ISO/IEC 28360:2007
(Main)Information technology — Office equipment — Determination of chemical emission rates from electronic equipment
Information technology — Office equipment — Determination of chemical emission rates from electronic equipment
ISO/IEC 28360:2007 specifies methods to determine chemical emission rates of analyte from information and communication technology and consumer electronics equipment during intended operation in an Emission Test Chamber (ETC). The methods comprise preparation, sampling (or monitoring) in a controlled ETC, storage and analysis, calculation and reporting of emission rates. ISO/IEC 28360:2007 includes specific methods for equipment using consumables, such as printers, and equipment not using consumables, such as monitors and PCs.
Technologies de l'information — Équipement de bureau — Détermination des taux d'émission chimique d'un équipement électronique
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 28360
First edition
2007-09-01
Information technology — Office
equipment — Determination of chemical
emission rates from electronic equipment
Technologies de l'information — Équipement de bureau —
Détermination des taux d'émission chimique d'un équipement
électronique
Reference number
ISO/IEC 28360:2007(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2007
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ISO/IEC 28360:2007(E)
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ISO/IEC 28360:2007(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Conformance. 1
3 Normative references . 2
4 Terms and definitions. 2
5 Acronyms, abbreviations and symbols. 4
5.1 Acronyms and abbreviations . 4
5.2 Symbols . 4
6 Method overview. 6
7 ETC requirements. 7
7.1 Construction materials. 7
7.2 Air tightness . 7
7.3 Air mixing efficiency. 7
8 Determination method. 7
8.1 Test conditions . 7
8.2 Handling of EUT and ETC . 7
8.3 VOC and carbonyl compounds . 11
8.4 Ozone . 13
8.5 Particulate matter. 15
9 Test report . 16
Annex A (normative) Print patterns. 18
A.1 Monochrome print pattern 5% coverage. 18
A.2 Colour print pattern, 20% coverage. 20
Annex B (informative) Emission rate model for EUT using consumables. 21
B.1 Objective. 21
B.2 Approach . 21
B.3 General mass balance and concentration equations . 21
B.4 Background SER. 22
B.5 Emission during pre-operating phase. 22
B.6 Emission during operating phase. 23
B.7 Emission during post-operating phase.25
B.8 Special cases . 26
B.9 Model for RAL-UZ 122 Option. 27
Annex C (informative) Influence of EUT filtering on SER . 29
O3
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ISO/IEC 28360:2007(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of
ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information
technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as
an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC 28360 was prepared by Ecma International (as ECMA-328) and was adopted, under a special “fast-
track procedure”, by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, in parallel with its
approval by national bodies of ISO and IEC.
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ISO/IEC 28360:2007(E)
Introduction
Globally, governmental agencies, academic institutions, environmental organizations and manufacturers have
developed methods to determine chemical emissions from electronic equipment. These attempts however,
resulted in a range of tests from which the results are not necessarily comparable, either qualitatively or
quantitatively.
Following the publications of the first edition of ECMA-328 and the “Test method for the determination of
emissions from Hard Copy Devices” (RAL-UZ 122), experts from the German Federal Insitute for Materials
Research and Testing (BAM) and Ecma have collaborated to harmonise methods to determine the chemical
emission rates from information and communication technology and consumer electronics equipment in this
International Standard (second edition of ECMA-328).
In addition to stricter test procedures, this International Standard uses generalised emission formulae, and
their derivations developed in Annex B, to calculate emission rates from concentrations of analytes that are
measured in Emission Test Chambers.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 28360:2007(E)
Information technology — Office equipment — Determination of
chemical emission rates from electronic equipment
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies methods to determine chemical emission rates of analytes from
information and communication technology and consumer electronics equipment during intended operation in
an Emission Test Chamber (ETC).
The methods comprise preparation, sampling (or monitoring) in a controlled ETC, storage and analysis,
calculation and reporting of emission rates.
This International Standard includes specific methods for equipment using consumables, such as printers, and
equipment not using consumables, such as monitors and PCs. Annex A specifies monochrome and colour
print patterns for use in the operating phase of EUT using paper consumables.
Examples of equipment under test (EUT) that do not use consumables are:
• monitors and TV sets (CRT, plasma, LCD, rear projector, beamer);
• video (VCR, DVD player/recorder, camcorder);
• SAT receiver (set-top box);
• audio units (CD player/recorder, home theatre systems, audio home systems, micro-/mini-, midi-systems,
amplifier, receiver);
• portable audio (CD player, MP 3 player, radio recorder, clock radio, etc.);
• computer (desktop, tower, server), portable computers (notebooks).
Emission rates from EUT using consumables may also be determined according to additional requirements
identified by “RAL-UZ 122 Option”.
Calculations use the generalised model and approximations thereof as developed in Annex B.
The emission rates determined with this method may be used to compare equipment in the same class.
Predictions of “real indoor” concentrations from the determined emission rates are outside the scope of this
International Standard.
2 Conformance
Determinations of emission rates conform to this International Standard when:
1) executed using a Quality Assurance Project Plan, Quality Assurance and Quality Control as specified
in ISO 16000-9;
2) tested in a controlled ETC as specified in Clause 7 and in 8.1;
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ISO/IEC 28360:2007(E)
3) sampled/monitored and calculated as specified in Clause 8;
4) reported as specified in Clause 9.
For EUT using consumables, determinations according to additional requirements identified by
“RAL-UZ 122 Option” herein conform to the RAL-UZ 122 Option.
3 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
CIE 15:2004, Colorimetry, 3rd edition, Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage
ECMA-74, Measurement of Airborne Noise Emitted by Information Technology and Telecommunications
Equipment (2005)
ISO 554:1976, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing — Specifications
ISO 13655:1996, Graphic technology — Spectral measurement and colorimetric computation for graphic arts
images
ISO 16000-3:2001, Indoor air — Part 3: Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds —
Active sampling method
ISO 16000-6:2004, Indoor air — Part 6: Determination of volatile organic compounds in indoor and test
chamber air by active sampling on Tenax TA sorbent, thermal desorption and gas chromatography using
MS/FID
ISO 16000-9:2006, Indoor air — Part 9: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from
building products and furnishing — Emission test chamber method
ISO 16017-1:2000, Indoor, ambient and workplace air — Sampling and analysis of volatile organic
compounds by sorbent tube/thermal desorption/capillary gas chromatography — Part 1: Pumped sampling
EN 55013:2001, Sound and television broadcast receivers and associated equipment — Radio disturbance
characteristics — Limits and methods of measurement
RAL-UZ 122, Test method for the determination of emissions from Hard Copy Devices
4 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
4.1
air exchange rate, n
3 3
ratio of the volume of clean air brought into the ETC per hour [m /h] to the unloaded ETC volume [m ]
4.2
air velocity
air speed [m/s] measured in the unloaded ETC
4.3
analyte
Volatile Organic Compounds, carbonyl compounds, ozone and particulate matter
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ISO/IEC 28360:2007(E)
4.4
consumables
toner, ink, paper and ribbon
4.5
Emission Test Chamber
ETC
enclosure with controlled operational parameters for testing analyte mass emitted from EUT
4.6
Equipment Under Test
EUT
functional and complete, including consumables and accessories if applicable, ICT or CE equipment, from
which chemical emission rates are determined as specified herein
4.7
loading factor
ratio of the EUT volume to the volume of the unloaded ETC
4.8
Hard Copy Devices
class of EUT using consumables that includes printers, (photo)copiers and Multi Functional Devices (MFD)
4.9
operating phase
phase in which the EUT is performing its intended functions
4.10
particulate matter
airborne particles
4.11
pre-operating phase
phase in which the EUT is connected to an electrical supply, which may include warming-up and energy
saving modes; before the EUT is able to enter the operating phase
4.12
post-operating phase
phase following the operating phase,which may include energy saving modes
4.13
Total Volatile Organic Compounds
TVOC
sum of the concentrations of identified Volatile Organic Compounds and the concentrations of the converted
areas of unidentified peaks using the toluene response factor
4.14
unit specific emission rate
SER
mass, in micrograms, of a specific analyte emitted per unit per hour
4.15
Volatile Organic Compounds
VOC
compounds that elute between n-hexane and n-hexadecane on an unpolar GC-column
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ISO/IEC 28360:2007(E)
5 Acronyms, abbreviations and symbols
5.1 Acronyms and abbreviations
CE Consumer Electronics
DNPH 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
ETC Emission Test Chamber
EUT Equipment Under Test
FID Flame Ionisation Detector
GC/MS Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
ICT Information and Communication Technology
MFD Multi Functional Device
PTFE polytetrafluoroethene
PVC polyvinylchloride
rH relative Humidity
SER unit Specific Emission Rate
TVOC Total Volatile Organic Compounds
VOC Volatile Organic Compounds
5.2 Symbols
3
C Average concentration [µg/m ]
s
3
C Background concentration [µg/m ]
bg
3
C Maximum ozone concentration [µg/m ]
max
3
C Initial concentration [µg/m ]
0
3
C Average concentration during pre-operating phase [µg/m ]
pre
C Average concentration during operating phase and optionally during post-operating phase
ope
3
[µg/m ]
H’ Ozone half-life [min]: the period of time for the ozone concentration to drop from C to
max
C /2
max
−1
k Ozone decay constant, without ventilation [min ]
−1
k’ Ozone decay constant with ventilation (k’ = k + n/60) [min ]
m Sample filter mass [µg] after sampling
after
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ISO/IEC 28360:2007(E)
m Sample filter mass [µg] before sampling
before
m Sampled mass for chamber background [µg]
bg
mpm Mass of particulate matter [µg] deposited on the filter
m Reference filter mass [µg] after sampling
ref-after
m Reference filter mass [µg] before sampling
ref-before
m Sampled mass [µg]
s
m Sampled mass [µg] during pre-operating phase
pre
m Sampled mass [µg] during operating and optionally post-operating phase
ope
−1
n Air exchange rate [h ]
P Atmospheric pressure [Pa]
SER Background SER [µg/h]
bg
SER SER during operating and optionally post-operating phase [µg/h]
ope
SER SER for ozone [µg/min]
O3
SER SER for particulate matter [µg/h]
pm
SER SER during pre-operating [µg/h]
pre
T Ambient temperature [K]
t Operating phase duration [h]
ope
t Sampling time during operating and optionally post-operating phase [h]
G
t Pre-operating phase duration [h]
pre
u Number of EUT units
3
V ETC volume [m ]
3
V Sampled air volume [m ]
s
3
V Sampled air volume [m ] for determination of C
bg bg
3
V Sampled air volume [m ] in pre-operating phase
pre
3
V Sampled air volume [m ] in operating and optionally post-operating phase
ope
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ISO/IEC 28360:2007(E)
6 Method overview
The flowchart in Figure 1 illustrates the method; clause numbers are indicated in brackets.
Start (8)
Ensure Test conditions (8.1)
Purge Emission Chamber (8.2.1) Select and unpack EUT (8.2.3)
Determine Emission Test Chamber Optionally install EUT (8.2.5) for
Background concentration (8.2.2) preparation
EUT Other
Newly manufactured
a Preparation type b
No preparation, sample or preparation for at most 3 days Record operation time, if
monitor within 24 H (8.2.4.a) (8.2.4.b) known (8.2.4)
EUT Prepared and ETC ok
Install EUT (8.2.5)
if not already done
Analyte
VOC and carbonyl compounds Particulate Matter
type
Ozone
Determine Determine Determine
Emission rate Emission rate Emission rate
(8.26 + 8.3) (8.2.6 + 8.5)
(8.2.6 + 8.4)
Finish report (9)
End
Figure 1 — Determination method overview
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ISO/IEC 28360:2007(E)
7 ETC requirements
7.1 Construction materials
ETC construction materials shall comply with ISO 16000-9.
7.2 Air tightness
The ETC air tightness shall be as specified in ISO 16000-9.
7.3 Air mixing efficiency
The air mixing efficiency in the ETC shall be as specified in ISO 16000-9.
8 Determination method
For the RAL-UZ 122 Option, tests shall be executed within 10 working days after delivery of the EUT.
8.1 Test conditions
To meet the operational requirements specified herein, ETC parameters such as temperature, relative
humidity and supply airflow shall be controlled and measured at regular intervals and recorded in accordance
with ISO 16000-9 and shall be reported as specified in Clause 9.
8.1.1 Operating temperature and relative Humidity (rH)
Tests shall be executed at (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 5)% rH according to ISO 554. For EUT used in alternative
climatic conditions, higher operating temperature and humidity conditions may be used as specified in
ISO 554.
Consult 8.2.6.2 for special requirements on rH for EUT using consumables.
8.1.2 Air exchange rate (n)
3
For unloaded ETCs with a volume larger than 5 m , n shall be in the range from 0,5 to 2,0. For unloaded
3
ETC’s with a volume of 5 m or smaller, n shall be in the range from 0,5 to 5,0.
8.1.3 Air velocity
The air velocity shall be in the range from 0,1 to 0,3 m/s.
8.1.4 Sampled air flow
The sum of sampled airflow shall be less than 80% of the inlet airflow into the ETC.
8.2 Handling of EUT and ETC
EUT shall be selected from normal manufactured batches or shall be a prototype that is representative for
EUT from such batches. For determinations using the RAL-UZ 122 Option, EUT shall be stored in an
air-conditioned room (23 °C, 50% rH) in its original packaging.
To ensure detection of a minimum emission within a practicable time, the ETC with capabilities as specified in
7.2 shall be selected such that the loading factor is in the range of 1:4 to 1:100.
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ISO/IEC 28360:2007(E)
8.2.1 ETC purging
The selected ETC shall be unloaded and its interior walls shall be cleaned as described in ISO 16000-9.
−1
k’ shall be less than 0,0693 [min ], which corresponds to an ozone half-life of greater than 10 minutes, when
n = 1.
3
To determine k’, the ETC should be deactivated by exposure to an ozone concentration of 0,2 mg/m to
3
0,4 mg/m until a stable concentration is reached.
Thereafter, the ETC shall be purged with 4 ETC volumes of clean air.
8.2.2 Background concentrations (C )
bg
Following purging, the C of analyte in the unloaded ETC shall be determined and recorded.
bg
NOTE C may stem from e.g. emissions from the ETC itself and sampling tubes or filters.
bg
The C values at n = 1, shall be below the limits in Table 1.
bg
Table 1 — Background concentrations
Analyte Limit [µg/m³]
VOC and carbonyl compounds 2 for any analysed substance
TVOC 20
Ozone 4
Particulate matter 10
8.2.3 EUT unpacking
Emissions from packaging may influence measurements considerably; in addition packaging itself may emit
VOCs that are not representative for EUTs in typical use. Therefore, the EUT to be tested shall be removed
from the shipping containers and all protective shipping packaging such as spacers, film wrapping and any
other shipping/packaging elements before preparation (as specified in 8.2.4).
NOTE After unpacking, installation (step 8.2.5) may precede the preparation step (8.2.4).
8.2.4 Preparation of the EUT before testing
2 2
For EUT using paper consumables, using 60 g/m to 80 g/m A4 paper with water content from 3,8% to 5,6%,
while printing the patterns specified in Annex A.1 and A.2 as appropriate, the maximum operating time shall
be determined. Thereafter, lightness (L*) and colour values (L*, a*, b*), as appropriate, shall be determined
from the printouts according to CIE 15:2004 and ISO 13655.
For the RAL-UZ 122 Option no further preparation shall be executed.
Newly manufactured equipment is known to emit higher levels in the first days of use, which is not
representative for the normal emissions over the intended lifetime. For newly manufactured equipment, one of
the following preparatory operations shall be executed:
a) The EUT shall not be operated before testing; testing shall start within 24 hours after unpacking.
b) The EUT shall have been in operation for a maximum of three days or equivalent before the start of
testing.
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ISO/IEC 28360:2007(E)
For other equipment, that may have been operated longer than three days, no preparation shall be executed;
in this case, the number of days that the EUT has been in operation shall be recorded, if known, otherwise
“not known” shall be reported.
Treatment conditions shall be recorded in the test report.
NOTE Typical treatment conditions for types of EUT are:
PCs and ICT & CE equipment: 8 hours operation in idle mode for three days at 8 hours per day which is equivalent to
24 hours of continuous operation.
Hardcopy Devices: 1 to 2 hours of printing, 6 to 7 hours of pre-operation per day for three days, which is equivalent to 3 to
6 hours of printing and 18 to 21 hours in pre-operation.
8.2.5 EUT installation
8.2.5.1 EUT not using consumables
The EUT shall be installed while executing its intended function(s) as specified in ECMA-74, using suitable
test signals as specified in chapter 5.2 of EN 55013:2001 or another appropriate standard or specification.
To avoid contamination, the EUT shall be installed in the middle of the ETC as fast as possible and all
operators shall leave the ETC immediately thereafter.
8.2.5.2 EUT using consumables
Before installation, the EUT shall have sufficient consumables to complete the operations. In case of paper
2 2
consumables, 60 g/m to 80 g/m A4 paper with water content from 3,8% to 5,6% shall be used.
To avoid contamination, the powered-off EUT shall be installed in the middle of the ETC as fast as possible
and all operators shall leave the ETC immediately thereafter.
The EUT shall remain powered-off until the emission test, as specified in 8.2.6, requires the EUT to be
powered-on.
For the RAL-UZ 122 Option, the EUT shall be installed on the day before the emission test.
The ETC shall remain closed until all sampling and or monitoring is completed.
The installation date and time shall be recorded.
Emission testing, as specified in 8.2.6, shall not begin within at least 3 air exchanges following installation.
8.2.6 EUT operation during test
The start of the operation of the EUT shall be recorded as the time t
0.
The start and duration of the operating phases shall be recorded.
8.2.6.1 EUT not using consumables
For this class of EUT, VOC and carbonyl compounds as specified in 8.3 shall be determined and ozone as
specified in 8.4 should be determined while continuing to execute its intended functions as initiated during
installation (see 8.2.5.1).
The used test standard or specification shall be reported, preferably by referring to a standard.
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ISO/IEC 28360:2007(E)
8.2.6.2 EUT using consumables
To avoid condensation due to vaporisation of water from paper during the operating phase, incoming air with
rH of at most 10% may be inserted in the ETC before the operating phase. In addition, the air exchange rate
(n) may have to be increased to avoid such condensation. Increase of humidity during the operating phase
also depends on the ETC volume. Condensation of water vapour (i.e. rH > 85%) on the ETC walls invalidates
the test.
For this class of EUT, VOC and carbonyl compounds as specified in 8.3; ozone as specified in 8.4; and
particulate matter as specified in 8.5 shall be determined while being controlled from outside the ETC.
8.2.6.2.1 Pre-operating phase
To enter the pre-operating phase, the EUT shall be powered-on and remain in this phase between 1 and 4 air
exchanges.
8.2.6.2.2 Operating phase
The Hard Copy Device class of EUT shall operate at nominal speed. Operating may include colour-, and/or
dual sides printing. The monochrome and colour print patterns specified in Annex A.1 and A.2 respectively
shall be used for EUT using paper consumables.
Enter the operating phase by starting copying or printing. The output of the first printed page marks the start of
the operating phase. It ends with the output of the last printed page.
The duration of this phase shall be at least 10 minutes and, in conjunction with other parameters such as n,
ETC volume and the use of a post-operating phase, the duration shall be such that quantitative analysis is
ensured.
8.2.6.2.3 Post-operating phase
The post-operating phase starts when the operating phase ends, and may last up to four air exchanges.
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ISO/IEC 28360:2007(E)
8.3 VOC and carbonyl compounds
The flow chart in Figure 2 illustrates the determination method for VOC and carbonyl compounds.
Prepare Sorbents (8.3.1)
Start operating EUT (8.2.6),
collect, store and analyse
samples (8.3.2)
Chamber
Emission Model (Annex B)
concentrations
Calculate (8.3.3)
Emission
Rates
Figure 2 — Determination method for VOC and carbonyl compounds
8.3.1 Sorbents
VOC sampling and analysis shall be performed using the sorbents as specified in ISO 16017-1, with the
exception of Chromosorbs and Porapacks due to their high blank values: Tenax TA™ shall be conditioned
and analysed according to ISO 16000-6 to minimise the production of artefacts, especially benzene.
For the RAL-UZ 122 Option, Tenax tubes shall be spiked with an internal standard such as cyclodecane or
deuterated toluene.
For carbonyl compounds, DNPH cartridges shall be used as sorbe
...
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