordinate La,,b ) of each test as described in 6.4, 6.5
00 0 11 1
and 6.8. Measurement condition M1 shall be used with the same paper used for recording as background.
For reliable measurement results, multiple test pieces shall be measured according to 6.4, 6.5 and 6.8.
Measurement instruments shall be calibrated in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
For printing devices that can produce multicoloured images, identify each base colour and perform
measurements on each colour individually, such as cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK). If spot
colours are used, measurements shall be performed on each spot colour with the same procedure.
Process colours shall not be used for the measurements. However, if there are difficulties to produce
specimens with completely pure colours for each base colour, exceptions can be made.
*
For pens and stamps, only the lightness shift ΔL shall be calculated using Formula (1). For printing
devices and other machines, make calculations of CIELAB lightness and colour differences (colour
* * * *
shifts) ΔL , Δa , Δb and ΔE as follows:
ab
*
— Calculate the lightness difference ΔL as shown in Formula (1);
** *
ΔLL=− L (1)
where
*
is the lightness coordinate after exposure;
L
*
is the lightness coordinate prior to exposure.
L
* *
— Calculate the differences Δa and Δb as shown in Formulae (2) and (3);
** *
Δaa=− a (2)
** *
Δbb=− b (3)
where
* *
are the coordinates after exposure;
a , b
1 1
* *
are the coordinates prior to exposure.
a , b
0 0
*
— Calculate the CIELAB colour difference ΔE (Euclidean distance between two points) as shown in
ab
Formula (4):
12/
22 2
** **
ΔΔEL= + ΔΔab+ (4)
() () ()
ab
NOTE There are 4 conditions relating illumination spectra specifications in ISO 13655. M0 corresponds to
the CIE illuminant A, as specified in ISO 5-3 for density measurements, in which UV spectra are not specified. M1
matches the CIE Illuminant D50, which include UV spectra equivalent to D50. M2 matches the CIE D50 spectra
in the visual range but excludes UV spectra to remove the effect of fluorescence caused by UV illumination. M3
is the illumination condition through a polarizer to suppress the influence of surface reflection on the colour
coordinates. M1 is used in this document to measure colour coordinates and their changes which correlate well
with colour appearance under the D50 illuminant determined by colourants and paper properties, and their
changes, i.e. degradation of optical brightener in papers in addition to colourant caused by light exposure.
6.3 Visual appearance
This test examines the appearance of recorded images, i.e., the readability of recorded information on
a document.
Prepare at least 5 specimens with recording of lines, alphabetical characters and patches of uniform
colour included (for printing devices, use the printout templates in C.3 and C.4, and for pens and stamps,
prepare specimens according to B.4 and B.5).
Inspect each specimen visually for defects, such as voids or broken characters, bad edge definition,
uneven colour, and others like traces of image characters outside the intended area using a magnifying
glass or an equivalent device at 8X magnification. Evaluate the density, legibility and colour intensity of
the recording. Inspect if feathering or strikethrough has occurred. Specimens from each colour shall be
inspected individually.
6.4 Lightfastness
This test examines if daylight through a window or strong indoor light has negative impact on recorded
images. Lightfastness is a measure of the ability of recorded images to withstand strong light exposure
with minimal change in colour tone. The colour change is calculated based on CIELAB measurements
performed before and after exposure to light.
Prepare test pieces as strips, so that measurements can be made on three images, according to 6.2.
Illuminate the test pieces with a xenon arc lamp through window glass filters in accordance with
method B of ISO 4892-2. Expose the test pieces for 60 h to achieve the UV-light dose of 0,108 J/m using
irradiance 50 W/m at broadband 300 nm to 400 nm. The black panel temperature shall be controlled
within (60 ± 3) °C and the humidity shall be controlled within (50 ± 5) % RH.
Determine the CIELAB lightness and colour differences for images as specified in 6.2. Calculate the
average values based on measurements of the three test pieces.
6.5 Water resistance
This test examines whether water contact, which might occur in the event of for example a water
leakage in an archive, has a negative impact on recorded images. Water resistance is a measure of the
ability of recorded images to withstand water damage with minimal change in colour tone. The colour
change is calculated based on CIELAB measurements performed before and after exposure to water.
Prepare, from specimens with approximately 10 % image coverage, test pieces as strips so that
measurements can be made on two images according to 6.2. Leave an area of the test piece free from
image and, if needed, use this area for determina
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 11798
Second edition
2023-06
Information and documentation —
Permanence and durability of writing,
printing and copying on paper —
Requirements and test methods
Information et documentation — Permanence et durabilité de
l'écriture, de l'impression et de la reprographie sur des documents
papier — Prescriptions et méthodes d'essai
Reference number
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Preparation of specimens .4
4.1 Performance testing paper . 4
4.2 Conditioning of document substrates and recording atmosphere . 4
4.3 Guidance for sample preparation . 4
4.4 Conditioning of specimens . 5
4.5 Reference material used for testing of mechanical properties . 5
5 Required characteristics . 5
5.1 General . 5
5.2 Colour fastness . 5
5.3 Visual appearance . 6
5.4 Lightfastness . 7
5.5 Water resistance . 7
5.6 Transfer of recording . 7
5.7 Abrasion resistance . . . 7
5.8 Resistance to heat . 7
5.9 Effects of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper . 7
5.9.1 General . 7
5.9.2 Tensile energy absorption. 8
5.9.3 Folding endurance . . . 8
6 Test method and procedure . 8
6.1 General . 8
6.2 Colour fastness . 8
6.3 Visual appearance . 9
6.4 Lightfastness . 9
6.5 Water resistance . 10
6.6 Transfer of recording . 10
6.7 Abrasion resistance . . . 11
6.8 Resistance to heat . 12
6.9 Effects of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper .12
6.9.1 General .12
6.9.2 Tensile energy absorption.12
6.9.3 Folding endurance . . .13
7 Test report .14
Annex A (normative) Performance testing paper .15
Annex B (normative) Specimen preparation .16
Annex C (normative) Printout templates for sample preparation of printers and copying
machines .18
Annex D (informative) Reporting forms .24
Bibliography .27
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use
of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received
notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are
cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation,
Subcommittee SC 10, Requirements for document storage and conditions for preservation.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 11798:1999), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows.
— The reference material used for the testing of mechanical properties is defined and shall, prior to
testing, be handled according to 4.5.
— CIELAB measurements replaces optical density measurements, i.e. evaluation of monocoloured
printing shall be performed by CIELAB measurements. Accordingly, microdensitometers or
densitometers are no longer needed.
— Testing of colour fastness (5.2 and 6.2) shall be followed to evaluate recording (monocoloured and
multicoloured) for lightfastness (6.4), water resistance (6.5) and resistance to heat (6.8).
— Table 1 (see 5.1) presents, for printing devices, elaborated CIELAB lightness and colour shift
* * * *
requirements ΔL , Δa , Δb and, in addition, a new requirement of ΔE (Euclidean distance
ab
between two CIELAB coordinates).
— Table 2 (see 5.1) presents, for pens and stamps, requirement of maximum CIELAB lightness change
*
ΔL .
— Abrasion resistance (formerly referred to as resistance to wear) shall be evaluated by the degree of
abrasion (6.7) and is determined by CIELAB measurements prior to, and after, abrasion.
iv
— Detailed descriptions of specimen preparation for pens and stamps, three printout templates
for specimen preparation from printers and copying machines and reporting forms are given in
Annexes.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
Introduction
It is of great importance that recording of images on paper which, during long-term storage in libraries,
archives, and other protected environments, undergo little or no change in properties that affects its
use. The documents must preserve their information content and, thus, enable information storage and
information supply for the future. Accordingly, it is important to study the permanence and durability
of recording on paper.
Writing materials and printing equipment meeting the requirements given in this document can be
used in the preparation of paper documents intended for long-term storage and recurrent use. Such
documents contain permanent and durable images, i.e. images likely to be stable and thus undergo
little or no change in properties that influence legibility and the possibility of copying or converting the
paper documents to other data carriers.
Permanent paper and archival paper, used in the preparation of documents, may differ widely in
properties of importance for the quality and permanence of the image. Some properties of an image,
such as abrasion resistance, depend on the combination of the image and the paper. The testing
conditions of this document are chosen so that results, representative of most papers on the market to
be used for a particular imaging process, shall be obtained.
In this document, the requirements are given in the following attributes:
— visual image colour strength and appearance;
— lightfastness;
— water resistance;
— transfer of recorded image;
— abrasion resistance;
— resistance to heat;
— effect of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper.
Experience has shown that images written with carbon black ink as well as printed images using
commercial printing inks have proved to be consistently reliable. There are, however, many documents
where acidic inks have affected the paper to such an extent that the paper has degraded. Images
produced from dry or liquid toner are also susceptible to ageing problems.
Images printed with modern material and machinery are often completely different from old images
with respect to composition and properties. The rapid development of new printing techniques makes
this testing very important. One printing technology may be replaced by a newer technology within
a few years on the market. Therefore, conclusions based on studies of old documents in libraries and
archives are of limited use when discussing the permanence of modern documents.
Strictly speaking, the only way to test the permanence and durability of documents is to handle them
and to store them under the relevant conditions for long periods of time. In practice, one can only rely on
the observations made on documents kept for a few decades and evaluate the effect of factors known to
influence the permanence and durability of the image. Therefore, the testing according to this document
does not correlate to lifetime of documents, but rather the documents that satisfy the requirements can
be stored for a long time in the future in archives and protected environments, probably for several
hundred years.
vi
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11798:2023(E)
Information and documentation — Permanence and
durability of writing, printing and copying on paper —
Requirements and test methods
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements and test methods for evaluation of the permanence and
durability of writing, printing and copying on paper stored in libraries, archives, and other protected
environments for long periods of time, in which the information recorded on paper must be retained
but not necessarily the full artistic quality.
It is applicable to:
— images on white permanent paper according to ISO 9706 or ISO 11108;
— recording obtained from pens, stamps, copying machines and printers (that can produce
monocoloured and/or multicoloured images).
It does not apply to:
— documents stored under harmful conditions, such as high humidity that promotes microbiological
attack, excessive heat, radiation (e.g. light), high levels of pollutants, or the risk of water damage
(or water contact). Since documents might be kept in non-protected environments before being
transferred to protected environments, resistance to water and light is, however, of importance;
— legal documents, e.g. banking documents, where the authenticity is of primary interest;
— documents where the information contents are influenced by small colour changes;
— documents within the scope of ISO/TC 42, Photography.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 536, Paper and board — Determination of grammage
ISO 1924-2, Paper and board — Determination of tensile properties — Part 2: Constant rate of elongation
method (20 mm/min)
ISO 2470-1, Paper, board and pulps — Measurement of diffuse blue reflectance factor — Part 1: Indoor
daylight conditions (ISO brightness)
ISO 4892-2, Plastics — Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources — Part 2: Xenon-arc lamps
ISO 5626, Paper — Determination of folding endurance
ISO 9352, Plastics — Determination of resistance to wear by abrasive wheels
ISO 9706, Information and documentation — Paper for documents — Requirements for permanence
ISO 11108, Information and documentation — Archival paper — Requirements for permanence and
durability
ISO 12757-1, Ball point pens and refills — Part 1: General use
ISO 13655, Graphic technology — Spectral measurement and colorimetric computation for graphic arts
images
ISO 14145-1, Roller ball pens and refills — Part 1: General use
ISO 27668-1, Gel ink ball pens and refills — Part 1: General use
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasion resistance
rub resistance
characteristic of a document with recording (3.14) against losses of image or text from the action of
abrasion (i.e. the ability of materials and structures to withstand mechanical wear or rubbing by means
of friction)
Note 1 to entry: Abrasion resistance is measured in this standard as the degree of abrasion resistance, R (3.4).
a
3.2
archival paper
paper of high permanence (3.11) and high durability (3.6)
[SOURCE: ISO 11108:1996, 3.1]
3.3
CIELAB colour shift
* * * *
lightness and colour change (ΔL , Δa , Δb and ΔE ) measured between two coordinates in the
ab
CIELAB colour space
Note 1 to entry: CIELAB colour space is a three-dimensional, approximately uniform colour space, produced by
plotting, in rectangular coordinates L*, a*, b*. It was defined by the International Commission on Illumination
(CIE) in 1976 (Synonymously referred to as CIE 1976 L*a*b*. CIELAB colour space or CIELAB values.).
Note 2 to entry: The quantity L* is a measure of the lightness, where L* = 0 corresponds to black and L* = 100
corresponds to the perfect reflecting diffuser. Visually, the quantities a* and b* represent respectively the red-
green and yellow-blue axes in colour space, such that:
— +a* is a measure of the degree of redness;
— −a* is a measure of the degree of greenness;
— +b* is a measure of the degree of yellowness;
— −b* is a measure of the degree of blueness.
If both a* and b* are equal to zero, the test piece is grey
Note 3 to entry: Synonymously referred to as CIE 1976 L*a*b*, CIELAB colour space or CIELAB values.
Note 4 to entry: Adapted from ISO/TS 21331:2020, 3.3.5.
3.4
degree of abrasion resistance
R
a
measure of the magnitude of retain of recorded image (or text) on paper because of abrasion (or wear,
or rubbing)
Note 1 to entry: Degree of abrasion resistance is evaluated by measuring the % of changes in L* of a printed image
or text prior to and after the abrasion test, according to ISO 13655, and is calculated according to Formula (5) in
6.7.
3.5
document
recorded information which can be treated as a unit in a documentation process
[SOURCE: ISO 5127:2017, 3.1.1.38, modified — "material object" and Notes to entry have been deleted
from the definition.]
3.6
durability
ability to resist the effect of physical stress, such as wear and tear, pressure, or damage during recurrent
use
3.7
image
visual representation with colourants (such as dyes or pigments) distributed on paper as text
characters, lines, colour patches or other visually identifiable patterns
3.8
monochromatic image
image (3.7) with recording (3.14) uniformly in one colour
Note 1 to entry: Images produced in one colour from a black and white printer, or any colour from a printer that
can produce other colours, such as black, cyan, magenta and yellow.
3.9
multicoloured image
image (3.7) composed of recording (3.14) in more than one colour, where the colours constitute part of
the information contents
Note 1 to entry: It can be separated into different base colours (e.g. black, cyan magenta and yellow).
Note 2 to entry: Not to be confused with a coloured image. A coloured image is in this standard referred to as an
image recorded in any colour as a monochromatic image (3.8).
3.10
performance testing paper
permanent paper (3.13) or archival paper (3.2) used for sample preparation
Note 1 to entry: The performance testing paper shall be handled according to clause 4.1 and meet the
requirements of Annex A.
3.11
permanence
ability to remain chemically and physically stable over long periods of time
3.12
permanent image
image (3.7) which, during long-term storage in libraries, archives and other protected environments
will undergo little or no change in properties that affect its use
3.13
permanent paper
paper of high permanence (3.11) in accordance with ISO 9706
3.14
recording
process of performing writing, printing and copying on paper
3.15
spot colour image
specialized ink mixes to create a specific predetermined uniform colour in commercial printing
3.16
sample
aggregate of all the specimens (3.17) taken to be representative of a lot
[SOURCE: ISO 4046-5:2016, 5.100]
3.17
specimen
portion of a paper or board sample (in this context performance testing paper with recording from the
tested writing, printing, or copying material) sufficient in size so that test pieces (3.18) can be obtained
from it
[SOURCE: ISO 4046-5:2016, 5.106, modified — text in brackets has been added.]
3.18
test piece
piece or pieces of paper or board on which the measurement is carried out in accordance with the
stipulations of the method of test
[SOURCE: ISO 4046-5:2016, 5.118, modified — Note to entry has been omitted.]
4 Preparation of specimens
4.1 Performance testing paper
Paper used for production of specimens shall meet the requirements of Annex A.
For the use of archival paper (in accordance with ISO 11108) as performance testing paper, watermarks
may be present on various spots throughout the specimens. Such imprints are basically attenuations
of the paper and indicate authenticity. To avoid misleading testing results, the watermarks shall be
avoided for the test piece preparation when tested according to 6.2, 6.4, 6.5, 6.7, 6.8 and 6.9.
4.2 Conditioning of document substrates and recording atmosphere
Preferably, material (including paper) should be conditioned for at least 15 h at (23 ± 1) °C and (50 ± 2) %
RH before recording. The recording should be performed in the same atmosphere. If this is not possible,
instructions from the manufacturer of the recording equipment to be tested shall be followed.
4.3 Guidance for sample preparation
Specimens for testing purposes shall be prepared as described in an International Standard dealing with
the specific type of recording equipment. If no such standard is available, the preparation of specimens
shall be performed according to the instructions of the manufacturer of the recording equipment.
The test patterns shall be recorded to conform with Clause 6 using the same printing/writing method,
ink, and paper combination, identical to the intended application or user case. Characters, spacing, etc.
shall represent normal use of the recording equipment intended for testing. Specimen preparation shall
also meet the requirements of Annex B.
Three printout templates and the number of specimens that shall be used for sample preparation are
given in Table C.1 of Annex C.
For printers and other recording devices, in addition to their manufacturer/brand, model number and
serial number, note the print adjustment settings (such as paper setting, driver setting, colour mode
and printing speed used), if specific print adjustments are to be made.
NOTE Print adjustments and other settings on a printer may have major impact on the permanence of the
printed images. Accordingly, the print adjustments and print settings are two very important parameters to
report, because different settings can drastically change the quality of the recorded information and thus impact
its permanence.
4.4 Conditioning of specimens
Printed specimens shall be dried or cured and conditioned to the level of the intended use prior to
testing. The specimens shall be kept at (23 ± 1) °C and (50 ± 2) % RH for at least 24 h (depending on the
type of printing method) prior to further test piece preparation and testing. Inks that must evaporate
or cure, such as water-based inkjet-printed specimens, shall be conditioned at least 7 days prior to the
testing. When testing the mechanical strength of the paper (see 6.9), the preparation of test pieces,
conditioning and testing atmosphere shall be in accordance with ISO 1924-2 and ISO 5626.
The specimens shall not be touched with bare hands.
4.5 Reference material used for testing of mechanical properties
Tensile energy absorption (see 6.9.2) and folding endurance (see 6.9.3) are both comparative tests
between test specimens (performance testing paper with recording) and reference specimens
(performance testing paper without recording). Accordingly, for a reliable comparison, all the
performance testing paper used, for both test and reference specimens, shall be ensured to come from
the same batch and also from the same section of the paper roll (i.e. sorted paper). In addition, paper is a
sensitive material and is strongly affected by the surrounding climate, so the reference specimens shall
be handled and stored in a similar manner as the test specimens prior to testing. Due to such unique
handling, the reference specimens are restricted to the corresponding test specimens and cannot be
used for other comparative tests.
EXAMPLE If test specimens are prepared for, such as a printer outside the laboratory, the reference
specimens are brought to all environments where test specimens are produced and are stored together,
preferably in the same box, prior to preparation of test pieces in the laboratory.
5 Required characteristics
5.1 General
Paper documents conforming to this document shall meet the following requirements. Specimens for
testing shall be prepared as described in Clause 4 and tested according to Clause 6.
5.2 Colour fastness
The colour fastness is evaluated as CIELAB colour shift between before and after each test when tested
according to 6.4, 6.5 and 6.8, and measured according to 6.2.
The colour change of monochromatic images obtained from printing devices shall not exceed the
maximum CIELAB lightness and colour differences specified in Table 1.
For printing equipment that can produce multicoloured images (from e.g. toners or inks), all the base
colours such as cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK), shall be tested individually to cover all sets of
chemical compositions of the multicolour. For spot colour images, each spot colour shall individually be
tested. The colour change (for each base colour or spot colour) shall not exceed the maximum CIELAB
lightness and colour differences specified in Table 1.
The colour tone of the image may change visually but it shall still be recognizable as being of the same
colour as before the treatment.
Table 1 — Maximum CIELAB lightness and colour changes for printers and other machines
* * * *
Test property
ΔL Δa Δb ΔE
ab
a b c
5.4 , 5.5 and 5.8 ±8 ±8 ±8 ≤10
All colours except yellow
a b c
5.4 , 5.5 and 5.8 ±8 ±8 ±15 ≤15
Yellow
a
Lightfastness.
b
Water resistance.
c
Resistance to heat.
* * * *
NOTE 1 ΔL is lightness difference and Δa , Δb and ΔE are colour differences.
ab
NOTE 2 The presented maximum changes are valid for uniform colours, such as cyan, magenta, yellow and
black (CMYK).
The lightness change of images obtained from pens and stamps shall not exceed the maximum CIELAB
lightness changes specified in Table 2. For pen writing with blue ink, the colour may change from blue
to green when testing lightfastness and resistance to heat. This is acceptable if the requirement in
Table 2 is met.
Table 2 — Maximum CIELAB lightness changes for pens and stamps
*
Test property
ΔL
a
5.4 ±15
b c
5.5 and 5.8 ±10
a
Lightfastness.
b
Water resistance.
c
Resistance to heat.
NOTE Multicoloured images (where colours constitute parts of the information content) are not possible
*
to produce from pens and stamps, and thus, only lightness difference ΔL is required to measure.
5.3 Visual appearance
5.3.1 Each element of the specimen images shall be clearly defined and easily legible when inspected
as described in 6.3. The colour strength shall be even, and the print density and colour intensity shall
be satisfactory by eye for each colour that is tested. Text characters shall be easily legible. Feathering or
strikethrough shall not be visible without magnification.
5.3.2 For printing or copying on paper, if traces of characters are detected outside the intended area
on the paper specimens, anywhere on the white sections of the paper, and the assessment is that this
appearance can interfere with the information content of the document, those specimens shall be
regarded as failed. Such incident is referred to as ghost printing.
5.3.3 For printing devices that can produce multicolours, this visual appearance requirement shall be
met for each base colour.
5.4 Lightfastness
After illumination in accordance with 6.4, images shall meet the requirements of colour fastness in 5.2.
5.5 Water resistance
After treatment with water in accordance with 6.5, images shall meet the requirements of colour
fastness in 5.2.
NOTE Resistance to forgery by chemicals may be important for some types of documents, such as banking
documents. ISO 12757-2 and ISO 14145-2 contain requirements on resistance to chemicals other than water.
The image shall also meet the requirements of 5.3.1 when inspected visually as described in 6.3.
However, noticeable traces of characters can occur on the white adjacent paper loaded against the
test piece. This is acceptable if the image on the test piece meets the requirements stated in the first
sentence of this paragraph.
Only a slight discolouration of the paper is accepted, ΔE < 5, when determined in accordance
background
with 6.5.
5.6 Transfer of recording
Test pieces kept in a stack under pressure as described in 6.6 shall show no evidence of blocking
(sticking) or damage to the images after separation. No characters, or parts of characters, shall be
visible on the adjacent paper, but traces of transfer in the form of small dots are acceptable if the image
on the test piece meets the requirements stated in the first sentence.
For printing devices that can produce multicolours, this requirement shall be met for each base colour.
5.7 Abrasion resistance
When testing abrasion resistance, the degree of abrasion resistance of the image shall be ≥ 75 % as
specified in 6.7. The abraded surface will be affected by the abrasion procedure, and when inspected
visually, smaller fibres of uniform size can be found, but larger fibres shall not be found.
Flaking of part of the image, causing partial deletions or voids, shall not occur on the test pieces
containing alphabetical characters when abraded as specified in 6.7, steps 8 to 9.
5.8 Resistance to heat
Images that have been exposed to heat in accordance with 6.8 shall meet the requirements of colour
fastness in 5.2. The image shall also meet the requirements of 5.3.1 when inspected visually as
described in 6.3.
5.9 Effects of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper
5.9.1 General
The mechanical strength of the paper may be affected by the recording process and by the recorded
image. Heat, radiation and chemical agents involved in the recording process may cause degradation of
the paper.
For paper documents prepared by recording processes that involves processes which may cause
degradation of the paper, the requirements of 5.9.2 and 5.9.3 shall be met in both machine- and
cross-directions of the paper. For paper documents prepared by recording processes where no such
processing occurs, only the requirements of 5.9.2 shall be met in both machine- and cross-direction of
the paper. In the case of, for example, ball-point pens, where specimens in accordance with 6.9.2 are
normally obtainable in one direction only, testing in one direction is accepted.
5.9.2 Tensile energy absorption
The tensile energy absorption of the test pieces with recorded images shall not be lowered by more
than 10 % as compared to the reference pieces (blank paper), when tested as described in 6.9.2. This
requirement applies to both the unaged test pieces as well as to the aged test pieces in accordance with
the accelerated ageing conditions described in 6.8.
5.9.3 Folding endurance
The folding endurance of the test pieces with recorded images shall not be lowered by more than 0,1
as compared to the reference pieces (blank paper), when tested as described in 6.9.3. This requirement
applies to both the unaged test pieces as well as to the aged test pieces in accordance with the
accelerated ageing conditions described in 6.8.
6 Test method and procedure
6.1 General
To comply with the requirements of document permanence and durability, nine test methods are
required in this document. These test methods assess the permanence and durability of recorded
information under different types of stresses from the storage or display environment to the ordinary
wear and tear during the usages.
For the testing, prepare specimens as described in each test method and in accordance with Clause 4
and Annex B.
6.2 Colour fastness
This test examines the colour fastness of recorded images and is a measure which is used to evaluate
the tests of lightfastness (see 6.4), water resistance (see 6.5) and resistance to heat (see 6.8).
To produce specimens for colour fastness from printing devices, use the printout template with colour
patches attached in C.3 and use the printout template 2, Figure C.4. Specimens from pens and stamps
shall be prepared according to B.4 and B.5.
From the specimens, prepare test pieces with colour patches of uniform colour that are appropriate in
size for the intended spectrophotometer. Perform measurements on the colour patches and determine
the CIELAB lightness and colour coordinates L*, a*, b* according to ISO 13655 prior to exposure
** * ** *
(coordinate La,,b ) and after exposure (coordinate La,,b ) of each test as described in 6.4, 6.5
00 0 11 1
and 6.8. Measurement condition M1 shall be used with the same paper used for recording as background.
For reliable measurement results, multiple test pieces shall be measured according to 6.4, 6.5 and 6.8.
Measurement instruments shall be calibrated in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
For printing devices that can produce multicoloured images, identify each base colour and perform
measurements on each colour individually, such as cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK). If spot
colours are used, measurements shall be performed on each spot colour with the same procedure.
Process colours shall not be used for the measurements. However, if there are difficulties to produce
specimens with completely pure colours for each base colour, exceptions can be made.
*
For pens and stamps, only the lightness shift ΔL shall be calculated using Formula (1). For printing
devices and other machines, make calculations of CIELAB lightness and colour differences (colour
* * * *
shifts) ΔL , Δa , Δb and ΔE as follows:
ab
*
— Calculate the lightness difference ΔL as shown in Formula (1);
** *
ΔLL=− L (1)
where
*
is the lightness coordinate after exposure;
L
*
is the lightness coordinate prior to exposure.
L
* *
— Calculate the differences Δa and Δb as shown in Formulae (2) and (3);
** *
Δaa=− a (2)
** *
Δbb=− b (3)
where
* *
are the coordinates after exposure;
a , b
1 1
* *
are the coordinates prior to exposure.
a , b
0 0
*
— Calculate the CIELAB colour difference ΔE (Euclidean distance between two points) as shown in
ab
Formula (4):
12/
22 2
** **
ΔΔEL= + ΔΔab+ (4)
() () ()
ab
NOTE There are 4 conditions relating illumination spectra specifications in ISO 13655. M0 corresponds to
the CIE illuminant A, as specified in ISO 5-3 for density measurements, in which UV spectra are not specified. M1
matches the CIE Illuminant D50, which include UV spectra equivalent to D50. M2 matches the CIE D50 spectra
in the visual range but excludes UV spectra to remove the effect of fluorescence caused by UV illumination. M3
is the illumination condition through a polarizer to suppress the influence of surface reflection on the colour
coordinates. M1 is used in this document to measure colour coordinates and their changes which correlate well
with colour appearance under the D50 illuminant determined by colourants and paper properties, and their
changes, i.e. degradation of optical brightener in papers in addition to colourant caused by light exposure.
6.3 Visual appearance
This test examines the appearance of recorded images, i.e., the readability of recorded information on
a document.
Prepare at least 5 specimens with recording of lines, alphabetical characters and patches of uniform
colour included (for printing devices, use the printout templates in C.3 and C.4, and for pens and stamps,
prepare specimens according to B.4 and B.5).
Inspect each specimen visually for defects, such as voids or broken characters, bad edge definition,
uneven colour, and others like traces of image characters outside the intended area using a magnifying
glass or an equivalent device at 8X magnification. Evaluate the density, legibility and colour intensity of
the recording. Inspect if feathering or strikethrough has occurred. Specimens from each colour shall be
inspected individually.
6.4 Lightfastness
This test examines if daylight through a window or strong indoor light has negative impact on recorded
images. Lightfastness is a measure of the ability of recorded images to withstand strong light exposure
with minimal change in colour tone. The colour change is calculated based on CIELAB measurements
performed before and after exposure to light.
Prepare test pieces as strips, so that measurements can be made on three images, according to 6.2.
Illuminate the test pieces with a xenon arc lamp through window glass filters in accordance with
method B of ISO 4892-2. Expose the test pieces for 60 h to achieve the UV-light dose of 0,108 J/m using
irradiance 50 W/m at broadband 300 nm to 400 nm. The black panel temperature shall be controlled
within (60 ± 3) °C and the humidity shall be controlled within (50 ± 5) % RH.
Determine the CIELAB lightness and colour differences for images as specified in 6.2. Calculate the
average values based on measurements of the three test pieces.
6.5 Water resistance
This test examines whether water contact, which might occur in the event of for example a water
leakage in an archive, has a negative impact on recorded images. Water resistance is a measure of the
ability of recorded images to withstand water damage with minimal change in colour tone. The colour
change is calculated based on CIELAB measurements performed before and after exposure to water.
Prepare, from specimens with approximately 10 % image coverage, test pieces as strips so that
measurements can be made on two images according to 6.2. Leave an area of the test piece free from
image and, if needed, use this area for determination of the colour change of the background.
Completely immerse the test pieces in glass tubes with deionized water for 24 h, with one tube for each
test piece. Lift the test pieces carefully onto a performance testing paper (see Annex A). Place a piece of
the performance testing paper on top of the test pieces and load with a pressure of 7 kPa. Remove the
paper and the load after 10 min. Leave the test pieces to dry.
Inspect the dry test pieces visually as described in 6.3. Determine the CIELAB lightness and colour
differences for images as specified in 6.2. Calculate average values based on the measurements of two
test pieces.
If a discolouration of the test piece is visually observed on the white parts of the paper, determine the
*
colour change of the paper background (ΔE ) by measuring the colour difference in ΔE
background ab
between a performance testing paper and the discoloured area on the test piece.
6.6 Transfer of recording
This test examines if recorded images kept in a stack has negative impact on the ability of recorded
images to remain intact on the paper substrate without being transferred to an adjacent paper. Transfer
of recording is estimated by separating test pieces k
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