ISO/TR 23791:2019
(Main)Road vehicles — Extended vehicle (ExVe) web services — Result of the risk assessment on ISO 20078 series
Road vehicles — Extended vehicle (ExVe) web services — Result of the risk assessment on ISO 20078 series
This document presents the assessment of the safety, security, competition, responsibilities, and data protection risks that can originate from the ISO 20078 series. In particular, the following risks are outside the scope of this assessment, because they relate to elements that are excluded from the scope of the ISO 20078 series: — the risks associated with the implementation of the ISO 20078 series; — the risks associated with the process that the accessing parties or any other parties would later on use to communicate the information they obtained; — the risks associated with the process used by the resource owner to provide, modify, or revoke their authorization to pass information; — the risks associated with the mitigation of the risks, should such a mitigation be necessary.
Véhicules routiers — Web services du véhicule étendu (ExVe) — Résultats de l'évaluation des risques de la série de normes ISO 20078
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 23791
First edition
2019-09
Road vehicles — Extended vehicle
(ExVe) web services — Result of the
risk assessment on ISO 20078 series
Véhicules routiers — Web services du véhicule étendu (ExVe) —
Résultats de l'évaluation des risques de la série de normes ISO 20078
Reference number
ISO/TR 23791:2019(E)
©
ISO 2019
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ISO/TR 23791:2019(E)
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ISO/TR 23791:2019(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 3
4 General result of the risk assessment . 3
5 Categories of the assessed risks . 3
6 Assessment of the risks r elated to the safety of the persons and the goods during
the ExVe life cycle . 3
6.1 Safety risks considered . 3
6.2 Analysis of the situation presented by the ISO 20078 series . 4
6.2.1 SAFE 1: Possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle
(numerous requests) . . 4
6.2.2 SAFE 2: Possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle
(frequent requests) . . . 4
6.2.3 SAFE 3: Possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle
(unexpected requests) . 5
6.2.4 SAFE 4: Possible illicit or malicious remote control of vehicles . 5
6.2.5 SAFE 5: Lack of compatibility with the existing systems and mechanisms . 5
6.2.6 SAFE 6: Failures of the remote communication solution itself of the ExVe
(including the back-end system of the manufacturer) . 6
6.2.7 SAFE 7: Lack of consideration of the complete ExVe life cycle. 6
6.2.8 SAFE 8: Risks related to the design validation process . 6
6.2.9 SAFE 9: Lack of misuse prevention . 6
6.2.10 SAFE 10: Lack of, or inappropriate measures aiming at reducing the risks
in case of illicit or malicious remote control of vehicles. 7
6.3 Conclusion: Assessment of the safety risks possibly originating from the
ISO 20078 series . 7
7 Assessment of the risks associat ed to the security of the ExVe communication system .8
7.1 Security risks considered . 8
7.2 Analysis of the situation presented by the ISO 20078 series . 8
7.2.1 General considerations relative to the specification of the OAuth2 framework . 8
7.2.2 General consideration related to cybersecurity . 8
7.2.3 SEC 1: Risks related to integrity and authenticity. 8
7.2.4 SEC 2: Security risks at vehicle systems that are not located at the moving
vehicle . 9
7.2.5 SEC 3: Risks related to the consequences of a complete or partial
cybersecurity breach (this includes safety, security, competition,
confidentiality and data protection risks) . 9
7.2.6 SEC 4: Lack of misuse prevention measures . 9
7.3 Conclusion: Assessment of the security risks possibly originating from the
ISO 20078 series .10
8 Assessment of the risks associat ed to the fair competition among the concerned actors .10
8.1 Competition risks considered .10
8.2 Analysis of the situation presented by the ISO 20078 series .10
8.2.1 Involved actors .10
8.2.2 FAIR 1: Possible misuse of the acquired knowledge .11
8.2.3 FAIR 2: Possible gaining of unique knowledge of the market through
monitoring . .11
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ISO/TR 23791:2019(E)
8.2.4 FAIR 3: Possible gaining of unique knowledge of the customer’s behaviour
through monitoring .12
8.2.5 FAIR 4: Competition risks among the involved parties .12
8.2.6 FAIR 5: Risk of excluding competitors from playing roles .12
8.2.7 FAIR 6: Risks related to the development of new after-sales applications .12
8.2.8 FAIR 7: Competition risks among manufacturers and/or vehicle
components (systems) suppliers . .13
8.3 Conclusion: Assessment of the competition risks possibly originating from the
ISO 20078 series .13
9 Assessment of the risks r elated to the responsibility of the concerned actors .13
9.1 Liability and responsibility .13
9.2 Analysis of the situation presented by the ISO 20078 series .14
9.3 Conclusion: Assessment of the risks related to the responsibility of the concerned
actors possibly originating from the ISO 20078 series .14
10 Assessment of the risks r elated to the protection of the resources owned by the
resource owner (data protection) .14
10.1 Data protection risks considered .14
10.2 Analysis of the situation presented by the ISO 20078 series .15
10.3 Conclusion: Assessment of the risks related to the protection of the resources
owned by the resource owner and possibly originating from the ISO 20078 series
(data protection risks).16
Annex A (informative) Assessment of safety risks .17
Annex B (informative) Assessment of security risks .26
Annex C (informative) Assessment of competition risks .29
Annex D (informative) Assessment of the risks related to responsibility and liability of the
concerned actors .35
Annex E (informative) Assessment of data protection risks.37
Bibliography .39
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ISO/TR 23791:2019(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
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ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
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constitute an endorsement.
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expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 31,
Data communication.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
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ISO/TR 23791:2019(E)
Introduction
The ISO 20078 series specifies a possible web service to implement a certain web interface of the
Extended Vehicle, depending on the concerned use case.
The development of this series has revealed several fears about possible risks related to safety, security,
competition, liability, and data protection that may originate from that interface.
To address these fears, a list of criteria was first developed to be considered independently of the
considered interface. This list is the object of ISO/TR 23786.
This list was then used for assessing the risks originating from the ISO 20078 series and concept to
issue this document.
Finally, the risk assessment demonstrated that there are no risks resulting from the ISO 20078 series
itself, however, there may be risks resulting from an implementation of that series.
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 23791:2019(E)
Road vehicles — Extended vehicle (ExVe) web services —
Result of the risk assessment on ISO 20078 series
1 Scope
This document presents the assessment of the safety, security, competition, responsibilities, and data
protection risks that can originate from the ISO 20078 series.
In particular, the following risks are outside the scope of this assessment, because they relate to
elements that are excluded from the scope of the ISO 20078 series:
— the risks associated with the implementation of the ISO 20078 series;
— the risks associated with the process that the accessing parties or any other parties would later on
use to communicate the information they obtained;
— the risks associated with the process used by the resource owner to provide, modify, or revoke their
authorization to pass information;
— the risks associated with the mitigation of the risks, should such a mitigation be necessary.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1.1
accessing party
entity which accesses resources (3.1.8) via web services (3.1.11)
[SOURCE: ISO 20078-1:2019, 3.1.6, modified — Notes to entry have been deleted.]
3.1.2
authorization provider
entity at the offering party (3.1.7) that manages the access rights to resources and resource owner (3.1.9)
information
[SOURCE: ISO 20078-1:2019, 3.1.9, modified —Note 1 to entry has been deleted.]
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ISO/TR 23791:2019(E)
3.1.3
extended vehicle
ExVe
entity, still in accordance with the specifications of the vehicle manufacturer, that extends beyond the
physical boundaries of the road vehicle and consists of the road vehicle, off-board systems, external
interfaces, and the data communication between the road-vehicle and the off-board systems
[SOURCE: ISO 20077-1:2017, 3.5, modified — Note 1 to entry has been deleted.]
3.1.4
ExVe manufacturer
vehicle manufacturer responsible for the extended vehicle (3.1.3)
[SOURCE: ISO 20077-1:2017, 3.6]
3.1.5
identity provider
entity responsible for authentication (identification) of users, through the use of credentials
Note 1 to entry: Offering party confirms the identity of the authenticated resource owner.
[SOURCE: ISO 20078-1:2019, 3.1.7, modified —Note 2 to entry has been deleted.]
3.1.6
intermediate body
party that manages the authorizations given by the resource owner (3.1.9) to communicate resources to
the accessing party (3.1.1) via web service (3.1.11)
3.1.7
offering party
entity who provides web services (3.1.11) access to resources (3.1.8)
[SOURCE: ISO 20078-1:2019, 3.1.3.]
3.1.8
resource
data, aggregated information or functionalities of the connected vehicle
[SOURCE: ISO 20078-1:201, 3.2.1, modified —Note 1 to entry has been deleted.]
3.1.9
resource owner
responsible party for the resource(s) (3.1.8)
Note 1 to entry: The resource owner is responsible for granting, denying, and revoking access to resource(s).
Note 2 to entry: The responsible resource owner is determined by the concrete resource.
[SOURCE: ISO 20078-1:2019, 3.1.4.]
3.1.10
resource provider
entity at the offering party (3.1.7) that protects and provides resources (3.1.8)
[SOURCE: ISO 20078-1:2019, 3.1.8.]
3.1.11
web service
software system, with an interface described in a machine-processable format, and designed to support
interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network
[SOURCE: ISO 20077-1:2017, 3.21.]
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ISO/TR 23791:2019(E)
3.2 Abbreviated terms
ExVe Extended Vehicle
VM Vehicle Manufacturer
4 General result of the risk assessment
This document presents a risk assessment of the ISO 20078 series. This means it intends to answer
to the following question: “Does the ISO 20078 series generate any safety, security, competition,
responsibility, liability, or data protection risks?”
The answer is NO: The ISO 20078 series does not generate any safety, security, competition,
responsibility, liability, or data protection risks.
Nevertheless, the risk assessment did not consider the manner the ISO 20078 series is implemented.
Therefore, there may be safety, security, competition, responsibility, liability, or data protection risks
resulting from implementation.
It is therefore recommended to conduct a risk assessment by the vehicle manufacturer on safety,
security, competition, responsibility, liability, or data protection for the individual implemented
solution.
5 Categories of the assessed risks
In this document, the risks that have been assessed are the one listed in ISO/TR 23786. They are
regrouped as follows:
— safety risks: risks related to the safety of persons and goods during the vehicle life cycle;
— security risks: risks associated to the security of the vehicle communication system;
— competition risks: risks associated to the fair competition among the concerned actors;
— responsibility and liability risks: risks related to the responsibility and liability of the concerned
actors;
— data protection risks: risks related to the protection of the resources owned by the resource owner.
More precisely, the assessment results from the answer to the following question: “Can the ExVe web
service interface, when designed according to the ISO 20078 series for a certain use case, present safety,
security, competition, responsibility, liability, or data protection risks originating from that series?”
The risks resulting from the implementation of the ISO 20078 series are excluded from the assessment.
In particular, when implementing the ISO 20078 series, the ExVe manufacturer will design all the
arbitration mechanisms, including the mechanisms aiming at mitigating the risks. To address these
risks the ExVe manufacturer is invited to apply the design methodology specified in ISO 20077-2.
6 Assessment of the risks r elated to the safety of the persons and the goods
during the ExVe life cycle
6.1 Safety risks considered
“Can the ExVe web service interface, when designed according to the ISO 20078 series for a certain use
case, present safety risks originating from that series?”
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ISO/TR 23791:2019(E)
The safety risks considered for this assessment are the following:
— overload safety risks that are not resulting from cybersecurity issues or problems:
— SAFE 1. Possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle (numerous simultaneous
requests);
— SAFE 2. Possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle (frequent requests);
— SAFE 3. Possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle (unexpected requests);
— SAFE 4. Possible illicit or malicious remote control of vehicles;
— SAFE 5. Lack of compatibility with the existing systems and mechanisms;
— SAFE 6. Failures of the remote communication solution itself of the ExVe (including the VM
back-end server when applicable);
— SAFE 7. Lack of consideration of the complete vehicle life cycle;
— SAFE 8. Risks related to the design validation process;
— SAFE 9. Lack of misuse prevention;
— safety risks that are resulting from cybersecurity issues or problems:
— SAFE 10. Lack of, or inappropriate measures aiming at reducing the risks in case of illicit or
malicious remote control of vehicles;
— SAFE 11. Other safety risks resulting from cybersecurity issues or problems.
NOTE In these two lists the electronic system encompasses both the hardware and the software.
6.2 Analysis of the situation presented by the ISO 20078 series
6.2.1 SAFE 1: Possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle (numerous
requests)
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series generate safety risks related to a possible overload of the electronic system
of the moving vehicle in the case of several requests at the same time?”
The answer is NO.
The safety risks related to a possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle in the case
of several requests at the same time are only related to the implementation of the ISO 20078 series.
The series reduces these risks because it introduces the interface at the backend server of the
manufacturer. However, the ISO 20078 series does not provide any recommendation regarding
that implementation. It is suggested that the ISO 20078 series could recommend designing this
implementation according to the methodology specified in ISO 20077-2.
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex A.
6.2.2 SAFE 2: Possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle (frequent
requests)
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series generate risks related to highly frequently repeated requests?”
The answer is NO.
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ISO/TR 23791:2019(E)
The safety risks related to a possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle in the case
of frequently repeated requests are only related to the implementation of the ISO 20078 series.
The series reduces these risks because it introduces the interface at the backend server of the
manufacturer. However, the ISO 20078 series does not provide any recommendation regarding
that implementation. It is suggested that the ISO 20078 series could recommend designing this
implementation according to the methodology specified in ISO 20077-2.
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex A.
6.2.3 SAFE 3: Possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle (unexpected
requests)
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series generate risks related to unexpected requests?”
The answer is NO.
The safety risks related to a possible overload of the electronic system of the moving vehicle in the case
of unexpected requests are only related to the implementation of the ISO 20078 series.
The ISO 20078 concept, by introducing the web-service communication via the back-end server of
the vehicle manufacturer, enables a possible substantial reduction of these risks, should the vehicle
manufacturer appropriately design this backend server.
It is recommended unexpected requests be denied. However, the ISO 20078 series does not provide
any such recommendation. It is suggested that the ISO 20078 series could recommend designing this
implementation according to the methodology specified in ISO 20077-2.
The detailed analysis addressing this question may be found in Annex A.
6.2.4 SAFE 4: Possible illicit or malicious remote control of vehicles
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series prohibit illicit or malicious remote control of vehicles, or an illicit or
malicious remote activation of systems and components? Actively?”
The answer is NO.
The safety risks related to a possible illicit or malicious remote control of vehicles, or an illicit or
malicious remote activation of systems and components are only related to the implementation of the
ISO 20078 series.
The ISO 20078 concept, by introducing the web-service communication via the back-end server of
the vehicle manufacturer, enables a possible substantial reduction of these risks, should the vehicle
manufacturer appropriately design this backend server.
However, the ISO 20078 series introduces concepts that may facilitate the introduction of mechanisms
aiming at actively preventing or limiting uncontrolled or malicious remote take of control of vehicles, or
an uncontrolled or malicious remote activation of systems and components.
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex A.
6.2.5 SAFE 5: Lack of compatibility with the existing systems and mechanisms
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series generate risks related the lack of compatibility with the existing design of
the vehicle?”
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ISO/TR 23791:2019(E)
The answer is NO.
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 concept address the risks related to the lack of compatibility with the existing
design of the vehicle?”
The answer is YES.
The ISO 20078 concept, by introducing the web-service communication via the back-end server of
the vehicle manufacturer, enables a possible substantial reduction of these risks, should the vehicle
manufacturer appropriately design this backend server.
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex A.
6.2.6 SAFE 6: Failures of the remote communication solution itself of the ExVe (including the
back-end system of the manufacturer)
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series generate safety risks in the case when e.g. the back-end server is down
(internal failures, hacking, etc…)?”
The answer is NO.
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex A.
6.2.7 SAFE 7: Lack of consideration of the complete ExVe life cycle
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series generate safety risks related to requests that are inappropriate in the actual
life cycle phase of the running vehicle?”
The answer is NO.
However, such safety issues may occur in the case of a dysfunction of the processes informing the
authorization provider of a change of the life cycle stage (manufacturing, sales, operation, maintenance
and repair, end of life).
The detailed analysis addressing this question can be found in Annex A.
6.2.8 SAFE 8: Risks related to the design validation process
To the question:
“Does the ISO 20078 series generate safety risks related to the validation of the design process and its
tracea
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