ISO/TR 23791:2019
(Main)Road vehicles — Extended vehicle (ExVe) web services — Result of the risk assessment on ISO 20078 series
Road vehicles — Extended vehicle (ExVe) web services — Result of the risk assessment on ISO 20078 series
This document presents the assessment of the safety, security, competition, responsibilities, and data protection risks that can originate from the ISO 20078 series. In particular, the following risks are outside the scope of this assessment, because they relate to elements that are excluded from the scope of the ISO 20078 series: — the risks associated with the implementation of the ISO 20078 series; — the risks associated with the process that the accessing parties or any other parties would later on use to communicate the information they obtained; — the risks associated with the process used by the resource owner to provide, modify, or revoke their authorization to pass information; — the risks associated with the mitigation of the risks, should such a mitigation be necessary.
Véhicules routiers — Web services du véhicule étendu (ExVe) — Résultats de l'évaluation des risques de la série de normes ISO 20078
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Standards Content (Sample)
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 23791
First edition
2019-09
Road vehicles — Extended vehicle
(ExVe) web services — Result of the
risk assessment on ISO 20078 series
Véhicules routiers — Web services du véhicule étendu (ExVe) —
Résultats de l'évaluation des risques de la série de normes ISO 20078
Reference number
©
ISO 2019
© ISO 2019
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ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 3
4 General result of the risk assessment . 3
5 Categories of the assessed risks . 3
6 Assessment of the risks r elated to the safety of the persons and the goods during
the ExVe life cycle . 3
6.1 Safety risks considered . 3
6.2 Analysis of the situation presented by the ISO 20078 series . 4
6.2.1 SAFE 1: Possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle
(numerous requests) . . 4
6.2.2 SAFE 2: Possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle
(frequent requests) . . . 4
6.2.3 SAFE 3: Possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle
(unexpected requests) . 5
6.2.4 SAFE 4: Possible illicit or malicious remote control of vehicles . 5
6.2.5 SAFE 5: Lack of compatibility with the existing systems and mechanisms . 5
6.2.6 SAFE 6: Failures of the remote communication solution itself of the ExVe
(including the back-end system of the manufacturer) . 6
6.2.7 SAFE 7: Lack of consideration of the complete ExVe life cycle. 6
6.2.8 SAFE 8: Risks related to the design validation process . 6
6.2.9 SAFE 9: Lack of misuse prevention . 6
6.2.10 SAFE 10: Lack of, or inappropriate measures aiming at reducing the risks
in case of illicit or malicious remote control of vehicles. 7
6.3 Conclusion: Assessment of the safety risks possibly originating from the
ISO 20078 series . 7
7 Assessment of the risks associat ed to the security of the ExVe communication system .8
7.1 Security risks considered . 8
7.2 Analysis of the situation presented by the ISO 20078 series . 8
7.2.1 General considerations relative to the specification of the OAuth2 framework . 8
7.2.2 General consideration related to cybersecurity . 8
7.2.3 SEC 1: Risks related to integrity and authenticity. 8
7.2.4 SEC 2: Security risks at vehicle systems that are not located at the moving
vehicle . 9
7.2.5 SEC 3: Risks related to the consequences of a complete or partial
cybersecurity breach (this includes safety, security, competition,
confidentiality and data protection risks) . 9
7.2.6 SEC 4: Lack of misuse prevention measures . 9
7.3 Conclusion: Assessment of the security risks possibly originating from the
ISO 20078 series .10
8 Assessment of the risks associat ed to the fair competition among the concerned actors .10
8.1 Competition risks considered .10
8.2 Analysis of the situation presented by the ISO 20078 series .10
8.2.1 Involved actors .10
8.2.2 FAIR 1: Possible misuse of the acquired knowledge .11
8.2.3 FAIR 2: Possible gaining of unique knowledge of the market through
monitoring . .11
8.2.4 FAIR 3: Possible gaining of unique knowledge of the customer’s behaviour
through monitoring .12
8.2.5 FAIR 4: Competition risks among the involved parties .12
8.2.6 FAIR 5: Risk of excluding competitors from playing roles .12
8.2.7 FAIR 6: Risks related to the development of new after-sales applications .12
8.2.8 FAIR 7: Competition risks among manufacturers and/or vehicle
components (systems) suppliers . .13
8.3 Conclusion: Assessment of the competition risks possibly originating from the
ISO 20078 series .13
9 Assessment of the risks r elated to the responsibility of the concerned actors .13
9.1 Liability and responsibility .13
9.2 Analysis of the situation presented by the ISO 20078 series .14
9.3 Conclusion: Assessment of the risks related to the responsibility of the concerned
actors possibly originating from the ISO 20078 series .14
10 Assessment of the risks r elated to the protection of the resources owned by the
resource owner (data protection) .14
10.1 Data protection risks considered .14
10.2 Analysis of the situation presented by the ISO 20078 series .15
10.3 Conclusion: Assessment of the risks related to the protection of the resources
owned by the resource owner and possibly originating from the ISO 20078 series
(data protection risks).16
Annex A (informative) Assessment of safety risks .17
Annex B (informative) Assessment of security risks .26
Annex C (informative) Assessment of competition risks .29
Annex D (informative) Assessment of the risks related to responsibility and liability of the
concerned actors .35
Annex E (informative) Assessment of data protection risks.37
Bibliography .39
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
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expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 31,
Data communication.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
Introduction
The ISO 20078 series specifies a possible web service to implement a certain web interface of the
Extended Vehicle, depending on the concerned use case.
The development of this series has revealed several fears about possible risks related to safety, security,
competition, liability, and data protection that may originate from that interface.
To address these fears, a list of criteria was first developed to be considered independently of the
considered interface. This list is the object of ISO/TR 23786.
This list was then used for assessing the risks originating from the ISO 20078 series and concept to
issue this document.
Finally, the risk assessment demonstrated that there are no risks resulting from the ISO 20078 series
itself, however, there may be risks resulting from an implementation of that series.
vi © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 23791:2019(E)
Road vehicles — Extended vehicle (ExVe) web services —
Result of the risk assessment on ISO 20078 series
1 Scope
This document presents the assessment of the safety, security, competition, responsibilities, and data
protection risks that can originate from the ISO 20078 series.
In particular, the following risks are outside the scope of this assessment, because they relate to
elements that are excluded from the scope of the ISO 20078 series:
— the risks associated with the implementation of the ISO 20078 series;
— the risks associated with the process that the accessing parties or any other parties would later on
use to communicate the information they obtained;
— the risks associated with the process used by the resource owner to provide, modify, or revoke their
authorization to pass information;
— the risks associated with the mitigation of the risks, should such a mitigation be necessary.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1.1
accessing party
entity which accesses resources (3.1.8) via web services (3.1.11)
[SOURCE: ISO 20078-1:2019, 3.1.6, modified — Notes to entry have been deleted.]
3.1.2
authorization provider
entity at the offering party (3.1.7) that manages the access rights to resources and resource owner (3.1.9)
information
[SOURCE: ISO 20078-1:2019, 3.1.9, modified —Note 1 to entry has been deleted.]
3.1.3
extended vehicle
ExVe
entity, still in accordance with the specifications of the vehicle manufacturer, that extends beyond the
physical boundaries of the road vehicle and consists of the road vehicle, off-board systems, external
interfaces, and the data communication between the road-vehicle and the off-board systems
[SOURCE: ISO 20077-1:2017, 3.5, modified — Note 1 to entry has been deleted.]
3.1.4
ExVe manufacturer
vehicle manufacturer responsible for the extended vehicle (3.1.3)
[SOURCE: ISO 20077-1:2017, 3.6]
3.1.5
identity provider
entity responsible for authentication (identification) of users, through the use of credentials
Note 1 to entry: Offering party confirms the identity of the authenticated resource owner.
[SOURCE: ISO 20078-1:2019, 3.1.7, modified —Note 2 to entry has been deleted.]
3.1.6
intermediate body
party that manages the authorizations given by the resource owner (3.1.9) to communicate resources to
the accessing party (3.1.1) via web service (3.1.11)
3.1.7
offering party
entity who provides web services (3.1.11) access to resources (3.1.8)
[SOURCE: ISO 20078-1:2019, 3.1.3.]
3.1.8
resource
data, aggregated information or functionalities of the connected vehicle
[SOURCE: ISO 20078-1:201, 3.2.1, modified —Note 1 to entry has been deleted.]
3.1.9
resource owner
responsible party for the resource(s) (3.1.8)
Note 1 to entry: The resource owner is responsible for granting, denying, and revoking access to resource(s).
Note 2 to entry: The responsible resource owner is determined by the concrete resource.
[SOURCE: ISO 20078-1:2019, 3.1.4.]
3.1.10
resource provider
entity at the offering party (3.1.7) that protects and provides resources (3.1.8)
[SOURCE: ISO 20078-1:2019, 3.1.8.]
3.1.11
web service
software system, with an interface described in a machine-processable format, and designed to support
interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network
[SOURCE: ISO 20077-1:2017, 3.21.]
2 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
3.2 Abbreviated terms
ExVe Extended Vehicle
VM Vehicle Manufacturer
4 General result of the risk assessment
This document presents a risk assessment of the ISO 20078 series. This means it intends to answer
to the following question: “Does the ISO 20078 series generate any safety, security, competition,
responsibility, liability, or data protection risks?”
The answer is NO: The ISO 20078 series does not generate any safety, security, competition,
responsibility, liability, or data protection risks.
Nevertheless, the risk assessment did not consider the manner the ISO 20078 series is implemented.
Therefore, there may be safety, security, competition, responsibility, liability, or data protection risks
resulting from implementation.
It is therefore recommended to conduct a risk assessment by the vehicle manufacturer on safety,
security, competition, responsibility, liability, or data protection for the individual implemented
solution.
5 Categories of the assessed risks
In this document, the risks that have been assessed are the one listed in ISO/TR 23786. They are
regrouped as follows:
— safety risks: risks related to the safety of persons and goods during the vehicle life cycle;
— security risks: risks associated to the security of the vehicle communication system;
— competition risks: risks associated to the fair competition among the concerned actors;
— responsibility and liability risks: risks related to the responsibility and liability of the concerned
actors;
— data protection risks: risks related to the protection of the resources owned by the resource owner.
More precisely, the assessment results from the answer to the following question: “Can the ExVe web
service interface, when designed according to the ISO 20078 series for a certain use case, present safety,
security, competition, responsibility, liability, or data protection risks originating from that series?”
The risks resulting from the implementation of the ISO 20078 series are excluded from the assessment.
In particular, when implementing the ISO 20078 series, the ExVe manufacturer will design all the
arbitration mechanisms, including the mechanisms aiming at mitigating the risks. To address these
risks the ExVe manufacturer is invited to apply the design methodology specified in ISO 20077-2.
6 Assessment of the risks r elated to the safety of the persons and the goods
during the ExVe life cycle
6.1 Safety risks considered
“Can the ExVe web service interface, when designed according to the ISO 20078 series for a certain use
case, present safety risks originating from that series?”
The safety risks considered for this assessment are the following:
— overload safety risks that are not resulting from cybersecurity issues or problems:
— SAFE 1. Possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle (numerous simultaneous
requests);
— SAFE 2. Possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle (frequent requests);
— SAFE 3. Possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle (unexpected requests);
— SAFE 4. Possible illicit or malicious remote control of vehicles;
— SAFE 5. Lack of compatibility with the existing systems and mechanisms;
— SAFE 6. Failures of the remote communication solution itself of the ExVe (including the VM
back-end server when applicable);
— SAFE 7. Lack of consideration of the complete vehicle life cycle;
— SAFE 8. Risks related to the design validation process;
— SAFE 9. Lack of misuse prevention;
— safety risks that are resulting from cybersecurity issues or problems:
— SAFE 10. Lack of, or inappropriate measures aiming at reducing the risks in case of illicit or
malicious remote control of vehicles;
— SAFE 11. Other safety risks resulting from cybersecurity issues or problems.
NOTE In these two lists the electronic system encompasses both the hardware and the software.
6.2 Analysis of the situation presented by the ISO 20078 series
6.2.1 SAFE 1: Possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle (numerous
requests)
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series generate safety risks related to a possible overload of the electronic system
of the moving vehicle in the case of several requests at the same time?”
The answer is NO.
The safety risks related to a possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle in the case
of several requests at the same time are only related to the implementation of the ISO 20078 series.
The series reduces these risks because it introduces the interface at the backend server of the
manufacturer. However, the ISO 20078 series does not provide any recommendation regarding
that implementation. It is suggested that the ISO 20078 series could recommend designing this
implementation according to the methodology specified in ISO 20077-2.
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex A.
6.2.2 SAFE 2: Possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle (frequent
requests)
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series generate risks related to highly frequently repeated requests?”
The answer is NO.
4 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
The safety risks related to a possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle in the case
of frequently repeated requests are only related to the implementation of the ISO 20078 series.
The series reduces these risks because it introduces the interface at the backend server of the
manufacturer. However, the ISO 20078 series does not provide any recommendation regarding
that implementation. It is suggested that the ISO 20078 series could recommend designing this
implementation according to the methodology specified in ISO 20077-2.
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex A.
6.2.3 SAFE 3: Possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle (unexpected
requests)
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series generate risks related to unexpected requests?”
The answer is NO.
The safety risks related to a possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle in the case
of unexpected requests are only related to the implementation of the ISO 20078 series.
The ISO 20078 concept, by introducing the web-service communication via the back-end server of
the vehicle manufacturer, enables a possible substantial reduction of these risks, should the vehicle
manufacturer appropriately design this backend server.
It is recommended unexpected requests be denied. However, the ISO 20078 series does not provide
any such recommendation. It is suggested that the ISO 20078 series could recommend designing this
implementation according to the methodology specified in ISO 20077-2.
The detailed analysis addressing this question may be found in Annex A.
6.2.4 SAFE 4: Possible illicit or malicious remote control of vehicles
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series prohibit illicit or malicious remote control of vehicles, or an illicit or
malicious remote activation of systems and components? Actively?”
The answer is NO.
The safety risks related to a possible illicit or malicious remote control of vehicles, or an illicit or
malicious remote activation of systems and components are only related to the implementation of the
ISO 20078 series.
The ISO 20078 concept, by introducing the web-service communication via the back-end server of
the vehicle manufacturer, enables a possible substantial reduction of these risks, should the vehicle
manufacturer appropriately design this backend server.
However, the ISO 20078 series introduces concepts that may facilitate the introduction of mechanisms
aiming at actively preventing or limiting uncontrolled or malicious remote take of control of vehicles, or
an uncontrolled or malicious remote activation of systems and components.
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex A.
6.2.5 SAFE 5: Lack of compatibility with the existing systems and mechanisms
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series generate risks related the lack of compatibility with the existing design of
the vehicle?”
The answer is NO.
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 concept address the risks related to the lack of compatibility with the existing
design of the vehicle?”
The answer is YES.
The ISO 20078 concept, by introducing the web-service communication via the back-end server of
the vehicle manufacturer, enables a possible substantial reduction of these risks, should the vehicle
manufacturer appropriately design this backend server.
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex A.
6.2.6 SAFE 6: Failures of the remote communication solution itself of the ExVe (including the
back-end system of the manufacturer)
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series generate safety risks in the case when e.g. the back-end server is down
(internal failures, hacking, etc…)?”
The answer is NO.
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex A.
6.2.7 SAFE 7: Lack of consideration of the complete ExVe life cycle
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series generate safety risks related to requests that are inappropriate in the actual
life cycle phase of the running vehicle?”
The answer is NO.
However, such safety issues may occur in the case of a dysfunction of the processes informing the
authorization provider of a change of the life cycle stage (manufacturing, sales, operation, maintenance
and repair, end of life).
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex A.
6.2.8 SAFE 8: Risks related to the design validation process
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series generate safety risks related to the validation of the design process and its
traceability?”
The answer is NO.
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex A.
6.2.9 SAFE 9: Lack of misuse prevention
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 concept permit a limitation of the passed information to avoid safety issues?”
The answer is YES.
To the question:
6 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
“Does the ISO 20078 series specify or recommend a limitation of the passed information to avoid safety
issues?”
The answer is NO.
Addressing the issue is left by the ISO 20078 series to external actors (for example those involved at the
implementation stage of the series or at the specification of the considered use-cases).
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex A.
6.2.10 SAFE 10: Lack of, or inappropriate measures aiming at reducing the risks in case of illicit
or malicious remote control of vehicles
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series contain mechanisms or processes reducing the safety risks presented by a
remote control”?
The answer is YES.
However, the ISO 20078 series only partially addresses these risks because, while there is no guarantee
that the accessing party is free from impersonation risks (e.g. ID theft upstream its own accessing
request), the ISO 20078 series does not contain any recommendation for considering and possibly
limiting these risks (out of scope).
The ISO 20078 concept, by introducing the web-service communication via the back-end server of
the vehicle manufacturer, enables a possible substantial reduction of these risks, should the vehicle
manufacturer appropriately design this backend server.
The detailed analysis addressing these questions can be found in Annex A.
6.3 Conclusion: Assessment of the safety risks possibly originating from the
ISO 20078 series
The analysis of the ISO 20078 series regarding the possible safety risks considered in this document
have permitted to demonstrate:
— that the ISO 20078 concept per se, by introducing the concept of communicating via the back-end
server of the manufacturer, enables the vehicle manufacturer to endorse its full responsibility for
ensuring the safety of the persons and the goods during the ExVe life cycle;
— that the ISO 20078 series does not generate any risk relative to the persons and the goods during
the ExVe life cycle;
— that some of the risks relative to the safety of the persons and the goods are related to the
way the ISO 20078 series is implemented (see e.g. the arbitration mechanisms) and not to
the ISO 20078 series per se (it has not been possible to find a safety risk originating from the
ISO 20078 series itself);
— that the ISO 20078 series does not address these implementation risks; in particular, the
ISO 20078 series does not recommend any measure that may help preventing these risks, such
as, but not limited to the use of the design methodology specified in ISO 20077-2 for designing
this implementation.
7 Assessment of the risks associated to the security of the ExVe
communication system
7.1 Security risks considered
“Can the ExVe web service interface, when designed according to the ISO 20078 series, present security
risks originating from the series?”
The security risks considered for this assessment are the following:
— SEC 1. Risks related to integrity and authenticity;
— SEC 2. Risks at vehicle systems that are not located at the moving vehicle;
— SEC 3. Risks related to the consequences of a complete or partial cybersecurity breach (this includes
safety, security, competition, confidentiality and data protection risks);
— SEC 4. Lack of misuse prevention measures.
7.2 Analysis of the situation presented by the ISO 20078 series
7.2.1 General considerations relative to the specification of the OAuth2 framework
The ISO 20078 series specifies that the web service interface shall be designed according to the OAuth2
framework. This may be considered as the major contribution of the series to address the security risks
according to the 2018 state-of-the-art.
ISO 20078-3 references several cyber-security guidelines and relevant material for considering the
security risks.
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex B.
7.2.2 General consideration related to cybersecurity
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series address the 2018 state-of-the-art cybersecurity risks?”
The answer is YES.
The ISO 20078 series addresses the 2018 state-of-the-art cybersecurity risks. Nevertheless, due to its
scope, the ISO 20078 series does not address the state-of-the-art cybersecurity risks at all stages of the
communication between the vehicle and the service provider who is directly in contact with the vehicle
operator.
Recommending (without requiring) the ExVe manufacturer that implements the ISO 20078 series to
design this implementation according to the ISO 20077-2 methodology may help better addressing the
cybersecurity risks.
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex B.
7.2.3 SEC 1: Risks related to integrity and authenticity
To the question:
“Does the solution prevent the manipulation of the system (e.g. regarding integrity and authenticity)?”
The answer is YES.
However, the final level of integrity and authenticity, that involves all actors in the process, is conditioned
by implementation of the ISO 20078 series.
8 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex B.
7.2.4 SEC 2: Security risks at vehicle systems that are not located at the moving vehicle
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series address security risks at other places than the vehicle itself?”
The answer is YES.
The ISO 20078 series addresses the security risks related to the communication between the back-end
server of the manufacturer and the accessing party.
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series address all security risks at other places than at the vehicle itself?”
The answer is NO.
The ISO 20078 series only specifies a web service solution at the back-end server of the manufacturer.
The off-board components of the extended vehicle (including the back-end system itself) as well as the
equipment of the accessing parties are outside the scope of the ISO 20078 series.
There may be security risks related to these components but the manner to address them is outside of
the scope of the ISO 20078 series.
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex B.
7.2.5 SEC 3: Risks related to the consequences of a complete or partial cybersecurity breach
(this includes safety, security, competition, confidentiality and data protection risks)
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series include measures that limit the consequences of a security breach?”
The answer is YES.
These measures are mainly specified in ISO 20078-2.
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex B.
7.2.6 SEC 4: Lack of misuse prevention measures
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series include misuse prevention measures?”
The answer is YES.
This answer is primarily based on the fact that the ISO 20078 series is based on the OAuth2 framework,
but there are also important other technical measures that complete this assertion.
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex B.
7.3 Conclusion: Assessment of the security risks possibly originating from the
ISO 20078 series
The analysis of the ISO 20078 series regarding the possible security risks considered in this
document have permitted to demonstrate:
— that the ISO 20078 series mainly addresses the security risks by specifying the OAuth2 framework;
— that the ISO 20078 series does not address nor provide any recommendation for addressing the
security risks related to its implementation and to the components or communication systems
outside its scope.
8 Assessment of the risks associat ed to the fair competition among the
concerned actors
8.1 Competition risks considered
“Can the ExVe web service interface, when designed according to the ISO 20078 series for a certain use
case, present competition risks originating from the series?”
The competition risks considered for this assessment are the following:
— FAIR 1. Possible misuse of the acquired knowledge;
— FAIR 2. Possible gaining of unique knowledge of the market through monitoring;
— FAIR 3. Possible gaining of unique knowledge of the customer’s behaviour through monitoring;
— FAIR 4. Competition risks among the involved parties;
— FAIR 5. Risk of excluding competitors from playing roles;
— FAIR 6. Risks related to the development of new after-sales applications;
— FAIR 7. Competition risks among manufacturers.
8.2 Analysis of the situation presented by the ISO 20078 series
8.2.1 Involved actors
To address these risks, it should be first considered who are the involved parties that can be affected by
an unfair competition situation. This is illustrated in Figure 1.
As the ISO 20078 series is fundamentally based on the OAuth2 process to secure the communication
according to the 2018 state-of-art, the ExVe manufacturer is always resource provider, authorization
provider, and in case of the personal data of the resource owner also identity provider. The difference
between the two cases illustrated in Figure 1 lies in the magnitude of the authorization managed by the
vehicle manufacturer in its role of authorization provider.
The ISO 20078 series mainly focuses on the case when the full authorization role is given to the vehicle
manufacturer (see example in green in Figure 1). In this case, it verifies for each and every request that
the resource owner has authorized to provide the requested information to the concerned party(ies)
and under the actual circumstances.
The ISO 20078 series is also fully compatible with use-cases where the main authorization role is given to
one or several intermediate bodies (see example in red in Figure 1). In the example of Figure 1 the ExVe
manufacturer only knows for each and every request who is the intermediate body, what is the information
that is requested. It only verifies that the resource owner has authorized the concerned intermediate body
10 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
to receive information. Such use-cases are nevertheless not technically described in the ISO 20078 series
and may be additionally defined by a description/specification for an intermediate body.
Figure 1 — Two communication cases: With and without an intermediate body
8.2.2 FAIR 1: Possible misuse of the acquired knowledge
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series generates or address competition risks related to the ability for any of the
involved parties to misuse the data they have knowledge of due to their role(s) in the specified process?”
The answer is NO.
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex C.
8.2.3 FAIR 2: Possible gaining of unique knowledge of the market through monitoring
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series generate or address competition risks because, through monitoring, the
ExVe manufacturer gains unique knowledge of the market (for a certain, e.g. brand specific, after-sales
service)?”
The answer is NO.
The ISO 20078 series neither generates nor addresses the considered competition risk. This risk is
related to the manner the ExVe manufacturer implements the ISO 20078 series. This risk is not limited
to the ExVe manufacturer.
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex C.
8.2.4 FAIR 3: Possible gaining of unique knowledge of the customer’s behaviour through
monitoring
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series generate or address competition risks because, through monitoring, the
ExVe manufacturer gains unique knowledge of the customer’s behaviour?”
The answer is NO.
The ISO 20078 series neither generates nor addresses the considered competition risk. This risk is
related to the manner the ExVe manufacturer implements the ISO 20078 series. This risk is not limited
to the ExVe manufacturer.
In fact, the risk is not specific to the ISO 20078 series because, through monitoring, several competing
parties may have a unique knowledge of the customer’s behaviour.
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex C.
8.2.5 FAIR 4: Competition risks among the involved parties
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series generate or address competition risks among the actors involved in the
series?”
The answer is NO.
The ISO 20078 series neither generates nor addresses competition risks among the actors involved in
the series. These risks are linked with:
— the manner the ExVe manufacturer implements the ISO 20078 series, and
— the manner the accessing party and/or the intermediate body manage the knowledge they may
have acquired through monitoring.
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex C.
8.2.6 FAIR 5: Risk of excluding competitors from playing roles
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series exclude competitors from the market place to become, e.g. authorization
provider, without technical justifications?”
The answer is NO.
The ISO 20078 series does not preclude any party to be an intermediate body and to have accordingly
access to the competition sensitive information.
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex C.
8.2.7 FAIR 6: Risks related to the development of new after-sales applications
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series impact the competition risks among the parties aiming at the development
of similar but different applications?”
The answer is NO.
To the question:
12 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
“Does the ISO 20078 series impact the competition risks related to the availability in a non-
discriminatory manner of information that is necessary for developing new services and that has not
yet been made available?”
The answer is NO.
The ISO 20078 series is not impacting these risks.
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex C.
8.2.8 FAIR 7: Competition risks among manufacturers and/or vehicle components (systems)
suppliers
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series generate risks related to the competition among vehicle manufacturers and/
or vehicle components (systems) suppliers?”
The answer is NO.
To the question:
...
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