ISO 26865:2009
(Main)Road vehicles — Brake lining friction materials — Standard performance test procedure for commercial vehicles with air brakes
Road vehicles — Brake lining friction materials — Standard performance test procedure for commercial vehicles with air brakes
ISO 26865:2009 applies to commercial vehicles of the categories M2, M3, N2, N3, O3 and O4, as defined in UNECE R.E.3, which are equipped with air brakes. ISO 26865:2009 applies during product development, product prototypes, product specification or validation, and ongoing series production, as defined in ISO 15484. When used in conjunction with other applicable standards or test procedures, ISO 26865:2009 is intended to provide a complete assessment of a friction material's adequacy for use in a certain application, market or vehicle platform. ISO 26865:2009 does not include performance requirements related to stopping distance or braking force distribution, under different vehicle conditions of speed, temperature, tyre-to-road adhesion, loads and operating conditions of the braking system, as indicated in Federal Codes or Regulations. ISO 26865:2009 specifies a single-ended inertia-dynamometer performance procedure, which is intended to standardize the various procedures for commercial vehicles equipped with air brakes into one unique procedure covering all performance requirements of interest. The test sequence includes performance evaluation for the following conditions: performance test before and after bedding; brake fade after bedding and after moderate temperature; sensitivity to temperature, speed and pressure influence; downhill simulation; brake recovery.
Véhicules routiers — Matériaux de friction pour garnitures de freins — Mode opératoire d'essai des performances normalisées pour les véhicules utilitaires munis de freins à air comprimé
General Information
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 26865
First edition
2009-03-15
Road vehicles — Brake lining friction
materials — Standard performance test
procedure for commercial vehicles with
air brakes
Véhicules routiers — Matériaux de friction pour garnitures de freins —
Mode opératoire d'essai des performances normalisées pour les
véhicules utilitaires munis de freins à air comprimé
Reference number
©
ISO 2009
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2009
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Symbols . 3
5 Sampling. 3
6 Test method. 3
6.1 Principle. 3
6.2 Test equipment and parts . 3
6.3 Test conditions . 4
6.4 Test procedure for disc brake systems. 5
6.5 Test procedure for drum brake systems. 9
6.6 Expression of results . 12
7 Test report . 13
7.1 Tabular report. 13
7.2 Summary of results . 13
7.3 Lining data sheet . 13
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 26865 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 2, Braking
systems and equipment.
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Introduction
The standardization of performance testing friction for commercial vehicle application is a major challenge for
technical groups around the world in their efforts to harmonize procedures.
The diverse conditions under which the friction material is tested and evaluated ensure a wide spectrum of
data, which is critical during the various phases of product life (i.e. product and manufacturing process
development; production validation; quality control; product auditing; field issues evaluation).
This International Standard has been developed as part of the friction material global harmonization
programme outlined in ISO 15484 and is the product of a close collaboration between major car
manufacturers, brake system and component manufacturers, leading testing services and standards
development organizations [e.g. SAE and JSAE (Japanese Society of Automotive Engineers)].
The introduction by various truck and trailer manufacturers of a wide range of performance tests has proven
time-consuming and has led to multiple evaluations of the same friction material for the same application. The
test results thus provided do not necessarily correspond with one another because the test procedures and
test conditions are not the same.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 26865:2009(E)
Road vehicles — Brake lining friction materials — Standard
performance test procedure for commercial vehicles with air
brakes
1 Scope
This International Standard applies to commercial vehicles of the categories M2, M3, N2, N3, O3 and O4, as
defined in UNECE R.E.3, which are equipped with air brakes.
This International Standard applies during product development, product prototypes, product specification or
validation, and ongoing series production, as defined in ISO 15484.
When used in conjunction with other applicable standards or test procedures, this International Standard is
intended to provide a complete assessment of a friction material’s adequacy for use in a certain application,
market or vehicle platform.
NOTE Applicable standards and test procedures include ISO, JIS/JASO (Japanese Industrial Standard/Japanese
Automotive Standards Organization), SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers), Federal Codes or regulations, and other
project or company-specific testing programmes.
This International Standard does not include performance requirements related to stopping distance or
braking force distribution, under different vehicle conditions of speed, temperature, tyre-to-road adhesion,
loads and operating conditions of the braking system, as indicated in Federal Codes or Regulations.
This International Standard specifies a single-ended inertia-dynamometer performance procedure, which is
intended to standardize the various procedures for commercial vehicles equipped with air brakes into one
unique procedure covering all performance requirements of interest.
The test sequence includes performance evaluation for the following conditions:
⎯ performance test before and after bedding;
⎯ brake fade after bedding and after moderate temperature;
⎯ sensitivity to temperature, speed and pressure influence;
⎯ downhill simulation;
⎯ brake recovery.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 611:2003, Road vehicles — Braking of automotive vehicles and their trailers — Vocabulary
ISO 1176, Road vehicles — Masses — Vocabulary and codes
ISO 3833, Road vehicles — Types — Terms and definitions
ISO 11157:2005, Road vehicles — Brake lining assemblies — Inertia dynamometer test method
ISO 15484:2008, Road vehicles — Brake lining friction materials — Product definition and quality assurance
UNECE R.E.3 (1999), Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in UNECE R.E.3, ISO 611, ISO 1176,
ISO 3833, ISO 15484 and the following apply.
3.1
air brake system
braking system in which control and energy are transmitted from the point of application to the foundation
brakes by air/pneumatic transmission devices
3.2
axle load
technically feasible maximum design total mass specified by the vehicle or axle manufacturer and
acknowledged by the Technical Services
NOTE This mass can exceed the “maximum authorized total mass” permitted by national regulations. Unless
otherwise specified by the test requestor, the axle loads indicated in Table 2 are used to determine the test inertia.
3.3
brake type
brake sizes determined by the nominal rim diameter code in accordance with Table 2
NOTE The same nominal rim diameter can have different tyre dynamic rolling radius. Information pertaining to other
nominal rim sizes or tyre dynamic radius can be obtained from the test requestor.
3.4
brake temperature
temperature measured on the disc or drum at the centre of the path followed by the lining
3.5
test inertia
part of the total inertia of the vehicle braked by the wheel under consideration, in accordance with Table 2
NOTE For other loads or tyre sizes, see ISO 11157.
3.6
wheel load
half of the axle load (3.2)
2 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
4 Symbols
Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Description Unit
d Mean fully developed deceleration (MFDD) m/s
m
I Test inertia kg⋅m
m Mass acting on the ground for the wheel(s) under consideration kg
M Brake measured torque N⋅m
d
p Brake actuating pressure bar
B
r Tyre dynamic rolling radius m
dyn
T Room temperature °C
R
T Temperature at end of braking °C
E
T Initial temperature at beginning of braking °C
I
V Velocity of the cooling air km/h
air
V Pad or lining wear mm, g
B
V Speed at the end of braking km/h
E
V Initial speed at beginning of braking km/h
I
V Rotor or drum wear mm, g
s
Percent difference between initial and minimum MFDD values during electrical and
∆ %
fade
computer engineering (ECE) fading steps
Duration of a braking cycle: time elapsing between the initiation of one brake application
∆ s
t
and the initiation of the next
5 Sampling
Unless otherwise specified by the test requestor, sampling shall be conducted in accordance with
ISO 15484:2008, 5.3.
6 Test method
6.1 Principle
This International Standard uses a single-ended brake inertia-dynamometer to conduct the test. The inertia-
dynamometer provides a computer-controlled method to perform the test sequence, controlling the different
parameters to ensure the accurate and repeatable evaluation of the different tests. The control system of the
inertia-dynamometer also records the in-stop values that allow the subsequent generation of a complete test
report to the requestor.
6.2 Test equipment and parts
6.2.1 An inertia-dynamometer having the characteristics specified in 6.2.2 to 6.2.4 shall be used for the test.
6.2.2 The inertia-dynamometer shall be capable of generating as close as possible, with a tolerance of
± 5 %, the inertia specified in 6.3.1 or the test inertia indicated by the test requestor.
6.2.3 The brake fitted shall be identical to the intended use type and oriented as close as possible to the
vehicle mounting position. Inconsequential changes to the lining configuration are permitted (i.e. chamfers,
slots, wear indicators, noise shims, etc.)
6.2.4 The instrumentation for the test shall be capable of providing at least the following data:
a) continuous recording of disc or drum rotational speed;
b) number of revolutions completed during a brake application;
c) stopping time;
d) continuous recording of the temperature on the disc and pads or the drum and lining;
e) continuous recording of control line pressure or force during a brake application;
f) continuous recording of brake output torque.
6.3 Test conditions
6.3.1 Test inertia and tyre dynamic rolling radius shall be in accordance with Table 2.
Table 2 — Test conditions
Axle load r Test inertia
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 26865
First edition
2009-03-15
Road vehicles — Brake lining friction
materials — Standard performance test
procedure for commercial vehicles with
air brakes
Véhicules routiers — Matériaux de friction pour garnitures de freins —
Mode opératoire d'essai des performances normalisées pour les
véhicules utilitaires munis de freins à air comprimé
Reference number
©
ISO 2009
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2009
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Symbols . 3
5 Sampling. 3
6 Test method. 3
6.1 Principle. 3
6.2 Test equipment and parts . 3
6.3 Test conditions . 4
6.4 Test procedure for disc brake systems. 5
6.5 Test procedure for drum brake systems. 9
6.6 Expression of results . 12
7 Test report . 13
7.1 Tabular report. 13
7.2 Summary of results . 13
7.3 Lining data sheet . 13
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 26865 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 2, Braking
systems and equipment.
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
Introduction
The standardization of performance testing friction for commercial vehicle application is a major challenge for
technical groups around the world in their efforts to harmonize procedures.
The diverse conditions under which the friction material is tested and evaluated ensure a wide spectrum of
data, which is critical during the various phases of product life (i.e. product and manufacturing process
development; production validation; quality control; product auditing; field issues evaluation).
This International Standard has been developed as part of the friction material global harmonization
programme outlined in ISO 15484 and is the product of a close collaboration between major car
manufacturers, brake system and component manufacturers, leading testing services and standards
development organizations [e.g. SAE and JSAE (Japanese Society of Automotive Engineers)].
The introduction by various truck and trailer manufacturers of a wide range of performance tests has proven
time-consuming and has led to multiple evaluations of the same friction material for the same application. The
test results thus provided do not necessarily correspond with one another because the test procedures and
test conditions are not the same.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 26865:2009(E)
Road vehicles — Brake lining friction materials — Standard
performance test procedure for commercial vehicles with air
brakes
1 Scope
This International Standard applies to commercial vehicles of the categories M2, M3, N2, N3, O3 and O4, as
defined in UNECE R.E.3, which are equipped with air brakes.
This International Standard applies during product development, product prototypes, product specification or
validation, and ongoing series production, as defined in ISO 15484.
When used in conjunction with other applicable standards or test procedures, this International Standard is
intended to provide a complete assessment of a friction material’s adequacy for use in a certain application,
market or vehicle platform.
NOTE Applicable standards and test procedures include ISO, JIS/JASO (Japanese Industrial Standard/Japanese
Automotive Standards Organization), SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers), Federal Codes or regulations, and other
project or company-specific testing programmes.
This International Standard does not include performance requirements related to stopping distance or
braking force distribution, under different vehicle conditions of speed, temperature, tyre-to-road adhesion,
loads and operating conditions of the braking system, as indicated in Federal Codes or Regulations.
This International Standard specifies a single-ended inertia-dynamometer performance procedure, which is
intended to standardize the various procedures for commercial vehicles equipped with air brakes into one
unique procedure covering all performance requirements of interest.
The test sequence includes performance evaluation for the following conditions:
⎯ performance test before and after bedding;
⎯ brake fade after bedding and after moderate temperature;
⎯ sensitivity to temperature, speed and pressure influence;
⎯ downhill simulation;
⎯ brake recovery.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 611:2003, Road vehicles — Braking of automotive vehicles and their trailers — Vocabulary
ISO 1176, Road vehicles — Masses — Vocabulary and codes
ISO 3833, Road vehicles — Types — Terms and definitions
ISO 11157:2005, Road vehicles — Brake lining assemblies — Inertia dynamometer test method
ISO 15484:2008, Road vehicles — Brake lining friction materials — Product definition and quality assurance
UNECE R.E.3 (1999), Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in UNECE R.E.3, ISO 611, ISO 1176,
ISO 3833, ISO 15484 and the following apply.
3.1
air brake system
braking system in which control and energy are transmitted from the point of application to the foundation
brakes by air/pneumatic transmission devices
3.2
axle load
technically feasible maximum design total mass specified by the vehicle or axle manufacturer and
acknowledged by the Technical Services
NOTE This mass can exceed the “maximum authorized total mass” permitted by national regulations. Unless
otherwise specified by the test requestor, the axle loads indicated in Table 2 are used to determine the test inertia.
3.3
brake type
brake sizes determined by the nominal rim diameter code in accordance with Table 2
NOTE The same nominal rim diameter can have different tyre dynamic rolling radius. Information pertaining to other
nominal rim sizes or tyre dynamic radius can be obtained from the test requestor.
3.4
brake temperature
temperature measured on the disc or drum at the centre of the path followed by the lining
3.5
test inertia
part of the total inertia of the vehicle braked by the wheel under consideration, in accordance with Table 2
NOTE For other loads or tyre sizes, see ISO 11157.
3.6
wheel load
half of the axle load (3.2)
2 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
4 Symbols
Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Description Unit
d Mean fully developed deceleration (MFDD) m/s
m
I Test inertia kg⋅m
m Mass acting on the ground for the wheel(s) under consideration kg
M Brake measured torque N⋅m
d
p Brake actuating pressure bar
B
r Tyre dynamic rolling radius m
dyn
T Room temperature °C
R
T Temperature at end of braking °C
E
T Initial temperature at beginning of braking °C
I
V Velocity of the cooling air km/h
air
V Pad or lining wear mm, g
B
V Speed at the end of braking km/h
E
V Initial speed at beginning of braking km/h
I
V Rotor or drum wear mm, g
s
Percent difference between initial and minimum MFDD values during electrical and
∆ %
fade
computer engineering (ECE) fading steps
Duration of a braking cycle: time elapsing between the initiation of one brake application
∆ s
t
and the initiation of the next
5 Sampling
Unless otherwise specified by the test requestor, sampling shall be conducted in accordance with
ISO 15484:2008, 5.3.
6 Test method
6.1 Principle
This International Standard uses a single-ended brake inertia-dynamometer to conduct the test. The inertia-
dynamometer provides a computer-controlled method to perform the test sequence, controlling the different
parameters to ensure the accurate and repeatable evaluation of the different tests. The control system of the
inertia-dynamometer also records the in-stop values that allow the subsequent generation of a complete test
report to the requestor.
6.2 Test equipment and parts
6.2.1 An inertia-dynamometer having the characteristics specified in 6.2.2 to 6.2.4 shall be used for the test.
6.2.2 The inertia-dynamometer shall be capable of generating as close as possible, with a tolerance of
± 5 %, the inertia specified in 6.3.1 or the test inertia indicated by the test requestor.
6.2.3 The brake fitted shall be identical to the intended use type and oriented as close as possible to the
vehicle mounting position. Inconsequential changes to the lining configuration are permitted (i.e. chamfers,
slots, wear indicators, noise shims, etc.)
6.2.4 The instrumentation for the test shall be capable of providing at least the following data:
a) continuous recording of disc or drum rotational speed;
b) number of revolutions completed during a brake application;
c) stopping time;
d) continuous recording of the temperature on the disc and pads or the drum and lining;
e) continuous recording of control line pressure or force during a brake application;
f) continuous recording of brake output torque.
6.3 Test conditions
6.3.1 Test inertia and tyre dynamic rolling radius shall be in accordance with Table 2.
Table 2 — Test conditions
Axle load r Test inertia
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.