ISO 1704:2022

Ships and marine technology - Stud-link anchor chains

This document specifies the shape, proportions, dimensions and tolerances of the component parts of stud-link anchor chains. NOTE Statutory requirements, rules and regulations can be applicable to the individual ships concerned.

Navires et technologie maritime — Chaînes d'ancre à mailles étançonnées

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 15-Feb-2022
• ICS: 47.020.50 - Deck equipment and installations
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 8/SC 4 - Outfitting and deck machinery
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 8/SC 4/WG 3 - Outfitting
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Start Date: 16-Feb-2022
• Due Date: 11-Apr-2022
• Completion Date: 16-Feb-2022

Relations

• Revises: ISO 1704:2008 - Ships and marine technology - Stud-link anchor chains
• Effective Date: 23-Apr-2020

Overview

ISO 1704:2022 - "Ships and marine technology - Stud-link anchor chains" defines the shape, proportions, dimensions and tolerances for stud-link anchor chains and their component parts. The fourth edition updates chain grades, dimensional tolerances, joining and swivel shackle types, and adds guidance on material requirements, loading methods (proof/breaking loads) and marking. Note: statutory and class requirements for individual ships can also apply.

Key topics and technical requirements

• Scope and model geometry: Standard shapes and proportions are illustrated in the standard model figures (links, shackles, swivels). Nominal dimensions are provided in tabular form and are the basis for manufacture and inspection.
• Nominal size relationships: Enlarged links are specified as 10% larger (d = 1.1·d) than common links; end links are 20% larger (d = 1.2·d).
• Taper pins: Retaining pins for D‑type and Kenter shackles are defined by taper ranges:
  • D‑type: taper between 1:50 and 1:16 on diameter
  • Kenter type: taper between 1:50 and 1:32; nominal pin diameter = 0.37 × d Pins must conform to ISO 2339 dimensions and permitted materials/coatings (stainless or tin‑coated carbon steel per ISO 2093 where applicable).
• Tolerances and measurement: Manufacturing tolerances for link diameters, lengths (e.g., length of five links), flush‑butt welds and other dimensions are specified. Critical dimensional measurements are taken after statutory proof‑load treatment (see Clause 4.2.1.3).
• Grades and mechanical properties: Anchor chain grades (1–4) are defined; Grade 4 is newly specified with higher strength and mechanical property requirements (see Clause 9).
• Connections and component specifications: Detailed nominal dimensions and shapes for common links, enlarged links, end links, D and Kenter joining shackles, end shackles, swivels and swivel shackles (Type A/B) are provided (Clauses 7.2–7.10).
• Testing and marking: Requirements for breaking load tests, proof loads, test conditions, and mandatory marking positions/information are included (Clauses 10–11).

Practical applications

• Procurement and specification of marine anchor chains for merchant and offshore vessels
• Production design and quality control for chain manufacturers and shackle suppliers
• Inspection, certification and survey work performed by class societies, shipyards and maritime inspectors
• Installation, maintenance and replacement planning for ship operators and rigging crews
• Ensuring compatibility in chain‑shot assemblies, joining shackles and outboard chain‑shot connections

Who should use ISO 1704:2022

• Shipbuilders, naval architects and marine engineers
• Anchor chain and rigging manufacturers
• Classification societies, port state control and maritime regulators
• Marine procurement specialists and ship operators
• Surveyors and inspection authorities

Related standards

• ISO 2339 - Taper pins, unhardened (referenced for taper‑pin dimensions)
• ISO 2093 - Electroplated coatings of tin (referenced for tin coating requirements)

Keywords: ISO 1704:2022, stud-link anchor chains, anchor chain dimensions, chain tolerances, chain grades, joining shackle, Kenter shackle, taper pin, breaking load, proof load, marine chains.

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 1704
Fourth edition
2022-02
Ships and marine technology — Stud-
link anchor chains
Navires et technologie maritime — Chaînes d'ancre à mailles
étançonnées
Reference number
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Shape and dimensions .2
4.1 Shape . 2
4.2 Dimensions . 2
4.2.1 General . 2
4.2.2 Enlarged links . 2
4.2.3 Common stud links and enlarged links. 2
4.2.4 End links . 3
4.2.5 Shackle retaining pin . 3
5 Tolerances . 3
5.1 Common stud links . 3
5.2 Length of five links . 4
5.3 All other dimensions . 4
6 Grade of the anchor chain . 4
7 Connections . 4
7.1 General . 4
7.2 Nominal dimensions and shape of common links . 4
7.3 Nominal dimensions and shape of enlarged links . 6
7.4 Nominal dimensions and shape of end links. 7
7.5 Nominal dimensions and shape of D type joining shackles . 9
7.6 Nominal dimensions and shape of Kenter type joining shackles .12
7.7 Nominal dimensions and shape of end shackle . 15
7.8 Nominal dimensions and shape of swivel . 18
7.9 Nominal dimensions and shape of Type A swivel shackles . 21
7.10 Nominal dimensions and shape of Type B swivel shackles . 23
8 Designation of the size .29
9 Material requirements .30
9.1 Mechanical properties . 30
9.2 Breaking load .30
10 Loading methods .32
10.1 Test condition . 32
10.2 Breaking load . 32
10.3 Proof load . 32
10.4 Dimensions and tolerance . 33
11 Marking . .33
11.1 Position . 33
11.2 Information provided .34
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 8, Ships and marine technology,
Subcommittee SC 4, Outfitting and deck machinery.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 1704:2008), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— grade 4 stud-link anchor chain with higher strength has been defined in Table 1 and mechanical
properties have been specified in Clause 9;
— the terms and definitions of swivel shackles have been added in 3.8;
— tolerances on the nominal diameter of the links have been adjusted properly in Clause 5;
— the nominal dimensions of the enlarged link, end link, D type joining shackle and Kenter type joining
shackle have been adjusted properly in Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6;
— the nominal diameters and shape of Type A and Type B swivel shackles have been added in 7.9 and
7.10;
— the sketch examples of connecting chain-shots with joining shackle and examples of connecting
outboard chain-shot to anchor and chain end shot have been added in Figures 11 and 12;
— information on requirements for anchor chains, designation of size, material requirement, loading
methods and marking has been added in Clauses 8, 9 10 and 11;
— incorrect dimensions in Table 3 of ISO 1704:2008 have been corrected.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 1704:2022(E)
Ships and marine technology — Stud-link anchor chains
1 Scope
This document specifies the shape, proportions, dimensions and tolerances of the component parts of
stud-link anchor chains.
NOTE Statutory requirements, rules and regulations can be applicable to the individual ships concerned.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2093:1986, Electroplated coatings of tin — Specification and test methods
ISO 2339, Taper pins, unhardened
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
chain-shots
component of an anchor chain consisting of common links (3.2) and joining shackles (3.5) with a given
nominal length (e.g. 27,5 m or 25 m)
3.2
common link
basic link of which a chain-shot (3.1) consists
3.3
enlarged link
strengthened link connecting a common link (3.2) and an end link (3.4) in case of connecting chain-shots
with a D type joining shackle (3.5), or connecting a common link and a swivel
3.4
end link
strengthened link attached to the ends of two chain-shots (3.1) in case of connecting chain-shots with a
D type joining shackle (3.5), or connecting an outboard chain-shot with an end shackle
3.5
joining shackle
shackle used for connecting chain-shots (3.1)
Note 1 to entry: Joining shackles can be of D-type or Kenter type.
3.6
end shackle
enlarged shackle used for connecting the outboard chain-shot to the anchor
3.7
swivel
movable component of the outboard chain-shot that prevents excessive twisting of the chain cable
3.8
swivel shackle
shackle fastened to the anchor shackle or anchor shank with the same function as a swivel
3.9
outboard chain-shot
additional short chain-shot fastened to the anchor shackle or anchor, including common link (3.2)
enlarged link (3.3), end shackle (3.6) or swivel shackle (3.8)
3.10
chain end shot
chain-shot fastened to the cable clench, including end link (3.4), enlarged link (3.3) and common link (3.2)
3.11
nominal size
nominal diameter of the common link (3.2)
4 Shape and dimensions
4.1 Shape
The links, shackles and component parts should be of the shapes and proportions shown in Figures 2 to
9 referred to as the standard model.
4.2 Dimensions
4.2.1 General
4.2.1.1 The dimensions of links, shackles and component parts should be in accordance with the
values given in Tables 1 to 9, referred to as the standard model.
4.2.1.2 The nominal diameter d is a design diameter measured at the crown of a common link as an
average value out of two measurements perpendicular to each other. See Figure 2 and Table 1.
4.2.1.3 All dimensions, based on the nominal diameters d of the common links, shall be measured
after the chain and shackles have been subjected to the statutory proof loads in 10.3.
4.2.2 Enlarged links
The proportions of the enlarged links are the same as those of the common links. The nominal diameter
of the enlarged link is 10 % larger than the nominal diameter of the common link, d = 1,1d, the
calculated values shall be rounded to the nearest nominal diameter of the common link.
4.2.3 Common stud links and enlarged links
The inside diameter of common links and enlarged links should be sufficient to allow each link to bed
properly and work freely. See Figures 2 and 3.
4.2.4 End links
The inside diameter of the end links should be sufficient to allow the shackle link to bed properly and
work freely. See Figure 4. The nominal diameter of the end link is 20 % larger than the nominal diameter
of the common link, d = 1,2d.
4.2.5 Shackle retaining pin
4.2.5.1 The retaining pin used in D type joining shackles and end shackles shall be a taper pin having
a taper of not less than 1∶50 and not more than 1∶16 on the diameter.
4.2.5.2 The retaining pin used in Kenter type shackles shall be a taper pin having a taper of not
less than 1∶50 and not more than 1∶32 on the diameter. The nominal diameter of the taper pin shall
be 0,37 × d, the calculated values shall be rounded to the nearest standardised nominal diameter in
accordance with ISO 2339. The nominal length of the taper pin shall be (w -2h ) nominal diameter to
4 1
taper pin (see Figure 5), the calculated values shall be rounded to the nearest standardised nominal
length in accordance with ISO 2339.
4.2.5.3 The nominal sizes and lengths required are given in Tables 4, 5 and 6. Other details of the
taper pins, e.g. end-radius, cone tolerance and surface finish, shall be in accordance with ISO 2339.
4.2.5.4 Taper pins shall be either of stainless steel or tin-coated carbon steel. If tin-coated, this shall
be either by a hot-dip process or electroplating in accordance with ISO 2093∶1986, 7.1, service condition
4.
5 Tolerances
5.1 Common stud links
5.1.1 The allowable manufacturing tolerances on the nominal diameter d of the common links,
measured at the crown, should be:
00, 5d
mm for d ≤ 40 mm
−1
00, 5d
mm for 40 mm < d ≤ 84 mm
−2
00, 5d
mm for 84 mm < d ≤ 122 mm
−3
00, 5d
mm for 122 mm < d ≤ 152 mm
−4
00, 5d
mm for d > 152 mm
−6
5.1.2 The cross-sectional area at the crown of the link shall be not less than the area of a circle of the
nominal diameter.
5.1.3 The allowable manufacturing tolerances on the nominal diameter measured elsewhere on the
+5
link shall be % .
5.1.4 The tolerance of the diameter on the flush-butt welded parts shall be 0~+15 %.
5.1.5 The allowable manufacturing tolerance of the link except for the requirements specified above
shall be ±2,5 %, taking into account the fact that all components of the anchor chain shall fit in with
each other.
5.2 Length of five links
5.2.1 The length of five links is defined as 52×+pd=22d . The measurement shall be taken from the
outside.
+25,
5.2.2 The allowable manufacturing tolerances on a length of five links shall be % .
5.3 All other dimensions
+5
5.3.1 The tolerances on diameters shall be % .
5.3.2 The tolerances on other than diameters shall be ±2,5 %.
6 Grade of the anchor chain
The grade of the anchor chain shall be shown in Table 1.
Table 1 — Grade of anchor chain
Dimensions in millimetres
Grade Title Nominal size
1 1 stud-link
11 ~ 162
2 2 stud-link
3 3 stud-link 16 ~ 162
4 4 stud-link 30 ~ 162
7 Connections
7.1 General
7.1.1 Examples in the use of connecting chain-shots with a joining shackle are shown in Figure 10.
7.1.2 Examples in the use of connecting an outboard chain-shot to an anchor are shown in Figure 11
and to a chain end shot are shown in Figure 12.
7.2 Nominal dimensions and shape of common links
The nominal dimensions and the shape of common links shall be as shown in Figure 1 and Table 2.
Key
d nominal diameter of common link
l 6 d
p 4 d
w 3,6 d
NOTE For the nominal dimensions, see Table 2.
Figure 1 — Common link
Table 2 — Nominal dimensions of a common link
Dimensions in millimetres
Nominal size Nominal size
l p w l p w
d d
11 66 44 40 70 420 280 252
12,5 75 50 45 73 438 292 263
14 84 56 50 76 456 304 274
16 96 64 58 78 468 312 281
17,5 105 70 63 81 486 324 292
19 114 76 68 84 504 336 302
20,5 123 82 74 87 522 348 313
22 132 88 79 90 540 360 324
24 144 96 86 92 552 368 331
26 156 104 94 95 570 380 342
28 168 112 101 97 582 388 349
30 180 120 108 100 600 400 360
32 192 128 115 102 612 408 367
34 204 136 122 105 630 420 378
36 216 144 130 107 642 428 385
38 228 152 137 111 666 444 400
40 240 160 144 114 684 456 410
42 252 168 151 117 702 468 421
Table 2 (continued)
Nominal size Nominal size
l p w l p w
d d
44 264 176 158 120 720 480 432
46 276 184 166 122 732 488 439
48 288 192 173 124 744 496 446
50 300 200 180 127 762 508 457
52 312 208 187 130 780 520 468
54 324 216 194 132 792 528 475
56 336 224 202 137 822 548 493
58 348 232 209 142 852 568 511
60 360 240 216 147 882 588 529
62 372 248 223 152 912 608 547
64 384 256 230 157 942 628 565
66 396 264 238 162 972 648 583
68 408 272 245
7.3 Nominal dimensions and shape of enlarged links
The nominal dimensions and the shape of enlarged links shall be as shown in Figure 2 and Table 3.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
d nominal diameter of common link
d nominal diameter of enlarged link = 1,1 d
l 6 d ≈ 6,6 d
1 1
p 4 d ≈ 4,4 d
1 1
w 3,6 d ≈ 3,96 d
1 1
Figure 2 — Enlarged link
Table 3 — Nominal dimensions of an enlarged link
Dimensions in millimetres
Nominal size Nominal size
d l p w d l p w
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(d common link) (d common link)
11 12,5 73 49 45 70 78 468 312 281
12,5 14 84 56 50 73 81 486 324 292
14 16 96 64 58 76 84 504 336 302
16 17,5 105 70 63 78 87 510 340 306
17,5 19 114 76 68 81 90 540 360 324
19 20,5 123 82 74 84 92 552 368 331
20,5 22 132 88 79 87 97 582 388 349
22 24 144 96 86 90 100 600 400 360
24 26 156 104 94 92 102 612 408 367
26 28 168 112 101 95 105 630 420 378
28 30 180 120 108 97 107 642 428 385
30 34 204 136 122 100 111 666 444 400
32 36 216 144 130 102 111 672 448 403
34 38 228 152 137 105 114 684 456 410
36 40 240 160 144 107 117 702 468 421
38 42 252 168 151 111 122 732 488 439
40 44 264 176 158 114 124 744 496 446
42 46 276 184 166 117 130 780 520 468
44 48 288 192 173 120 132 792 528 475
46 50 300 200 180 122 137 822 548 493
48 54 324 216 194 124 137 822 548 493
50 56 336 224 202 127 142 852 568 511
52 58 348 232 209 130 142 852 568 511
54 60 360 240 216 132 147 882 588 529
56 62 372 248 223 137 152 912 608 547
58 64 384 256 230 142 157 942 628 565
60 66 396 264 238 147 162 972 648 583
62 68 408 272 245 152 167 1 002 668 601
64 70 420 280 252 157 173 1 038 692 623
66 73 438 292 263 162 178 1 068 712 641
68 76 456 304 274
7.4 Nominal dimensions and shape of end links
The nominal dimensions and the shape of end links shall be as shown in Figure 3 and Table 4.
Key
d nominal diameter of common link
d nominal diameter of end link = 1,2 d
l p + 2 d ≈ 6,75 d ~ 7 d
2 2 2
p 3,65 d ≈ 4,35 d
2 2
w 3,3 d ≈ 4 d
2 2
NOTE For the nominal dimension, see Table 4.
Figure 3 — End link
Table 4 — Nominal dimensions of an end link
Dimensions in millimetres
Nominal size Nominal size
d l p w d l p w
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
d d
11 13 74 48 44 70 84 473 305 280
12,5 15 84 54 50 73 88 493 318 292
14 17 95 61 56 76 91 513 331 304
16 19 108 70 64 78 94 527 339 312
17,5 21 117 76 70 81 97 547 352 324
19 23 128 83 76 84 101 567 365 336
20,5 25 138 89 82 87 104 587 378 348
22 26 149 96 88 90 108 608 392 360
24 29 162 104 96 92 110 621 400 368
26 31 176 113 104 95 114 641 413 380
28 34 189 122 112 97 116 655 422 388
30 36 203 131 120 100 120 675 435 400
32 38 216 139 128 102 122 689 444 408
Table 4 (continued)
Nominal size Nominal size
d l p w d l p w
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
d d
34 41 230 148 136 105 126 709 457 420
36 43 243 157 144 107 128 722 465 428
38 46 257 165 152 111 133 749 483 444
40 48 270 174 160 114 137 770 496 456
42 50 284 183 168 117 140 790 509 468
44 53 297 191 176 120 144 810 522 480
46 55 311 200 184 122 146 824 531 488
48 58 324 209 192 124 149 837 539 496
50 60 338 218 200 127 152 857 552 508
52 62 351 226 208 130 156 878 566 520
54 65 365 235 216 132 158 891 574 528
56 67 378 244 224 137 164 925 596 548
58 70 392 252 232 142 170 959 618 568
60 72 405 261 240 147 176 992 639 588
62 74 419 270 248 152 182 1 026 661 608
64 77 432 278 256 157 188 1 060 683 628
66 79 446 287 262 162 194 1 094 705 648
68 82 459 296 272
7.5 Nominal dimensions and shape of D type joining shackles
The nominal dimensions and the shape of D type joining shackles shall be as shown in Figure 4 and
Table 5.
Key
d nominal diameter of common link g 0,2 d
d nominal diameter of joining shackle = 1,3 d g 0,1 d
3 2
l 7,1 d h nominal diameter of taper pin
3 1
p l - (d + a + e ) = 3,4 d h nominal length of taper pin
3 3 3 1 1 2
w 4 d R 0,6 d
3 1
a 0,8 d R 0,5 d
1 2
a
e 1,6 d Retaining pin.
b
f 2,8 d Dove tail chamber.
NOTE 1 For the nominal dimensions, see Table 5.
NOTE 2 For the taper of the retaining pin, see 4.2.5.
Figure 4 — D type joining shackle
Table 5 — Nominal dimensions of a D type joining shackle
Dimensions in millimetres
Nominal size d l p w a e f g g h h 2R 2R
3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2
d
11 15 78 37 44 9 18 31 2,2 1,1 23 13 11
12,5 16 89 43 50 10 20 35 2,5 1,3 25 15 12,5
14 18 99 48 56 11 22 39 3 1,4 28 17 14,0
16 21 114 54 64 13 26 45 3 1,6 32 19 16,0
17,5 23 124 60 70 14 28 49 3,5 1,8 38 21 17,5
19 25 135 65 76 15 30 53 4 2 40 23 19,0
20,5 27 146 70 82 16 33 57 4 2 45 25 20,5
22 29 156 75 88 18 35 62 4,4 2,2 50 26 22,0
24 31 170 82 96 19 38 67 5 2,4 55 29 24,0
26 34 185 88 104 21 42 73 5 2,6 60 31 26,0
28 36 199 95 112 22 45 78 5,6 2,8 34 28,0
30 39 213 102 120 24 48 84 6 3 70 36 30,0
32 42 227 109 128 26 51 90 6,4 3,2 75 38 32,0
34 44 241 116 136 27 54 95 7 3,4 80 41 34,0
36 47 256 122 144 29 58 101 7 3,6 43 36,0
38 49 270 129 152 30 61 106 7,6 3,8 85 46 38,0
40 52 284 136 160 32 64 112 8 4 90 48 40,0
42 55 298 143 168 34 67 118 8,4 4,2 95 50 42,0
44 57 312 150 176 35 70 123 9 4,4 100 53 44,0
46 60 327 156 184 37 74 129 9 4,6 105 55 46,0
48 62 341 163 192 38,5 77 134 9,5 4,8 110 58 48,0
50 65 355 170 200 40 80 140 10 5 115 60 50,0
52 68 369 177 208 42 83 146 10,4 5,2 120 62 52,0
54 70 383 184 216 43 86 151 11 5,4 125 65 54,0
56 73 398 190 224 45 90 157 11 5,6 130 67 56,0
58 75 412 197 232 46 93 162 11,6 5,8 140 70 58,0
60 78 426 204 240 48 96 168 12 6 72 60,0
62 81 440 211 248 50 99 174 12,4 6,2 145 74 62,0
64 83 454 218 256 51 102 179 13 6,4 150 77 64,0
66 86 469 224 264 53 106 185 13 6,6 79 66,0
68 88 483 231 272 54 109 190 13,6 6,8 155 82 68,0
70 91 497 238 280 56 112 196 14 7 160 84 70,0
73 95 518 248 292 58 117 204 14,6 7,3 170 88 73,0
76 99 540 258 304 61 122 213 15 7,6 180 91 76,0
78 101 554 265 312 62 125 218 15,6 7,8 16 94 78,0
81 105 575 275 324 6
...