ISO 26324:2025
(Main)Information and documentation — Digital object identifier system
Information and documentation — Digital object identifier system
This document specifies the syntax, description and resolution functional components of the digital object identifier system. It specifies the general principles for the creation, registration and administration of DOI names (where DOI is an initialism for “digital object identifier”). This document defines the syntax for a DOI name, which is used for the identification of an object of any material form (non-physical or physical) or an abstraction (such as a textual work) where there is a functional need to distinguish it from other objects. The DOI name does not replace, nor is it an alternative for, an identifier used in another scheme, such as the schemes defined by ISO/TC 46/SC 9. This document describes how the DOI system can be used in conjunction with another identifier scheme (for example, to provide additional functionality, such as resolution, where this is not already available), and how the character string of that other scheme can be integrated into the DOI system through system metadata or the DOI syntax or both. This document does not specify particular technologies to implement the syntax, description and resolution functional components of the digital object identifier system.
Information et documentation — Système d'identifiant numérique d'objet
Informatika in dokumentacija - Sistem identifikatorjev digitalnega objekta
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
International
Standard
ISO 26324
Third edition
Information and documentation —
2025-03
Digital object identifier system
Information et documentation — Système d'identifiant
numérique d'objet
Reference number
© ISO 2025
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 DOI name . 4
4.1 Syntax .4
4.1.1 General characteristics .4
4.1.2 DOI prefix .5
4.1.3 DOI suffix .6
4.2 Representation of DOI names .6
4.2.1 General .6
4.2.2 Visual media .6
4.2.3 URI form .6
4.2.4 URN form.6
4.2.5 HTTP proxy form .7
5 Assignment of DOI name . 7
5.1 Principles of assignment .7
5.2 Granularity .7
5.3 Description .8
5.4 Uniqueness .8
5.5 Persistence .8
6 Resolution of DOI name . 8
6.1 General .8
6.2 Functionality .8
7 System metadata . . 9
7.1 General .9
7.2 Functionality .9
7.3 Registration of system metadata .9
8 Administration of the DOI system . 9
Annex A (normative) Relationship between the DOI system and other identifier schemes .11
Annex B (normative) System metadata .13
Annex C (normative) Administration of the DOI system . 14
Annex D (informative) Summary of changes .16
Bibliography . 17
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation,
Subcommittee SC 9, Identification and description.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 26324:2022), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— case-sensitiveness of DOI names is clarified;
— the list of common representations of DOI names is updated;
— the specification of, and procedures associated with, the system metadata associated with each DOI
Name (see Annex B) are revised to reflect current practice;
— Annex D is replaced with a summary of changes across editions of this document.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
1)
The digital object identifier (DOI® ) system, which was first deployed in 1998, provides an infrastructure
for persistent unique identification of objects of any type.
DOI is an initialism for “digital object identifier”, meaning a “digital identifier of an object” rather than an
“identifier of a digital object”: DOI is not limited to digital objects and can be used to identify any abstract,
physical or non-physical object. In this document, the term “digital object identifier” refers to the system
defined in this document, unless otherwise stated.
Objects within the DOI system, i.e. referents, are identified by their DOI names. A DOI name is an opaque
string, which does not have a discernible meaning on its own and is for use by humans and machines alike.
Each DOI name is registered by a registrant.
To support diverse applications worldwide, a DOI name uses characters from the Unicode character set.
More specifically, it can use any Unicode character intended to be written, printed, or otherwise displayed in
a form that can be read by humans – formally referred to as a Graphic character.
With this flexibility comes ambiguities when representing or exchanging DOI names. For example:
— the character "Á" (Latin Capital Letter A with Acute) can be encoded either on its own or as the
character "A" (Latin Capital Letter A) followed by the combining character ◌́ (Combining Acute
Accent);
— multiple schemes (UTF-8, UTF-16 or UTF-32) can be used when serializing a DOI name to bytes for
interchange between machines;
— the glyph "Å " can either correspond to the Angstrom Sign or the Latin Capital Letter A with
Ring Above.
To avoid these pitfalls, this document specifies the syntax of a DOI name as a sequence of Unicode code
points, where each code point is an integer between 0 and 0x10FFFF, and the fundamental unit of encoding
in Unicode; and describes several representations appropriate for interchange and visual representation.
The assignment and administration of DOI names is handled by the DOI system, which offers a useful set of
functionalities, including:
— persistence, if material is moved, rearranged, or bookmarked,
— interoperability with other data from other sources,
— extensibility by adding new features and services through management of groups of DOI names,
— single management of data for multiple output formats (platform independence),
— class management of applications and services, and
— dynamic updating of metadata, applications and services.
The DOI system is designed to work over the Internet. A DOI name is permanently assigned to an object to
provide a resolvable persistent network link to current information about that object, including where the
object, or information about it, can be found on the Internet. While information about an object can change
over time, its DOI name will not change. A DOI name can be resolved within the DOI system to information
related to the identified object such as the location of metadata or a location of the object.
The DOI system enables the construction of automated services and transactions. Applications of the DOI
system include, but are not limited to, managing information and documentation locatio
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-2024
Informatika in dokumentacija - Sistem identifikatorjev digitalnega objekta
Information and documentation — Digital object identifier system
Information et documentation — Système d'identifiant numérique d'objet
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/DIS 26324
ICS:
01.140.20 Informacijske vede Information sciences
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/DIS 26324
ISO/TC 46/SC 9
Information and documentation —
Secretariat: ANSI
Digital object identifier system
Voting begins on:
Information et documentation — Système d'identifiant
2024-05-15
numérique d'objet
Voting terminates on:
ICS: 01.140.20 2024-08-07
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENTS AND APPROVAL. IT
IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE
AND MAY NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL
PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION.
Reference number
ISO/DIS 26324:2024(en)
DRAFT
ISO/DIS 26324:2024(en)
International
Standard
ISO/DIS 26324
ISO/TC 46/SC 9
Information and documentation —
Secretariat: ANSI
Digital object identifier system
Voting begins on:
Information et documentation — Système d'identifiant
numérique d'objet
Voting terminates on:
ICS: 01.140.20
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENTS AND APPROVAL. IT
IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE
AND MAY NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL
PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
© ISO 2024
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat. BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION.
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ISO/DIS 26324:2024(en)
ii
ISO/DIS 26324:2024(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 DOI name . 3
4.1 Syntax .3
4.1.1 General characteristics .3
4.1.2 DOI prefix .4
4.1.3 DOI suffix .5
4.2 Representation of DOI names .6
4.2.1 General .6
4.2.2 Visual media .6
4.2.3 URI form .6
4.2.4 URN form.6
4.2.5 HTTP proxy form .6
5 Assignment of DOI name . 7
5.1 Principles of assignment .7
5.2 Granularity .7
5.3 Description .7
5.4 Uniqueness .7
5.5 Persistence .7
6 Resolution of DOI name . 8
6.1 General .8
6.2 Functionality .8
7 System metadata . . 9
7.1 General .9
7.2 Functionality .9
7.3 Registration of system metadata .9
8 Administration of the DOI system . 9
Annex A (normative) Relationship between the DOI system and other identifier schemes .10
Annex B (normative) System metadata .12
Annex C (normative) Administration of the DOI system .13
Annex D (informative) Summary of changes .15
Bibliography .16
iii
ISO/DIS 26324:2024(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent
rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of
patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation,
Subcommittee SC 9, Identification and description.
This second edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 26324:2022), which has been technically
revised. The main changes are as follows.
— case-sensitiveness of DOI names is clarified;
— the list of common representations of DOI names is updated; and
— the specification of, and procedures associated with, the system metadata associated with each DOI
Name (Annex B) are revised to reflect current practice; and
— Annex D is replaced with a summary of changes across editions of this document.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
ISO/DIS 26324:2024(en)
Introduction
1)
The digital object identifier (DOI® ) system, which was first deployed in 1998, provides an infrastructure
for persistent unique identification of objects of any type.
DOI is an initialism for “digital object identifier”, meaning a “digital identifier of an object” rather than an
“identifier of a digital object”. In this document, the term “digital object identifier” refers to the system
defined in this document, unless otherwise stated.
Objects within the DOI system, i.e., referents, are identified by their DOI names. A DOI name is an opaque
string, which does not have a discernible meaning on its own and is for use by humans and machines alike.
Each DOI name is registered by a registrant.
To support diverse applications worldwide, a DOI name uses charac
...
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