ISO 8518:2001
(Main)Workplace air - Determination of particulate lead and lead compounds - Flame or electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric method
Workplace air - Determination of particulate lead and lead compounds - Flame or electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric method
Air des lieux de travail — Dosage du plomb particulaire et des composés particulaires du plomb — Méthode par spectrométrie d'absorption atomique dans la flamme ou méthode par spectrométrie d'absorption avec atomisation électrothermique
Zrak na delovnem mestu – Določevanje svinca in svinčevih spojin v delcih – Plamenska ali elektrotermijska atomska absorpcijska spektrometrijska metoda
General Information
Relations
Frequently Asked Questions
ISO 8518:2001 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Workplace air - Determination of particulate lead and lead compounds - Flame or electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric method". This standard covers: Workplace air - Determination of particulate lead and lead compounds - Flame or electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric method
Workplace air - Determination of particulate lead and lead compounds - Flame or electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric method
ISO 8518:2001 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 13.040.30 - Workplace atmospheres. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO 8518:2001 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ISO 8518:2022, ISO 8518:1990. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
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Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-2002
=UDNQDGHORYQHPPHVWX±'RORþHYDQMHVYLQFDLQVYLQþHYLKVSRMLQYGHOFLK±
3ODPHQVNDDOLHOHNWURWHUPLMVNDDWRPVNDDEVRUSFLMVNDVSHNWURPHWULMVNDPHWRGD
Workplace air -- Determination of particulate lead and lead compounds -- Flame or
electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric method
Air des lieux de travail -- Dosage du plomb particulaire et des composés particulaires du
plomb -- Méthode par spectrométrie d'absorption atomique dans la flamme ou méthode
par spectrométrie d'absorption avec atomisation électrothermique
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 8518:2001
ICS:
13.040.30 Kakovost zraka na delovnem Workplace atmospheres
mestu
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8518
Second edition
2001-12-15
Workplace air — Determination of
particulate lead and lead compounds —
Flame or electrothermal atomic absorption
spectrometric method
Air des lieux de travail — Dosage du plomb particulaire et des composés
particulaires du plomb — Méthode par spectrométrie d'absorption atomique
dans la flamme ou méthode par spectrométrie d'absorption avec
atomisation électrothermique
Reference number
©
ISO 2001
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©
ii ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Principle . 5
5 Reactions . 6
6 Requirement . 6
7 Reagents . 6
8 Apparatus . 7
9 Occupational exposure assessment . 11
9.1 Assessment strategy . 11
9.2 Measurement strategy . 11
9.3 Selection of measurement conditions and measurement pattern . 11
10 Sampling . 12
10.1 Preliminary considerations . 12
10.2 Preparation of sampling equipment . 13
10.3 Sampling position . 14
10.4 Collection of samples . 14
10.5 Transportation . 14
11 Analysis . 15
11.1 Cleaning of glassware and plasticware . 15
11.2 Preparation of sample and blank solutions . 15
11.3 Instrumental analysis . 17
11.4 Estimation of the instrumental detection limit . 20
11.5 Estimation of the method detection limit . 20
11.6 Quality control . 20
12 Expression of results . 21
12.1 Calculation . 21
12.2 Method performance . 22
13 Special cases . 23
14 Test report . 23
Annexes
A Guidance on filter selection. 25
B Temperature and pressure correction . 27
Bibliography. 29
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO 8518 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee
SC 2, Workplace atmospheres.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 8518:1990), which has been technically revised.
Annexes A and B of this International Standard are for information only.
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iv ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
Introduction
The health of workers in many industries, e.g. mining, metal refining, battery manufacture, construction, etc., is at risk
through exposure by inhalation of particulate lead and lead compounds. Industrial hygienists and other public health
professionals need to determine the effectiveness of measures taken to control workers' exposure, and this is
generally achieved by making workplace air measurements. This International Standard provides a method for
making valid exposure measurements for lead. It will be of benefit to: agencies concerned with health and safety at
work; industrial hygienists and other public health professionals; analytical laboratories; industrial users and workers
of metals and metalloids, etc.
It has been assumed in the drafting of this International Standard that the execution of its provisions, and the
interpretation of the results obtained, is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people.
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8518:2001(E)
Workplace air — Determination of particulate lead and lead
compounds — Flame or electrothermal atomic absorption
spectrometric method
1 Scope
1.1 This International Standard specifies flame and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric methods for
the determination of the time-weighted average mass concentration of particulate lead and lead compounds in
workplace air.
1.2 The method is applicable to personal sampling of the inhalable fraction of airborne particles, as defined in
ISO 7708, and to static (area) sampling.
1.3 The sample dissolution procedure specifies hot plate or microwave digestion, or ultrasonic extraction (11.2).
The use of an alternative, more vigorous dissolution procedure is necessary when it is desired to extract lead from
compounds present in the test atmosphere that are insoluble using the dissolution procedures described herein.
1.4 The flame atomic absorption method is applicable to the determination of masses of approximately 1µg to
200µg of lead per sample, without dilution [1]. The electrothermal atomic absorption method is applicable to the
determination of masses of approximately 0,01µg to 0,5µg of lead per sample, without dilution [1].
1.5 The ultrasonic extraction procedure has been validated for the determination of masses of approximately 20µg
to 100µg of lead per sample, for laboratory-generated lead fume air filter samples [2].
1.6 The concentration range for lead in air for which this procedure is applicable is determined in part by the
sampling procedure selected by the user (see 10.1).
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these
publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For
undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC
maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 648:1977, Laboratory glassware — One-mark pipettes
ISO 1042:1998, Laboratory glassware — One-mark volumetric flasks
ISO 3585:1998, Borosilicate glass 3.3 — Properties
ISO 3696:1987, Water for analytical laboratory use — Specification and test methods
ISO 7708:1995, Air quality — Particle size fraction definitions for health-related sampling
ISO 8655-1, Piston-operated volumetric apparatus— Part1: Terminology, general requirements and user
recommendations
ISO 8655-2, Piston-operated volumetric apparatus — Part 2: Piston pipettes
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved 1
ISO 8655-5, Piston-operated volumetric apparatus — Part 5: Dispensers
ISO 8655-6, Piston-operated volumetric apparatus— Part6: Gravimetric methods for the determination of
measurement error
ISO 15202-2:2001, Workplace air — Determination of metals and metalloids in airborne particulate matter by
inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry — Part 2: Sample preparation
1)
EN 13205 , Workplace atmospheres — Assessment of performance of instruments for measurement of airborne
particle concentrations
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1 General definitions
3.1.1
chemical agent
any chemical element or compound, on its own or admixed as it occurs in the natural state or as produced, used or
released, including release as waste, by any work activity, whether or not produced intentionally and whether or not
placed on the market
[EN 1540]
3.1.2
breathing zone
space around a person's face from where he or she takes his or her breath
NOTE For technical purposes, a more precise definition is as follows: hemisphere (generally accepted to be 0,3 m in radius)
extending in front of the human face, centred on the midpoint of a line joining the ears; the base of the hemisphere is a plane
through this line, the top of the head and the larynx. This definition is not applicable when respiratory protective equipment is used.
[EN 1540]
3.1.3
exposure by inhalation
situation in which a chemical agent is present in air which is inhaled by a person
3.1.4
measuring procedure
procedure for sampling and analysing one or more chemical agents in the air, including storage and transportation of
the sample
3.1.5
operating time
period during which a sampling pump can be operated at specified flowrate and back-pressure without recharging or
replacing the battery
[EN 1232]
3.1.6
time-weighted average concentration
TWA concentration
concentration of a chemical agent in the atmosphere, averaged over the reference period
1) To be published.
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2 ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
NOTE A more detailed discussion of TWA concentrations and their use can be found in [3].
3.1.7
limit value
reference figure for concentration of a chemical agent in air ®
EXAMPLE Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for a given substance in workplace air, as established by the ACGIH [3].
3.1.8
reference period
specified period of time stated for the limit value of a specific chemical agent
NOTE Examples of limit values for different reference periods are short-term and long-term exposure limits, such as those
established by the ACGIH [3].
3.1.9
workplace
defined area or areas in which work activities are carried out
[EN 1540]
3.2 Particle size fraction definitions
3.2.1
inhalable convention
target specification for sampling instruments when the inhalable fraction is of interest
[ISO 7708]
3.2.2
inhalable fraction
mass fraction of total airborne particles which is inhaled through the nose and mouth
NOTE The inhalable fraction depends on the speed and direction of air movement, on breathing rate and other factors.
[ISO 7708]
3.2.3
respirable convention
target specification for sampling instruments when the respirable fraction is of interest
[ISO 7708]
3.2.4
respirable fraction
mass fraction of inhaled particles penetrating to the unciliated airways
[ISO 7708]
3.2.5
total airborne particles
all particles surrounded by air in a given volume of air
NOTE Because all measuring instruments are size-selective to some extent, it is often impossible to measure the total
concentration of airborne particles.
[ISO 7708]
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved 3
3.3 Sampling definitions
3.3.1
personal sampler
device attached to a person that samples air in the breathing zone
[EN 1540]
3.3.2
personal sampling
process of sampling carried out using a personal sampler
[EN 1540]
3.3.3
sampling instrument
sampler
device for collecting airborne particles
NOTE Instruments used to collect airborne particles are frequently referred to by a number of other terms, e.g. sampling heads,
filter holders, filter cassettes, etc.
3.3.4
static sampling
area sampling
process of air sampling carried out in a particular location
3.3.5
static sampler
area sampler
device, not attached to a person, used in static sampling
3.4 Definitions used in analysis
3.4.1
sample dissolution
process of obtaining a solution containing the analytes of interest from a sample
NOTE This may or may not involve complete dissolution of the sample.
3.4.2
sample preparation
all operations carried out on a sample, after transportation and storage, to prepare it for analysis, including
transformation of the sample into a measurable state, where necessary
3.4.3
sample solution
solution prepared by the process of sample dissolution, but possibly needing to be subjected to further operations in
order to produce a test solution that is ready for analysis
3.4.4
test solution
solution prepared by the process of sample dissolution and, if necessary, having been subjected to any further
operations required to bring it into a state in which it is ready for analysis
3.5 Statistical terms
3.5.1
analytical recovery
ratio of the mass of analyte measured when a sample is analysed to the known mass of analyte in that sample
NOTE It is expressed as a percentage.
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3.5.2
bias
consistent deviation of the results of a measurement process from the true value of the air quality characteristic itself
[ISO 6879]
3.5.3
overall uncertainty
〈of a measuring procedure or of an instrument〉 quantity used to characterize as a whole the uncertainty of a result
given by an apparatus or measuring procedure
NOTE It is expressed, as a percentage, by a combination of bias and precision, usually according to the formula:
|x−x |+ 2s
ref
× 100
x
ref
where
xnis the mean value of results of a number ( ) of repeated measurements;
x is the true or accepted reference value of concentration; and
ref
s is the standard deviation of repeated measurements.
[EN 482]
3.5.4
precision
closeness of agreement of results obtained by applying the same method several times under prescribed conditions
[ISO 6879]
NOTE Precision is often expressed in terms of the relative standard deviation.
3.5.5
true value
value which characterizes a quantity perfectly defined in the conditions which exist when that quantity is considered
[ISO 3534-1]
NOTE The true value of a quantity is a theoretical concept and, in general, cannot be known exactly (see EN 1540).
4 Principle
4.1 A known volume of air is drawn through a filter to collect particulate lead and lead compounds. For personal
sampling, a sampler designed to collect the inhalable fraction of airborne particles is used.
4.2 The filter and collected sample are subjected to a dissolution procedure in order to extract lead. The sample
dissolution procedure may use one of three techniques: hot plate digestion, microwave digestion or ultrasonic
extraction.
4.3 Sample solutions are analysed for lead content by aspirating into the oxidizing air-acetylene flame of an atomic
absorption spectrometer equipped with a lead hollow-cathode lamp or electrodeless discharge lamp. Absorbance
measurements are made at 283,3 nm, and analytical results are obtained by the analytical curve technique (see 6.1
of ISO 6955:1982). Potential interference by anions that form precipitates with lead is overcome by the addition of the
disodium salt of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) when necessary.
4.4 For accurate lead determination when the concentration of lead in the solution is low, the analysis may be
repeated using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Aliquots of the test solution are injected into a
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved 5
graphite furnace, and after drying and sample ashing stages, the sample is atomized electrothermally. Absorbance
measurements are made at 283,3 nm with background correction, and results are obtained by the analytical curve
technique (see 6.1 of ISO 6955:1982).
4.5 The results may be used for the assessment of workplace exposures to airborne particulate lead (see EN 689).
5 Reactions
In general, the overwhelming majority of particulate lead compounds that are commonly found in samples of
2+
workplace air are converted to water-soluble lead ions (Pb ) by the sample dissolution procedures described in
11.2. However, certain lead compounds, for example lead silicate, might not be dissolved. If necessary, a dissolution
procedure employing hydrofluoric acid should be used to dissolve silicate lead. If there is any doubt about the
effectiveness of these procedures for the dissolution of particulate lead compounds that may be present in the test
atmosphere, then this shall be investigated before proceeding with the analytical method described in clause 11.
6 Requirement
The measuring procedure shall comply with any relevant international, european or national standard that specifies
performance requirements for procedures for measuring chemical agents in workplace air (e.g. EN 482).
7Reagents
During the analysis, use only reagents of recognized analytical grade, and only water as specified in 7.1.
7.1 Water, complying with the requirements for ISO 3696 grade 2 water (electrical conductivity less than 0,1 mS/m
◦
and resistivity greater than 0,01 MΩ·m2 at 5 C).
The concentration of lead in the water shall be less than 0, 01µg/ml.
It is recommended that the water used be obtained from a water purification system that delivers ultrapure water
having a resistivity greater than 0,18 MΩ·m (usually expressed by manufacturers of water purification systems as
18 MΩ·cm).
7.2 Nitric acid (HNO ), concentrated, ρ≈ 1,42 g/ml (about 70 % mass fraction).
The concentration of lead shall be less than 0,01µg/ml.
WARNING — Concentrated nitric acid is corrosive and oxidizing, and nitric acid fumes are irritant. Avoid
exposure by contact with the skin or eyes, or by inhalation of fumes. Use suitable personal protective
equipment (including suitable gloves, face shield or safety glasses, etc.) when working with the
concentrated or dilute nitric acid, and carry out sample dissolution with concentrated nitric acid in open
vessels in a fume hood.
7.3 Nitric acid, diluted 1+ 1.
Carefully add 500 ml of concentrated nitric acid (7.2) to 450 ml of water (7.1) in a 2-litre beaker. Swirl to mix, allow to
cool and transfer to a 1-litre one-mark volumetric flask (8.6.1.4). Dilute to the mark with water, stopper and mix
thoroughly.
7.4 Nitric acid, diluted 1+ 9.
Place approximately 800 ml of water (7.1) in a 1-litre one-mark volumetric flask (8.6.1.4). Carefully add 100 ml of
concentrated nitric acid (7.2) to the flask and swirl to mix. Allow to cool, dilute to 1 litre with water and mix thoroughly.
7.5 Hydrofluoric acid (HF), concentrated, ρ≈ 1,16 g/ml (about 48 % mass fraction), if required, for digestion of
samples containing lead silicates.
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The concentration of lead in the HF shall be less than 0, 1µg/ml.
WARNING — Concentrated hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen fluoride vapour are extremely toxic and intensely
corrosive, and diluted hydrofluoric acid can also cause serious and painful burns that might not be felt until
up to 24 h after contact. Avoid exposure by contact with the skin or the eyes, or by inhalation of the vapour.
Use of personal protection (e.g. impermeable gloves, face shield or safety glasses, etc.) is essential when
working with concentrated or diluted hydrofluoric acid, and concentrated hydrofluoric acid should be used
in a fume hood. It is essential that hydrofluoric acid antidote gel containing calcium gluconate is readily
available to workers, both during and for 24 h after use of hydrofluoric acid.
7.6 Matrix modifier, NH H PO , Mg(NO ) or Pd(NO ) , or a combination of these, if required, for analysis by
4 2 4 3 2 3 2
electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.
7.7 Stock lead standard solution, 1 000 mg/l of lead.
Use a commercial standard solution with a certified lead concentration traceable to national standards. Observe the
manufacturer's expiration date or recommended shelf life.
Alternatively, prepare a lead standard solution by one of the following procedures.
◦
a) Dissolve 1,598 g± 0,001 g of lead(II) nitrate [Pb(NO ) ], previously dried to constant mass at 110 C and
3 2
cooled in a desiccator, in 200 ml of 1+ 1 nitric acid (7.3). Quantitatively transfer the solution to a 1000 ml one-
mark volumetric flask (8.6.1.4). Dilute to the mark with water (7.1), stopper and mix thoroughly. Store in a suitable
container, e.g. a polypropylene bottle (8.6.2.2), for a maximum period of one year.
b) Dissolve 1,000 g± 0,001 g of lead wire (99,9 % mass fraction Pb) in 200 ml of 1+ 1 nitric acid (7.3).
Quantitatively transfer the solution into a 1 000 ml one-mark volumetric flask (8.6.1.4), dilute to the mark with
water (7.1), stopper and mix thoroughly. Store in a suitable container, e.g. a polypropylene bottle (8.6.2.2), for a
maximum period of one year.
7.8 Working lead standard solution, 1 mg/l of lead, if required, for analysis by electrothermal atomic absorption
spectrometry.
Accurately pipette 100µl of stock lead standard solution (7.7) into a 100 ml one-mark volumetric flask (8.6.1.4). Add
1ml of concentrated nitric acid (7.2), dilute to the mark with water (7.1), stopper and mix thoroughly. Store in a
suitable container, e.g. a polypropylene bottle (8.6.2.2), for a maximum period of one month.
7.9 Hydrogen peroxide (H O ), approximately 30 % mass fraction solution, if required, for use in the hot-plate
2 2
sample digestion method.
The concentration of lead in the hydrogen peroxide solution shall be less than 0,01µg/ml.
7.10 Acetylene, if required, for use in analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.
7.11 Air, compressed and filtered, if required, for use in analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.
8Apparatus
8.1 Inhalable samplers, designed to collect the inhalable fraction of airborne particles, complying with the
provisions of EN 13205, for use when the exposure limits of interest apply to the inhalable fraction of airborne
particles.
NOTE 1 In general, personal samplers for collection of the inhalable fraction of airborne particles do not exhibit the same size-
selective characteristics if used for static (area) sampling.
NOTE 2 Some inhalable samplers are designed to collect the fraction of airborne particles on a filter, and any particulate matter
deposited on the internal surfaces of the sampler is not of interest. Other inhalable samplers are designed such that airborne
particles that pass through the entry orifice(s) match the inhalable convention, in which case particulate matter deposited on the
internal surfaces of the sampler does form part of the sample. (Samplers of this second type generally incorporate an internal filter
cassette or cartridge that can be removed from the sampler to enable this material to be easily recovered.) The operating
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved 7
instructions supplied by the manufacturer should be consulted to find out whether particulate matter deposited on the internal
surfaces of the sampler forms part of the sample.
8.2 Filters, of a diameter suitable for use with the samplers (see 8.1), with a collection efficiency of not less than
99,5 % for particles with a 0,3µm diffusion diameter in accordance with 2.2 of ISO 7708:1995, with a minimum lead
content (typically less than 0,1µg Pb), and compatible with the selected sample preparation method.
NOTE See annex A for guidance on filter selection.
8.3 Sampling pumps with an adjustable flowrate and capable of maintaining the selected flowrate (between
1 l/min and 5 l/min for personal sampling pumps, and between 5 l/min and 400 l/min for high-volume sampling
pumps) to within ±5% of the nominal value throughout the sampling period (see 10.1.2).
NOTE A flow-stabilized pump may be required to maintain the flowrate within the specified limits.
For personal sampling the pumps shall be capable of being worn by the worker without impeding normal work
activity. Sampling pump flowmeters shall be calibrated using either a primary or secondary standard; if a secondary
standard is used, it shall be calibrated using a primary standard.
The pump should have, as a minimum, the following features:
— an automatic control that keeps the volumetric flowrate constant in the case of a changing back-pressure;
— either a malfunction indicator which, following completion of sampling, indicates that the air flow has been
reduced or interrupted during sampling; or an automatic cut-out, which stops the pump if the flowrate is reduced
or interrupted;
— a facility for the adjustment of flowrate, such that it can only be actuated with the aid of a tool (e.g. screwdriver) or
requires special knowledge for operation (e.g. via software), so as to preclude inadvertent readjustment of the
flowrate during use.
An integral timer is a highly desirable additional feature.
EN 1232 and EN 12919 require that the performance of the pumps be such that:
— the pulsation of the flowrate does not exceed 10 %;
— a flowrate set within the nominal range does not deviate by more than ±5% from the initial value under
increasing back-pressure;
◦ ◦
— within the range of ambient temperatures from 5C4 to 0 C, the flowrate measured under operating conditions
◦
does not deviate by more than ±5% from the flowrate at 20 C;
— the operating time is at least 2h, and preferably 8h;
— the flowrate does not deviate by more than ±5% from the initial value during the operating time.
If the sampling pump is used outside the range of conditions specified in EN 1232 and/or EN 12919, appropriate
action should be taken to ensure that the performance requirements are met. For instance, at sub-zero temperatures
it might be necessary to keep the pump warm by placing it under the worker's clothes.
8.4 Flowmeter, portable, with an accuracy that is sufficient to enable the volumetric flowrate (see 10.1.1.2) to be
±5%
measured to within .
The calibration of the flowmeter shall be checked against a primary standard, i.e. a flowmeter whose accuracy is
traceable to national standards. If appropriate (see 10.1.3.1), record the atmospheric temperature and pressure at
which the calibration of the flowmeter was checked.
It is recommended that the flowmeter used be capable of measuring the volumetric flowrate to within ±2% or better.
8.5 Ancillary equipment.
8.5.1 Flexible tubing, of a diameter suitable for making a leak-proof connection from the samplers to the sampling
pumps.
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8 ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
8.5.2 Belts or harnesses, to which the sampling pumps can conveniently be fixed for personal sampling (except
where the sampling pumps are small enough to fit inside worker's pockets).
8.5.3 Flat-tipped forceps, for loading and unloading filters into samplers.
8.5.4 Filter transport cassettes, or similar, if required to transport samples for laboratory analysis.
8.5.5 Barometer, suitable for measurement of atmospheric pressure, if required (see 10.1.3).
◦ ◦ ◦
8.5.6 Thermometer, minimum temperature range of 0C5 to 0C1, with graduated divisions of C or less, for
measurement of atmospheric temperature.
For applications at temperatures below freezing, the range of the thermometer shall extend to the appropriate
desired range.
8.6 Analytical or laboratory apparatus.
Ordinary laboratory apparatus, and:
8.6.1 Glassware, made of borosilicate glass 3.3 and complying with the requirements of ISO 3585.
It is preferable to reserve a set of glassware for analysis of lead by this method, in order to ensure that problems do
not arise from incomplete removal of lead contamination by cleaning.
8.6.1.1 Beakers, of capacities between 50 ml and 150 ml, with watch-glasses to fit the beakers; for hot plate
procedures.
8.6.1.2 One-mark pipettes, complying with the requirements of ISO 648.
8.6.1.3 Measuring cylinder, of capacity between 10 ml and 1 000 ml. (Also often referred to as a graduated
cylinder.)
8.6.1.4 One-mark volumetric flasks, of capacities between 10 ml and 1 000 ml, complying with the requirements
of ISO 1042.
8.6.2 Plastic labware.
8.6.2.1 Heatable beakers, beaker covers, etc., if required, made of a material that is resistant to corrosion by
hydrofluoric acid, e.g. a fluorocarbon polymer such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and suitable for performing
dissolutions using hydrofluoric acid.
8.6.2.2 Polypropylene bottles, of capacities from 100 ml to 1 000 ml.
8.6.3 Piston-operated volumetric instruments, complying with the requirements of ISO 8655-1 and tested in
accordance with ISO 8655-6; pipetters, complying with the requirements of ISO 8655-2, as an alternative to one-
mark pipettes, for the preparation of standard solutions, calibration solutions and dilution of samples; and
dispensers, complying with the requirements of ISO 8655-5, for dispensing acids.
◦
8.6.4 Hot plate, thermostatically controlled, capable of maintaining a surface temperature of approximately 150 C,
for hot-plate procedures.
The efficiency of thermostatting of hot plates is sometimes deficient, and the surface temperature can also vary
considerably with position on hot plate with large surface areas. It is therefore recommended that the performance of
the hot plate be characterized prior to use.
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved 9
8.6.5 Microwave digestion apparatus.
8.6.5.1 General
Ensure that manufacturer's safety recommendations are followed.
NOTE 1 The specified method is for closed vessel microwave digestion systems with a temperature control system. Microwave
digestion systems that are equipped only with a pressure control system and/or with lower pressure vessels may be used provided
that a suitable sample dissolution procedure is developed and a prior assessment of dissolution efficiency is carried out.
NOTE 2 Open-vessel microwave digestion systems can give results equivalent to closed-vessel microwave digestion systems.
They may therefore be used provided that a suitable sample dissolution procedure is developed and a prior assessment of
dissolution efficiency is carried out.
8.6.5.2 Microwave digestion system, designed for closed-vessel sample digestion in the laboratory, with power
◦
output regulation, fitted with a temperature control system capable of sensing the temperature to within ± 2 C and
automatically adjusting the microwave power output within 2s.
The microwave cavity shall be corrosion-resistant and well ventilated, with all electronics protected against corrosion
to ensure safe operation.
CAUTION — Do not use domestic (kitchen) microwave ovens, since there are very significant hazards
associated with their use for the procedure described in this International Standard. Acid vapours released
into the cavity can corrode safety devices that prevent the magnetron from shutting off when the door is
opened, potentially exposing the operator to microwave energy. Also, the fumes generated can be extremely
hazardous.
NOTE A pressure control system is also very useful, since it provides a safeguard against the possibility of sample loss due to
excessive pressure build-up and partial venting of the sample vessels.
◦
8.6.5.3 Vessels, designed for carrying out microwave digestions, capable of withstanding a temperature of 180 C,
and with an internal volume of at least 50 ml.
The vessels shall be transparent to microwave energy, and shall be capable of withstanding internal pressures up to
◦
at least ( ) or greater, and temperatures up to at least or greater. Closed vessels shall also
3 000 kPa 435 psi 180 C
be equipped with a safety relief valve or disc that will prevent vessel rupture or ejection of the vessel cap. Such
vessels consist of an inner liner and cover made of a microwave-transparent and chemically resistant material
[usually a fluorocarbon polymer such as tetrafluoromethoxyl polymer (TFM)], which contains and isolates the sample
solution from a high-strength, outer pressure vessel structure. Other types of sample vessel designed to operate at
equivalent or higher temperatures or pressures, or both, may be used.
CAUTION — For closed-vessel designs, the material from which the outer vessels are made is usually not as
chemically resistant as the liner material. Since the outer vessels provide the strength required to withstand
the high pressures within the inner liners, they shall be inspected regularly to check for any chemical or
physical degradation.
8.6.6 Ultrasonic bath (sonicator), for performing ultrasonic extractions, capable of delivering sufficient power to
effect the quantitative dissolution of particulate lead under the conditions described in 11.2.5 (typically 1 W/cm
power density or greater).
8.6.7 Plastic centrifuge tubes, 50 ml, with screw caps (for ultrasonic procedure).
8.6.8 Atomic absorption spectrometer, fitted with an air-acetylene burner supplied with compressed air and
acetylene, and equipped with either a lead hollow cathode lamp or electrodeless discharge lamp [4, 5]. If sample
dissolution is carried out with the aid of hydrofluoric acid (see 11.2.3.3 and 11.2.4.2), the atomic absorption
spectrometer shall be hydrofluoric acid-compatible. If electrothermal atomic absorption is to be carried out, the
atomic absorption spectrometer shall be capable of carrying out simultaneous background correction at 283,3 nm,
either by using a continuum source such as a deuterium lamp to measure non-specific attenuation (see for example
5.1.5 of ISO 6955:1982), or by using Zeeman or Smith-Hieftje background correction systems [6].
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10 ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
8.6.9 Electrothermal atomiser, fitted with a solid, pyrolytic graphite platform mounted in a pyrolytically-coated
graphite tube, supplied with argon purge gas, and equipped with an autosampler capable of injecting microlitre
volumes onto the platform.
NOTE Some manufacturers of atomic absorption spectrometers use an alternative design of electrothermal atomiser to achieve
a constant temperature environment during atomisation, and some use aerosol deposition as a means of sample introduction.
The use of such accessories is acceptable, provided satisfactory method performance is verified. Likewise, atomisers made from
heat-resistant metal, e.g. tungsten, might also be suitable.
8.6.10 Analytical balance, capable of weighing to ± 0,1 mg, if required, for use in preparation of stock standard
lead solution.
8.6.11 Disposable gloves, for prevention of sample contamination.
8.6.12 Forceps, flat-tipped, for loading and unloading of filters into and out of samplers.
9 Occupational exposure assessment
9.1 Assessment strategy
Refer to relevant International or national Standards (e.g. EN 689, ASTM E1370) for guidance on how to develop an
appropriate assessment strategy.
9.2 Measurement strategy
9.2.1 General
Refer to relevant International or national Standards (e.g. EN689, ASTME1370) for general guidance on
measurement strategy.
9.2.2 Personal sampling
Exposure of workers to lead shall normally be determined by personal sampling, since the concentration of lead and
lead compounds in the breathing zone is usually higher than their background levels in the workplace.
9.2.3 Static (area) sampling
Static (area) sampling may be carried out, if appropriate, to assess the exposure of workers in a situation where
personal sampling is not possible; to characterise the background level of lead in the workplace to give an indication
of the efficiency of ventilation or other engineering controls; or to provide information on the location and intensity of
an emission source.
9.3 Selection of measurement conditions and measurement pattern
9.3.1 General
9.3.1.1 The sampling procedure shall be devised to cause the least possible interference with the worker and the
normal performance of the job, and to provide samples that are representative of normal working conditions and that
are compatible with the analytical method.
9.3.1.2 The pattern of sampling shall take into consideration practical issues, such as the nature of the
measurement task and the frequency and duration of particular work activities.
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved 11
9.3.2 Screening measurements of variation of concentration in time and/or space
Screening measurements of variation of concentration in time and/or space may be carried out in the initial stages of
a survey to identify locations and periods of elevated exposure, and to set the duration and frequency of sampling for
measurements for comparison with limit values.
NOTE For making screening measurements of variation of concentration in time and/or space, the sampling time used is
normally between 5 min and 30 min.
9.3.3 Screening measurements of time-weighted average concentration and worst-case measurements
Screening measurements of time-weighted average concentration may be carried out in the initial stages of a survey
to assess the effectiveness of control measures. This may involve sampling during representative work episodes to
obtain clear information about the level and pattern of exposure, or worst-case measurements can be made.
9.3.4 Measurements for comparison with limit values and periodic measurements
For making long-term measurements, samples shall be collected for the entire working period or during a number of
representative work episodes [3].
NOTE The best estimate of long-term exposure is obtained by taking samples for the entire working period, but this is often not
practicable or not desirable (e.g. because of the possibility of overloading the filter).
10 Sampling
10.1 Preliminary considerations
10.1.1 Selection and use of samplers
10.1.1.1 Select samplers (8.1) designed to collect the inhalable fraction of airborne particles, as defined in
ISO 7708.
If possible, t
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8518
Second edition
2001-12-15
Workplace air — Determination of
particulate lead and lead compounds —
Flame or electrothermal atomic absorption
spectrometric method
Air des lieux de travail — Dosage du plomb particulaire et des composés
particulaires du plomb — Méthode par spectrométrie d'absorption atomique
dans la flamme ou méthode par spectrométrie d'absorption avec
atomisation électrothermique
Reference number
©
ISO 2001
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©
ii ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Principle . 5
5 Reactions . 6
6 Requirement . 6
7 Reagents . 6
8 Apparatus . 7
9 Occupational exposure assessment . 11
9.1 Assessment strategy . 11
9.2 Measurement strategy . 11
9.3 Selection of measurement conditions and measurement pattern . 11
10 Sampling . 12
10.1 Preliminary considerations . 12
10.2 Preparation of sampling equipment . 13
10.3 Sampling position . 14
10.4 Collection of samples . 14
10.5 Transportation . 14
11 Analysis . 15
11.1 Cleaning of glassware and plasticware . 15
11.2 Preparation of sample and blank solutions . 15
11.3 Instrumental analysis . 17
11.4 Estimation of the instrumental detection limit . 20
11.5 Estimation of the method detection limit . 20
11.6 Quality control . 20
12 Expression of results . 21
12.1 Calculation . 21
12.2 Method performance . 22
13 Special cases . 23
14 Test report . 23
Annexes
A Guidance on filter selection. 25
B Temperature and pressure correction . 27
Bibliography. 29
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO 8518 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee
SC 2, Workplace atmospheres.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 8518:1990), which has been technically revised.
Annexes A and B of this International Standard are for information only.
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iv ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
Introduction
The health of workers in many industries, e.g. mining, metal refining, battery manufacture, construction, etc., is at risk
through exposure by inhalation of particulate lead and lead compounds. Industrial hygienists and other public health
professionals need to determine the effectiveness of measures taken to control workers' exposure, and this is
generally achieved by making workplace air measurements. This International Standard provides a method for
making valid exposure measurements for lead. It will be of benefit to: agencies concerned with health and safety at
work; industrial hygienists and other public health professionals; analytical laboratories; industrial users and workers
of metals and metalloids, etc.
It has been assumed in the drafting of this International Standard that the execution of its provisions, and the
interpretation of the results obtained, is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people.
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8518:2001(E)
Workplace air — Determination of particulate lead and lead
compounds — Flame or electrothermal atomic absorption
spectrometric method
1 Scope
1.1 This International Standard specifies flame and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric methods for
the determination of the time-weighted average mass concentration of particulate lead and lead compounds in
workplace air.
1.2 The method is applicable to personal sampling of the inhalable fraction of airborne particles, as defined in
ISO 7708, and to static (area) sampling.
1.3 The sample dissolution procedure specifies hot plate or microwave digestion, or ultrasonic extraction (11.2).
The use of an alternative, more vigorous dissolution procedure is necessary when it is desired to extract lead from
compounds present in the test atmosphere that are insoluble using the dissolution procedures described herein.
1.4 The flame atomic absorption method is applicable to the determination of masses of approximately 1µg to
200µg of lead per sample, without dilution [1]. The electrothermal atomic absorption method is applicable to the
determination of masses of approximately 0,01µg to 0,5µg of lead per sample, without dilution [1].
1.5 The ultrasonic extraction procedure has been validated for the determination of masses of approximately 20µg
to 100µg of lead per sample, for laboratory-generated lead fume air filter samples [2].
1.6 The concentration range for lead in air for which this procedure is applicable is determined in part by the
sampling procedure selected by the user (see 10.1).
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these
publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For
undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC
maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 648:1977, Laboratory glassware — One-mark pipettes
ISO 1042:1998, Laboratory glassware — One-mark volumetric flasks
ISO 3585:1998, Borosilicate glass 3.3 — Properties
ISO 3696:1987, Water for analytical laboratory use — Specification and test methods
ISO 7708:1995, Air quality — Particle size fraction definitions for health-related sampling
ISO 8655-1, Piston-operated volumetric apparatus— Part1: Terminology, general requirements and user
recommendations
ISO 8655-2, Piston-operated volumetric apparatus — Part 2: Piston pipettes
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved 1
ISO 8655-5, Piston-operated volumetric apparatus — Part 5: Dispensers
ISO 8655-6, Piston-operated volumetric apparatus— Part6: Gravimetric methods for the determination of
measurement error
ISO 15202-2:2001, Workplace air — Determination of metals and metalloids in airborne particulate matter by
inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry — Part 2: Sample preparation
1)
EN 13205 , Workplace atmospheres — Assessment of performance of instruments for measurement of airborne
particle concentrations
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1 General definitions
3.1.1
chemical agent
any chemical element or compound, on its own or admixed as it occurs in the natural state or as produced, used or
released, including release as waste, by any work activity, whether or not produced intentionally and whether or not
placed on the market
[EN 1540]
3.1.2
breathing zone
space around a person's face from where he or she takes his or her breath
NOTE For technical purposes, a more precise definition is as follows: hemisphere (generally accepted to be 0,3 m in radius)
extending in front of the human face, centred on the midpoint of a line joining the ears; the base of the hemisphere is a plane
through this line, the top of the head and the larynx. This definition is not applicable when respiratory protective equipment is used.
[EN 1540]
3.1.3
exposure by inhalation
situation in which a chemical agent is present in air which is inhaled by a person
3.1.4
measuring procedure
procedure for sampling and analysing one or more chemical agents in the air, including storage and transportation of
the sample
3.1.5
operating time
period during which a sampling pump can be operated at specified flowrate and back-pressure without recharging or
replacing the battery
[EN 1232]
3.1.6
time-weighted average concentration
TWA concentration
concentration of a chemical agent in the atmosphere, averaged over the reference period
1) To be published.
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2 ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
NOTE A more detailed discussion of TWA concentrations and their use can be found in [3].
3.1.7
limit value
reference figure for concentration of a chemical agent in air ®
EXAMPLE Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for a given substance in workplace air, as established by the ACGIH [3].
3.1.8
reference period
specified period of time stated for the limit value of a specific chemical agent
NOTE Examples of limit values for different reference periods are short-term and long-term exposure limits, such as those
established by the ACGIH [3].
3.1.9
workplace
defined area or areas in which work activities are carried out
[EN 1540]
3.2 Particle size fraction definitions
3.2.1
inhalable convention
target specification for sampling instruments when the inhalable fraction is of interest
[ISO 7708]
3.2.2
inhalable fraction
mass fraction of total airborne particles which is inhaled through the nose and mouth
NOTE The inhalable fraction depends on the speed and direction of air movement, on breathing rate and other factors.
[ISO 7708]
3.2.3
respirable convention
target specification for sampling instruments when the respirable fraction is of interest
[ISO 7708]
3.2.4
respirable fraction
mass fraction of inhaled particles penetrating to the unciliated airways
[ISO 7708]
3.2.5
total airborne particles
all particles surrounded by air in a given volume of air
NOTE Because all measuring instruments are size-selective to some extent, it is often impossible to measure the total
concentration of airborne particles.
[ISO 7708]
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved 3
3.3 Sampling definitions
3.3.1
personal sampler
device attached to a person that samples air in the breathing zone
[EN 1540]
3.3.2
personal sampling
process of sampling carried out using a personal sampler
[EN 1540]
3.3.3
sampling instrument
sampler
device for collecting airborne particles
NOTE Instruments used to collect airborne particles are frequently referred to by a number of other terms, e.g. sampling heads,
filter holders, filter cassettes, etc.
3.3.4
static sampling
area sampling
process of air sampling carried out in a particular location
3.3.5
static sampler
area sampler
device, not attached to a person, used in static sampling
3.4 Definitions used in analysis
3.4.1
sample dissolution
process of obtaining a solution containing the analytes of interest from a sample
NOTE This may or may not involve complete dissolution of the sample.
3.4.2
sample preparation
all operations carried out on a sample, after transportation and storage, to prepare it for analysis, including
transformation of the sample into a measurable state, where necessary
3.4.3
sample solution
solution prepared by the process of sample dissolution, but possibly needing to be subjected to further operations in
order to produce a test solution that is ready for analysis
3.4.4
test solution
solution prepared by the process of sample dissolution and, if necessary, having been subjected to any further
operations required to bring it into a state in which it is ready for analysis
3.5 Statistical terms
3.5.1
analytical recovery
ratio of the mass of analyte measured when a sample is analysed to the known mass of analyte in that sample
NOTE It is expressed as a percentage.
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4 ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
3.5.2
bias
consistent deviation of the results of a measurement process from the true value of the air quality characteristic itself
[ISO 6879]
3.5.3
overall uncertainty
〈of a measuring procedure or of an instrument〉 quantity used to characterize as a whole the uncertainty of a result
given by an apparatus or measuring procedure
NOTE It is expressed, as a percentage, by a combination of bias and precision, usually according to the formula:
|x−x |+ 2s
ref
× 100
x
ref
where
xnis the mean value of results of a number ( ) of repeated measurements;
x is the true or accepted reference value of concentration; and
ref
s is the standard deviation of repeated measurements.
[EN 482]
3.5.4
precision
closeness of agreement of results obtained by applying the same method several times under prescribed conditions
[ISO 6879]
NOTE Precision is often expressed in terms of the relative standard deviation.
3.5.5
true value
value which characterizes a quantity perfectly defined in the conditions which exist when that quantity is considered
[ISO 3534-1]
NOTE The true value of a quantity is a theoretical concept and, in general, cannot be known exactly (see EN 1540).
4 Principle
4.1 A known volume of air is drawn through a filter to collect particulate lead and lead compounds. For personal
sampling, a sampler designed to collect the inhalable fraction of airborne particles is used.
4.2 The filter and collected sample are subjected to a dissolution procedure in order to extract lead. The sample
dissolution procedure may use one of three techniques: hot plate digestion, microwave digestion or ultrasonic
extraction.
4.3 Sample solutions are analysed for lead content by aspirating into the oxidizing air-acetylene flame of an atomic
absorption spectrometer equipped with a lead hollow-cathode lamp or electrodeless discharge lamp. Absorbance
measurements are made at 283,3 nm, and analytical results are obtained by the analytical curve technique (see 6.1
of ISO 6955:1982). Potential interference by anions that form precipitates with lead is overcome by the addition of the
disodium salt of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) when necessary.
4.4 For accurate lead determination when the concentration of lead in the solution is low, the analysis may be
repeated using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Aliquots of the test solution are injected into a
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved 5
graphite furnace, and after drying and sample ashing stages, the sample is atomized electrothermally. Absorbance
measurements are made at 283,3 nm with background correction, and results are obtained by the analytical curve
technique (see 6.1 of ISO 6955:1982).
4.5 The results may be used for the assessment of workplace exposures to airborne particulate lead (see EN 689).
5 Reactions
In general, the overwhelming majority of particulate lead compounds that are commonly found in samples of
2+
workplace air are converted to water-soluble lead ions (Pb ) by the sample dissolution procedures described in
11.2. However, certain lead compounds, for example lead silicate, might not be dissolved. If necessary, a dissolution
procedure employing hydrofluoric acid should be used to dissolve silicate lead. If there is any doubt about the
effectiveness of these procedures for the dissolution of particulate lead compounds that may be present in the test
atmosphere, then this shall be investigated before proceeding with the analytical method described in clause 11.
6 Requirement
The measuring procedure shall comply with any relevant international, european or national standard that specifies
performance requirements for procedures for measuring chemical agents in workplace air (e.g. EN 482).
7Reagents
During the analysis, use only reagents of recognized analytical grade, and only water as specified in 7.1.
7.1 Water, complying with the requirements for ISO 3696 grade 2 water (electrical conductivity less than 0,1 mS/m
◦
and resistivity greater than 0,01 MΩ·m2 at 5 C).
The concentration of lead in the water shall be less than 0, 01µg/ml.
It is recommended that the water used be obtained from a water purification system that delivers ultrapure water
having a resistivity greater than 0,18 MΩ·m (usually expressed by manufacturers of water purification systems as
18 MΩ·cm).
7.2 Nitric acid (HNO ), concentrated, ρ≈ 1,42 g/ml (about 70 % mass fraction).
The concentration of lead shall be less than 0,01µg/ml.
WARNING — Concentrated nitric acid is corrosive and oxidizing, and nitric acid fumes are irritant. Avoid
exposure by contact with the skin or eyes, or by inhalation of fumes. Use suitable personal protective
equipment (including suitable gloves, face shield or safety glasses, etc.) when working with the
concentrated or dilute nitric acid, and carry out sample dissolution with concentrated nitric acid in open
vessels in a fume hood.
7.3 Nitric acid, diluted 1+ 1.
Carefully add 500 ml of concentrated nitric acid (7.2) to 450 ml of water (7.1) in a 2-litre beaker. Swirl to mix, allow to
cool and transfer to a 1-litre one-mark volumetric flask (8.6.1.4). Dilute to the mark with water, stopper and mix
thoroughly.
7.4 Nitric acid, diluted 1+ 9.
Place approximately 800 ml of water (7.1) in a 1-litre one-mark volumetric flask (8.6.1.4). Carefully add 100 ml of
concentrated nitric acid (7.2) to the flask and swirl to mix. Allow to cool, dilute to 1 litre with water and mix thoroughly.
7.5 Hydrofluoric acid (HF), concentrated, ρ≈ 1,16 g/ml (about 48 % mass fraction), if required, for digestion of
samples containing lead silicates.
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6 ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
The concentration of lead in the HF shall be less than 0, 1µg/ml.
WARNING — Concentrated hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen fluoride vapour are extremely toxic and intensely
corrosive, and diluted hydrofluoric acid can also cause serious and painful burns that might not be felt until
up to 24 h after contact. Avoid exposure by contact with the skin or the eyes, or by inhalation of the vapour.
Use of personal protection (e.g. impermeable gloves, face shield or safety glasses, etc.) is essential when
working with concentrated or diluted hydrofluoric acid, and concentrated hydrofluoric acid should be used
in a fume hood. It is essential that hydrofluoric acid antidote gel containing calcium gluconate is readily
available to workers, both during and for 24 h after use of hydrofluoric acid.
7.6 Matrix modifier, NH H PO , Mg(NO ) or Pd(NO ) , or a combination of these, if required, for analysis by
4 2 4 3 2 3 2
electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.
7.7 Stock lead standard solution, 1 000 mg/l of lead.
Use a commercial standard solution with a certified lead concentration traceable to national standards. Observe the
manufacturer's expiration date or recommended shelf life.
Alternatively, prepare a lead standard solution by one of the following procedures.
◦
a) Dissolve 1,598 g± 0,001 g of lead(II) nitrate [Pb(NO ) ], previously dried to constant mass at 110 C and
3 2
cooled in a desiccator, in 200 ml of 1+ 1 nitric acid (7.3). Quantitatively transfer the solution to a 1000 ml one-
mark volumetric flask (8.6.1.4). Dilute to the mark with water (7.1), stopper and mix thoroughly. Store in a suitable
container, e.g. a polypropylene bottle (8.6.2.2), for a maximum period of one year.
b) Dissolve 1,000 g± 0,001 g of lead wire (99,9 % mass fraction Pb) in 200 ml of 1+ 1 nitric acid (7.3).
Quantitatively transfer the solution into a 1 000 ml one-mark volumetric flask (8.6.1.4), dilute to the mark with
water (7.1), stopper and mix thoroughly. Store in a suitable container, e.g. a polypropylene bottle (8.6.2.2), for a
maximum period of one year.
7.8 Working lead standard solution, 1 mg/l of lead, if required, for analysis by electrothermal atomic absorption
spectrometry.
Accurately pipette 100µl of stock lead standard solution (7.7) into a 100 ml one-mark volumetric flask (8.6.1.4). Add
1ml of concentrated nitric acid (7.2), dilute to the mark with water (7.1), stopper and mix thoroughly. Store in a
suitable container, e.g. a polypropylene bottle (8.6.2.2), for a maximum period of one month.
7.9 Hydrogen peroxide (H O ), approximately 30 % mass fraction solution, if required, for use in the hot-plate
2 2
sample digestion method.
The concentration of lead in the hydrogen peroxide solution shall be less than 0,01µg/ml.
7.10 Acetylene, if required, for use in analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.
7.11 Air, compressed and filtered, if required, for use in analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.
8Apparatus
8.1 Inhalable samplers, designed to collect the inhalable fraction of airborne particles, complying with the
provisions of EN 13205, for use when the exposure limits of interest apply to the inhalable fraction of airborne
particles.
NOTE 1 In general, personal samplers for collection of the inhalable fraction of airborne particles do not exhibit the same size-
selective characteristics if used for static (area) sampling.
NOTE 2 Some inhalable samplers are designed to collect the fraction of airborne particles on a filter, and any particulate matter
deposited on the internal surfaces of the sampler is not of interest. Other inhalable samplers are designed such that airborne
particles that pass through the entry orifice(s) match the inhalable convention, in which case particulate matter deposited on the
internal surfaces of the sampler does form part of the sample. (Samplers of this second type generally incorporate an internal filter
cassette or cartridge that can be removed from the sampler to enable this material to be easily recovered.) The operating
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ISO 2001 – All rights reserved 7
instructions supplied by the manufacturer should be consulted to find out whether particulate matter deposited on the internal
surfaces of the sampler forms part of the sample.
8.2 Filters, of a diameter suitable for use with the samplers (see 8.1), with a collection efficiency of not less than
99,5 % for particles with a 0,3µm diffusion diameter in accordance with 2.2 of ISO 7708:1995, with a minimum lead
content (typically less than 0,1µg Pb), and compatible with the selected sample preparation method.
NOTE See annex A for guidance on filter selection.
8.3 Sampling pumps with an adjustable flowrate and capable of maintaining the selected flowrate (between
1 l/min and 5 l/min for personal sampling pumps, and between 5 l/min and 400 l/min for high-volume sampling
pumps) to within ±5% of the nominal value throughout the sampling period (see 10.1.2).
NOTE A flow-stabilized pump may be required to maintain the flowrate within the specified limits.
For personal sampling the pumps shall be capable of being worn by the worker without impeding normal work
activity. Sampling pump flowmeters shall be calibrated using either a primary or secondary standard; if a secondary
standard is used, it shall be calibrated using a primary standard.
The pump should have, as a minimum, the following features:
— an automatic control that keeps the volumetric flowrate constant in the case of a changing back-pressure;
— either a malfunction indicator which, following completion of sampling, indicates that the air flow has been
reduced or interrupted during sampling; or an automatic cut-out, which stops the pump if the flowrate is reduced
or interrupted;
— a facility for the adjustment of flowrate, such that it can only be actuated with the aid of a tool (e.g. screwdriver) or
requires special knowledge for operation (e.g. via software), so as to preclude inadvertent readjustment of the
flowrate during use.
An integral timer is a highly desirable additional feature.
EN 1232 and EN 12919 require that the performance of the pumps be such that:
— the pulsation of the flowrate does not exceed 10 %;
— a flowrate set within the nominal range does not deviate by more than ±5% from the initial value under
increasing back-pressure;
◦ ◦
— within the range of ambient temperatures from 5C4 to 0 C, the flowrate measured under operating conditions
◦
does not deviate by more than ±5% from the flowrate at 20 C;
— the operating time is at least 2h, and preferably 8h;
— the flowrate does not deviate by more than ±5% from the initial value during the operating time.
If the sampling pump is used outside the range of conditions specified in EN 1232 and/or EN 12919, appropriate
action should be taken to ensure that the performance requirements are met. For instance, at sub-zero temperatures
it might be necessary to keep the pump warm by placing it under the worker's clothes.
8.4 Flowmeter, portable, with an accuracy that is sufficient to enable the volumetric flowrate (see 10.1.1.2) to be
±5%
measured to within .
The calibration of the flowmeter shall be checked against a primary standard, i.e. a flowmeter whose accuracy is
traceable to national standards. If appropriate (see 10.1.3.1), record the atmospheric temperature and pressure at
which the calibration of the flowmeter was checked.
It is recommended that the flowmeter used be capable of measuring the volumetric flowrate to within ±2% or better.
8.5 Ancillary equipment.
8.5.1 Flexible tubing, of a diameter suitable for making a leak-proof connection from the samplers to the sampling
pumps.
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8 ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
8.5.2 Belts or harnesses, to which the sampling pumps can conveniently be fixed for personal sampling (except
where the sampling pumps are small enough to fit inside worker's pockets).
8.5.3 Flat-tipped forceps, for loading and unloading filters into samplers.
8.5.4 Filter transport cassettes, or similar, if required to transport samples for laboratory analysis.
8.5.5 Barometer, suitable for measurement of atmospheric pressure, if required (see 10.1.3).
◦ ◦ ◦
8.5.6 Thermometer, minimum temperature range of 0C5 to 0C1, with graduated divisions of C or less, for
measurement of atmospheric temperature.
For applications at temperatures below freezing, the range of the thermometer shall extend to the appropriate
desired range.
8.6 Analytical or laboratory apparatus.
Ordinary laboratory apparatus, and:
8.6.1 Glassware, made of borosilicate glass 3.3 and complying with the requirements of ISO 3585.
It is preferable to reserve a set of glassware for analysis of lead by this method, in order to ensure that problems do
not arise from incomplete removal of lead contamination by cleaning.
8.6.1.1 Beakers, of capacities between 50 ml and 150 ml, with watch-glasses to fit the beakers; for hot plate
procedures.
8.6.1.2 One-mark pipettes, complying with the requirements of ISO 648.
8.6.1.3 Measuring cylinder, of capacity between 10 ml and 1 000 ml. (Also often referred to as a graduated
cylinder.)
8.6.1.4 One-mark volumetric flasks, of capacities between 10 ml and 1 000 ml, complying with the requirements
of ISO 1042.
8.6.2 Plastic labware.
8.6.2.1 Heatable beakers, beaker covers, etc., if required, made of a material that is resistant to corrosion by
hydrofluoric acid, e.g. a fluorocarbon polymer such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and suitable for performing
dissolutions using hydrofluoric acid.
8.6.2.2 Polypropylene bottles, of capacities from 100 ml to 1 000 ml.
8.6.3 Piston-operated volumetric instruments, complying with the requirements of ISO 8655-1 and tested in
accordance with ISO 8655-6; pipetters, complying with the requirements of ISO 8655-2, as an alternative to one-
mark pipettes, for the preparation of standard solutions, calibration solutions and dilution of samples; and
dispensers, complying with the requirements of ISO 8655-5, for dispensing acids.
◦
8.6.4 Hot plate, thermostatically controlled, capable of maintaining a surface temperature of approximately 150 C,
for hot-plate procedures.
The efficiency of thermostatting of hot plates is sometimes deficient, and the surface temperature can also vary
considerably with position on hot plate with large surface areas. It is therefore recommended that the performance of
the hot plate be characterized prior to use.
©
ISO 2001 – All rights reserved 9
8.6.5 Microwave digestion apparatus.
8.6.5.1 General
Ensure that manufacturer's safety recommendations are followed.
NOTE 1 The specified method is for closed vessel microwave digestion systems with a temperature control system. Microwave
digestion systems that are equipped only with a pressure control system and/or with lower pressure vessels may be used provided
that a suitable sample dissolution procedure is developed and a prior assessment of dissolution efficiency is carried out.
NOTE 2 Open-vessel microwave digestion systems can give results equivalent to closed-vessel microwave digestion systems.
They may therefore be used provided that a suitable sample dissolution procedure is developed and a prior assessment of
dissolution efficiency is carried out.
8.6.5.2 Microwave digestion system, designed for closed-vessel sample digestion in the laboratory, with power
◦
output regulation, fitted with a temperature control system capable of sensing the temperature to within ± 2 C and
automatically adjusting the microwave power output within 2s.
The microwave cavity shall be corrosion-resistant and well ventilated, with all electronics protected against corrosion
to ensure safe operation.
CAUTION — Do not use domestic (kitchen) microwave ovens, since there are very significant hazards
associated with their use for the procedure described in this International Standard. Acid vapours released
into the cavity can corrode safety devices that prevent the magnetron from shutting off when the door is
opened, potentially exposing the operator to microwave energy. Also, the fumes generated can be extremely
hazardous.
NOTE A pressure control system is also very useful, since it provides a safeguard against the possibility of sample loss due to
excessive pressure build-up and partial venting of the sample vessels.
◦
8.6.5.3 Vessels, designed for carrying out microwave digestions, capable of withstanding a temperature of 180 C,
and with an internal volume of at least 50 ml.
The vessels shall be transparent to microwave energy, and shall be capable of withstanding internal pressures up to
◦
at least ( ) or greater, and temperatures up to at least or greater. Closed vessels shall also
3 000 kPa 435 psi 180 C
be equipped with a safety relief valve or disc that will prevent vessel rupture or ejection of the vessel cap. Such
vessels consist of an inner liner and cover made of a microwave-transparent and chemically resistant material
[usually a fluorocarbon polymer such as tetrafluoromethoxyl polymer (TFM)], which contains and isolates the sample
solution from a high-strength, outer pressure vessel structure. Other types of sample vessel designed to operate at
equivalent or higher temperatures or pressures, or both, may be used.
CAUTION — For closed-vessel designs, the material from which the outer vessels are made is usually not as
chemically resistant as the liner material. Since the outer vessels provide the strength required to withstand
the high pressures within the inner liners, they shall be inspected regularly to check for any chemical or
physical degradation.
8.6.6 Ultrasonic bath (sonicator), for performing ultrasonic extractions, capable of delivering sufficient power to
effect the quantitative dissolution of particulate lead under the conditions described in 11.2.5 (typically 1 W/cm
power density or greater).
8.6.7 Plastic centrifuge tubes, 50 ml, with screw caps (for ultrasonic procedure).
8.6.8 Atomic absorption spectrometer, fitted with an air-acetylene burner supplied with compressed air and
acetylene, and equipped with either a lead hollow cathode lamp or electrodeless discharge lamp [4, 5]. If sample
dissolution is carried out with the aid of hydrofluoric acid (see 11.2.3.3 and 11.2.4.2), the atomic absorption
spectrometer shall be hydrofluoric acid-compatible. If electrothermal atomic absorption is to be carried out, the
atomic absorption spectrometer shall be capable of carrying out simultaneous background correction at 283,3 nm,
either by using a continuum source such as a deuterium lamp to measure non-specific attenuation (see for example
5.1.5 of ISO 6955:1982), or by using Zeeman or Smith-Hieftje background correction systems [6].
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10 ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
8.6.9 Electrothermal atomiser, fitted with a solid, pyrolytic graphite platform mounted in a pyrolytically-coated
graphite tube, supplied with argon purge gas, and equipped with an autosampler capable of injecting microlitre
volumes onto the platform.
NOTE Some manufacturers of atomic absorption spectrometers use an alternative design of electrothermal atomiser to achieve
a constant temperature environment during atomisation, and some use aerosol deposition as a means of sample introduction.
The use of such accessories is acceptable, provided satisfactory method performance is verified. Likewise, atomisers made from
heat-resistant metal, e.g. tungsten, might also be suitable.
8.6.10 Analytical balance, capable of weighing to ± 0,1 mg, if required, for use in preparation of stock standard
lead solution.
8.6.11 Disposable gloves, for prevention of sample contamination.
8.6.12 Forceps, flat-tipped, for loading and unloading of filters into and out of samplers.
9 Occupational exposure assessment
9.1 Assessment strategy
Refer to relevant International or national Standards (e.g. EN 689, ASTM E1370) for guidance on how to develop an
appropriate assessment strategy.
9.2 Measurement strategy
9.2.1 General
Refer to relevant International or national Standards (e.g. EN689, ASTME1370) for general guidance on
measurement strategy.
9.2.2 Personal sampling
Exposure of workers to lead shall normally be determined by personal sampling, since the concentration of lead and
lead compounds in the breathing zone is usually higher than their background levels in the workplace.
9.2.3 Static (area) sampling
Static (area) sampling may be carried out, if appropriate, to assess the exposure of workers in a situation where
personal sampling is not possible; to characterise the background level of lead in the workplace to give an indication
of the efficiency of ventilation or other engineering controls; or to provide information on the location and intensity of
an emission source.
9.3 Selection of measurement conditions and measurement pattern
9.3.1 General
9.3.1.1 The sampling procedure shall be devised to cause the least possible interference with the worker and the
normal performance of the job, and to provide samples that are representative of normal working conditions and that
are compatible with the analytical method.
9.3.1.2 The pattern of sampling shall take into consideration practical issues, such as the nature of the
measurement task and the frequency and duration of particular work activities.
©
ISO 2001 – All rights reserved 11
9.3.2 Screening measurements of variation of concentration in time and/or space
Screening measurements of variation of concentration in time and/or space may be carried out in the initial stages of
a survey to identify locations and periods of elevated exposure, and to set the duration and frequency of sampling for
measurements for comparison with limit values.
NOTE For making screening measurements of variation of concentration in time and/or space, the sampling time used is
normally between 5 min and 30 min.
9.3.3 Screening measurements of time-weighted average concentration and worst-case measurements
Screening measurements of time-weighted average concentration may be carried out in the initial stages of a survey
to assess the effectiveness of control measures. This may involve sampling during representative work episodes to
obtain clear information about the level and pattern of exposure, or worst-case measurements can be made.
9.3.4 Measurements for comparison with limit values and periodic measurements
For making long-term measurements, samples shall be collected for the entire working period or during a number of
representative work episodes [3].
NOTE The best estimate of long-term exposure is obtained by taking samples for the entire working period, but this is often not
practicable or not desirable (e.g. because of the possibility of overloading the filter).
10 Sampling
10.1 Preliminary considerations
10.1.1 Selection and use of samplers
10.1.1.1 Select samplers (8.1) designed to collect the inhalable fraction of airborne particles, as defined in
ISO 7708.
If possible, the samplers selected should be manufactured from conducting material, since samplers comprised of
non-conducting material have electrostatic properties that can influence representative sampling.
10.1.1.2 Use the samplers at their design flowrate and in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, so that
they collect the inhalable fraction of airborne particles.
10.1.2 Sampling period
10.1.2.1 Select a sampling period long enough to ensure that the amount of lead collected is adequate to enable
lead-in-air concentrations to be determined at the required level (see 9.3).
10.1.2.2 In calculating the minimum sampling time required it is necessary to consider the selected flowrate and the
lower limit of the analytical working range of the method [7].
10.1.2.3 When high concentrations of airborne particles are anticipated, select a sampling period that is not so long
as to risk overloading the filter with particulate matter.
NOTE If filter overloading is an observed or suspected problem and it is desired to sample for the entire working day, it might be
necessary to collect consecutive samples [8].
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12 ISO 2001 – All rights reserved
10.1.3 Temperature and pressure effects
10.1.3.1 Expression of results
Consider whether it is necessary to recalculate the concentration of lead in air to reference conditions (s
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 8518
Deuxième édition
2001-12-15
Air des lieux de travail — Dosage du plomb
particulaire et des composés particulaires
du plomb — Méthode par spectrométrie
d'absorption atomique dans la flamme ou
méthode par spectrométrie d'absorption
avec atomisation électrothermique
Workplace air — Determination of particulate lead and lead compounds —
Flame or electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric method
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2001
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Imprimé en Suisse
©
ii ISO 2001 – Tous droits réservés
Sommaire Page
1 Domaine d'application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 2
4 Principe . 6
5 Réactions . 6
6 Exigence . 6
7 Réactifs . 7
8 Appareillage . 8
9 Évaluation de l'exposition professionnelle . 12
9.1 Stratégie de l'évaluation . 12
9.2 Stratégie de mesurage . 12
9.3 Sélection des conditions de mesurage et du mode de mesurage . 12
10 Échantillonnage . 13
10.1 Considérations préliminaires . 13
10.2 Préparation du matériel d'échantillonnage . 14
10.3 Point d'échantillonnage . 15
10.4 Collecte des échantillons . 15
10.5 Transport . 16
11 Analyse . 16
11.1 Nettoyage de la verrerie et des récipients en plastique . 16
11.2 Préparation des solutions d'échantillons et de blancs . 16
11.3 Analyse instrumentale . 18
11.4 Estimation de la limite de détection des instruments . 21
11.5 Estimation de la limite de détection de la méthode . 22
11.6 Contrôle qualité . 22
12 Expression des résultats . 23
12.1 Calcul . 23
12.2 Performances de la méthode . 23
13 Cas particuliers . 24
14 Rapport d'essai . 25
Annexes
A Recommandations pour le choix du filtre. 27
B Correction de la température et de la pression. 29
Bibliographie. 31
©
ISO 2001 – Tous droits réservés iii
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée aux
comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du comité
technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison
avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique
internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI, Partie 3.
Les projets de Normes internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour
vote. Leur publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments de la présente Norme internationale peuvent faire l'objet
de droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas
avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
La Norme internationale ISO 8518 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 146, Qualité de l'air, sous-comité
SC 2, Atmosphères des lieux de travail.
Cette deuxième édition annule et remplace la première édition (ISO 8518:1990), dont elle constitue une révision
technique.
Les annexes A et B de la présente Norme internationale sont données uniquement à titre d'information.
©
iv ISO 2001 – Tous droits réservés
Introduction
La santé des travailleurs dans de nombreuses industries (par exemple, l'industrie minière, le raffinage des métaux,
la fabrication de batteries, le bâtiment, etc.) est mise en danger du fait de l'exposition par inhalation de plomb
particulaire et de composés particulaires du plomb. Les hygiénistes industriels et autres professionnels de santé
publique ont besoin de déterminer l'efficacité des mesures prises pour contrôler l'exposition des travailleurs, et ceci
s'effectue en général en faisant des mesurages de l'air du lieu de travail. La présente Norme internationale fournit
une méthode permettant d'effectuer des mesurages d'exposition valables pour le plomb. Elle sera utile aux
organismes s'occupant d'hygiène et de sécurité du travail, aux hygiénistes industriels et autres professionnels de
santé publique, aux laboratoires d'analyses, aux industriels utilisateurs de métaux et métalloïdes et à leurs
employés, etc.
Lors de l'élaboration de la présente Norme internationale, il a été supposé que les personnes chargées de
l'exécution de ses dispositions et de l'interprétation des résultats obtenus possèdent les qualifications et l'expérience
appropriées.
©
ISO 2001 – Tous droits réservés v
NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 8518:2001(F)
Air des lieux de travail — Dosage du plomb particulaire et des
composés particulaires du plomb — Méthode par spectrométrie
d'absorption atomique dans la flamme ou méthode par
spectrométrie d'absorption avec atomisation électrothermique
1 Domaine d'application
1.1 La présente Norme internationale spécifie la méthode par spectrométrie d'absorption atomique dans la flamme
et la méthode par spectrométrie d’absorption avec atomisation électrothermique pour la détermination de la
concentration en masse moyenne pondérée dans le temps du plomb particulaire et des composés particulaires du
plomb présents dans l'air des lieux de travail.
1.2 La méthode est applicable à l'échantillonnage individuel de la fraction inhalable de particules en suspension
dans l'air, selon la définition de l’ISO 7708, et à l'échantillonnage (d'ambiance) à point fixe.
1.3 La méthode de mise en solution d'échantillons spécifie la digestion sur plaque chauffante ou par micro-ondes
ou l'extraction par ultrasons (11.2). L'utilisation d'une autre méthode de mise en solution plus énergique est
nécessaire lorsque le plomb doit être extrait de composés présents dans l'atmosphère d'essai non solubilisés par les
méthodes de mise en solution décrites dans la présente Norme internationale.
1.4 La méthode par spectrométrie d'absorption atomique dans la flamme est applicable au dosage de masses
d'environ 1µg à 200µg de plomb par échantillon, sans dilution [1]. La méthode par spectrométrie d'absorption avec
atomisation électrothermique est applicable au dosage de masses d'environ 0,01µg à 0,5µg de plomb par
échantillon, sans dilution [1].
1.5 Le mode opératoire d'extraction par ultrasons a été validé pour le dosage de masses d'environ 20µg à 100µg
de plomb par échantillon, pour des filtres échantillons obtenus en laboratoire par échantillonnage d'air après
génération de fumées de plomb [2].
1.6 L’étendue de concentration en plomb de l'air à laquelle ce mode opératoire est applicable est déterminée en
partie par le mode opératoire d'échantillonnage choisi par l'utilisateur (voir 10.1).
2 Références normatives
Les documents normatifs suivants contiennent des dispositions qui, par suite de la référence qui y est faite,
constituent des dispositions valables pour la présente Norme internationale. Pour les références datées, les
amendements ultérieurs ou les révisions de ces publications ne s'appliquent pas. Toutefois, les parties prenantes
aux accords fondés sur la présente Norme internationale sont invitées à rechercher la possibilité d'appliquer les
éditions les plus récentes des documents normatifs indiqués ci-après. Pour les références non datées, la dernière
édition du document normatif en référence s'applique. Les membres de l'ISO et de la CEI possèdent le registre des
Normes internationales en vigueur.
ISO 648:1977, Verrerie de laboratoire — Pipettes à un trait
ISO 1042:1998, Verrerie de laboratoire — Fioles jaugées à un trait
ISO 3585:1998, Verre borosilicaté 3.3 — Propriétés
ISO 3696:1987, Eau pour laboratoire à usage analytique — Spécification et méthodes d'essai
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ISO 2001 – Tous droits réservés 1
ISO 7708:1995, Qualité de l'air — Définitions des fractions de taille des particules pour l'échantillonnage lié aux
problèmes de santé
ISO 8655-1, Appareils volumétriques à piston — Partie 1: Définitions, exigences générales et recommandations
pour l'utilisateur
ISO 8655-2, Appareils volumétriques à piston — Partie 2: Pipettes à piston
ISO 8655-5, Appareils volumétriques à piston — Partie 5: Dispenseurs
ISO 8655-6, Appareils volumétriques à piston — Partie 6: Méthodes gravimétriques pour la détermination de l'erreur
de mesure
ISO 15202-2:2001, Air des lieux de travail — Détermination des métaux et métalloïdes dans les particules en
suspension dans l'air par spectrométrie d'émission atomique avec plasma à couplage inductif— Partie2:
Préparation des échantillons
1)
EN 13205 , Atmosphères des lieux de travail — Évaluation des performances des instruments de mesurage des
concentrations d'aérosols
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins de la présente Norme internationale, les termes et définitions suivants s'appliquent.
3.1 Définitions générales
3.1.1
agent chimique
tout élément ou composé chimique, seul ou mélangé, tel qu'il se présente à l'état naturel ou tel qu'il est produit, utilisé
ou éliminé, y compris comme déchet, du fait d'une activité industrielle, qu'il soit ou non produit intentionnellement et
qu'il soit ou non commercialisé
[EN 1540]
3.1.2
zone respiratoire
volume autour de la face du travailleur dans lequel il ou elle respire
NOTE Une définition plus précise est utilisée à des fins techniques: hémisphère (généralement de rayon 0,3 m) s'étendant
devant la face de la personne, centrée sur le milieu du segment qui joint les deux oreilles et dont la base est le plan passant par
ce segment, le sommet de la tête et le larynx. Cette définition est inapplicable quand un équipement de protection respiratoire est
utilisé.
[EN 1540]
3.1.3
exposition par inhalation
situation dans laquelle un agent chimique est présent dans l'air inhalé par une personne
3.1.4
procédure de mesurage
mode opératoire pour l'échantillonnage et l'analyse d'un ou de plusieurs agents chimiques présents dans l'air, qui
comprend le stockage et le transport de l'échantillon
1) À publier.
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2 ISO 2001 – Tous droits réservés
3.1.5
durée d'utilisation
période pendant laquelle une pompe d'échantillonnage peut être utilisée à un débit et avec une perte de charge
spécifiés sans recharger ni remplacer les batteries
[EN 1232]
3.1.6
concentration moyenne pondérée dans le temps
concentration d'un agent chimique dans l'atmosphère, en moyenne sur la période de référence
NOTE Une discussion plus détaillée sur les concentrations moyennes pondérées en temps et leur utilisation apparaît dans la
publication référencée sous [3] dans la bibliographie.
3.1.7
valeur limite
chiffre de référence pour la concentration d'un agent chimique dans l'air ®
EXAMPLE Valeur limite tolérable [Threshold Limit Value (TLV)] pour une matière donnée présente dans l'air des lieux de travail,
conformément à la définition de l'ACGIH [3].
3.1.8
période de référence
durée attachée à la définition de la valeur limite d'un agent chimique déterminé
NOTE Un exemple de valeur limite pour différentes périodes de référence sont les limites d'exposition à court et long terme,
conformément à la définition de l'ACGIH [3].
3.1.9
lieu de travail
l'endroit ou les endroits défini(s) où les activités du travail sont accomplies
[EN 1540]
3.2 Définitions des fractions de taille
3.2.1
convention inhalable
spécification-cible pour les instruments d'échantillonnage lorsque la fraction inhalable présente un intérêt
[ISO 7708]
3.2.2
fraction inhalable
fraction en masse du total des particules en suspension dans l'air qui est aspiré par le nez et la bouche
NOTE La fraction inhalable dépend de la vitesse et de la direction du mouvement de l'air, du rythme de la respiration et d'autres
facteurs.
[ISO 7708]
3.2.3
convention alvéolaire
spécification-cible pour les instruments d'échantillonnage lorsque la fraction alvéolaire présente un intérêt
[ISO 7708]
©
ISO 2001 – Tous droits réservés 3
3.2.4
fraction alvéolaire
fraction en masse des particules inhalées pénétrant dans les voies respiratoires non ciliées
[ISO 7708]
3.2.5
total des particules dans l'air
toutes les particules en suspension dans un volume donné d'air
NOTE Étant donné que tous les instruments de mesurage sélectionnent les dimensions jusqu'à un certain point, il est souvent
impossible de mesurer la concentration totale des particules en suspension dans l'air.
[ISO 7708]
3.3 Définitions relatives à l'échantillonnage
3.3.1
échantillonneur individuel
appareil fixé sur une personne qui échantillonne l'air dans sa zone respiratoire
[EN 1540]
3.3.2
échantillonnage individuel
processus d'échantillonnage exécuté en utilisant un échantillonneur individuel
[EN 1540]
3.3.3
instrument d'échantillonnage
échantillonneur
dispositif destiné à recueillir les particules en suspension dans l'air
NOTE Les instruments utilisés pour recueillir les particules en suspension dans l'air sont fréquemment désignés par d'autres
termes, tels que têtes de prélèvement, porte-filtre, cassettes de filtre, etc.
3.3.4
échantillonnage à point fixe
échantillonnage d'ambiance
processus d'échantillonnage de l'air exécuté à un emplacement particulier
3.3.5
échantillonneur à point fixe
échantillonneur d'ambiance
appareil utilisé pour effectuer un échantillonnage à point fixe, sans être fixé sur une personne
3.4 Définitions relatives à l'analyse
3.4.1
mise en solution d'échantillons
processus permettant d'obtenir une solution contenant les analytes étudiés à partir d'un échantillon
NOTE Ce processus peut ou non impliquer la mise en solution complète de l'échantillon.
3.4.2
préparation des échantillons
toutes les opérations effectuées sur un échantillon, après le transport et le stockage, pour le préparer à l'analyse, y
compris la transformation de l'échantillon en une forme mesurable si nécessaire
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4 ISO 2001 – Tous droits réservés
3.4.3
solution d'échantillon
solution préparée au moyen du processus de mise en solution d'échantillons, mais devant éventuellement être
soumise à d'autres opérations afin de produire une solution d'essai prête pour l'analyse
3.4.4
solution d'essai
solution préparée au moyen du processus de mise en solution d'échantillons et, si besoin, ayant été soumise à
toutes les autres opérations nécessaires pour la rendre analysable
3.5 Termes statistiques
3.5.1
recouvrement analytique
rapport entre la masse d'analyte mesurée lors de l'analyse d'un échantillon et la masse connue d'analyte dans cet
échantillon
NOTE Le recouvrement analytique est exprimé en pourcentage.
3.5.2
erreur systématique
biais
écart systématique des résultats d'un processus de mesurage par rapport à la valeur vraie de la caractéristique de
la qualité de l'air elle-même
[ISO 6879]
3.5.3
incertitude globale
〈d’une procédure de mesurage ou d'un instrument〉 quantité utilisée pour caractériser dans son ensemble
l'incertitude du résultat indiqué par un appareil ou une procédure de mesurage
NOTE Elle s'exprime, en pourcentage, par une combinaison de l'erreur systématique et de la fidélité, en général conformément
à la formule suivante:
|x−x |+ 2s
ref
× 100
x
ref
où
xnest la valeur moyenne des résultats d’un nombre ( ) de mesurages répétés;
x est la valeur de référence vraie ou acceptée de concentration;
ref
s est la mesure de l'écart-type des mesurages répétés.
[EN 482]
3.5.4
fidélité
étroitesse de l'accord entre les résultats obtenus en appliquant la même méthode à plusieurs reprises, dans les
conditions stipulées
[ISO 6879]
NOTE La fidélité est souvent exprimée en termes d'écart-type relatif.
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ISO 2001 – Tous droits réservés 5
3.5.5
valeur vraie
valeur qui caractérise une grandeur parfaitement définie, dans les conditions qui existent lorsque cette grandeur est
considérée
[ISO 3534-1]
NOTE La valeur vraie d'une grandeur est une notion théorique et, en général, ne peut pas être connue exactement (voir
l'EN 1540).
4Principe
4.1 Un volume défini d'air est prélevé à travers un filtre afin de recueillir du plomb particulaire et des composés
particulaires du plomb. L'échantillonnage individuel utilise un échantillonneur conçu pour recueillir la fraction
inhalable des particules en suspension dans l'air.
4.2 Le filtre et l'échantillon recueilli sont soumis à une méthode de mise en solution afin d'extraire le plomb. La
méthode de mise en solution de l'échantillon peut utiliser l’une des trois techniques suivantes: digestion sur plaque
chauffante, digestion par micro-ondes ou extraction par ultrasons.
4.3 Les solutions d'échantillons sont analysées pour déterminer leur teneur en plomb par aspiration des solutions
dans la flamme oxydante air-acétylène d'un spectromètre d'absorption atomique équipé d'une lampe à cathode
creuse en plomb ou d'une lampe à décharge sans électrode. L'absorbance est mesurée à 283,3 nm et les résultats
de l'analyse sont obtenus par la technique de la courbe analytique (voir 6.1 de l'ISO 6955:1982). Une éventuelle
interférence par des anions qui précipitent avec le plomb est éliminée par l'ajout de sel disodique d'acide éthylène-
diamino-tétra-acétique (EDTA) si nécessaire.
4.4 L'analyse peut être répétée par spectrométrie d'absorption avec atomisation électrothermique pour un dosage
du plomb précis lorsque la concentration en plomb dans la solution est faible. Les parties aliquotes de la solution
d'essai sont injectées dans un four à graphite et l'échantillon est atomisé électrothermiquement après séchage et
incinération de l'échantillon. L'absorbance est mesurée à 283,3 nm avec une correction de fond et les résultats sont
obtenus par la technique de la courbe analytique (voir 6.1 de l'ISO 6955:1982).
4.5 Les résultats peuvent être utilisés pour évaluer l'exposition sur les lieux de travail au plomb particulaire en
suspension dans l'air (voir l'EN 689).
5 Réactions
En général, la majorité des composés particulaires du plomb que l'on rencontre communément dans les échantillons
d'air de lieux de travail sont convertis, par les méthodes de mise en solution décrites en 11.2, en composés ioniques
2+
de plomb (Pb ) solubles dans l'eau. Cependant, il est possible que certains composés du plomb, par exemple le
silicate de plomb, ne se dissolvent pas. Si nécessaire, il convient d'utiliser une méthode de mise en solution utilisant
de l'acide fluorhydrique pour dissoudre le silicate de plomb. S'il existe le moindre doute concernant l'efficacité de ces
méthodes de mise en solution des composés particulaires du plomb susceptibles d'être présents dans l'atmosphère
d'essai, il est alors nécessaire d'étudier ce problème avant de poursuivre avec la méthode d’analyse décrite dans
l’article 11.
6 Exigence
La procédure de mesurage doit satisfaire à toute Norme internationale, européenne ou nationale correspondante qui
spécifie les exigences de performances relatives aux procédures de mesurage des agents chimiques présents dans
l'air des lieux de travail (par exemple EN 482).
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6 ISO 2001 – Tous droits réservés
7 Réactifs
Lors de l'analyse, utiliser uniquement des réactifs de qualité analytique reconnue, et uniquement de l'eau telle que
spécifiée en 7.1.
7.1 Eau, conforme aux exigences pour une eau de qualité 2 selon l'ISO 3696 (conductivité électrique inférieure à
◦
0,1 mS/m 0,01 MΩ·m25 C
et résistivité supérieure à à ).
La teneur en plomb de l’eau doit être inférieure à 0,01µg/ml.
Il est recommandé d'utiliser une eau provenant d'un système d'épuration d'eau qui fournit une eau ultrapure ayant
une résistivité supérieure à 0,18 MΩ·m (valeur habituellement exprimée par les fabricants de systèmes d'épuration
d'eau en 18 MΩ·cm).
7.2 Acide nitrique (HNO ), concentré, ρ ≈ 1,42 g/ml [environ 70 % (fraction massique)].
La teneur en plomb doit être inférieure à 0,01µg/ml.
AVERTISSEMENT — L'acide nitrique concentré est corrosif et oxydant et les fumées d'acide nitrique sont
irritantes. Éviter toute exposition par contact avec la peau ou les yeux, ou par inhalation de fumées. Utiliser
un équipement de protection individuelle (y compris gants appropriés, masque de protection ou lunettes de
sécurité, etc.) pour tout travail avec de l'acide nitrique concentré ou dilué, et effectuer la mise en solution
d'échantillons avec de l'acide nitrique concentré dans des récipients ouverts sous une hotte.
7.3 Acide nitrique, dilué 1+ 1.
Ajouter soigneusement 500 ml d'acide nitrique concentré (7.2) à 450 ml d'eau (7.1) dans un bécher de 2 l. Agiter en
tournant pour mélanger, laisser refroidir et verser dans une fiole jaugée à un trait de 1l (8.6.1.4). Diluer avec de l'eau
jusqu'au trait, boucher et mélanger énergiquement.
7.4 Acide nitrique, dilué 1+ 9.
Verser environ 800 ml d'eau (7.1) dans une fiole jaugée à un trait de 1 l (8.6.1.4). Ajouter soigneusement 100 ml
d'acide nitrique concentré (7.2) à la fiole et agiter en tournant pour mélanger. Laisser refroidir, diluer avec de l'eau
jusqu'à 1l et mélanger parfaitement.
7.5 Acide fluorhydrique (HF), concentré, ρ ≈ 1,16 g/ml [environ 48 % (fraction massique)], si nécessaire, pour
la digestion des échantillons contenant des silicates de plomb.
La teneur en plomb de l’acide fluorhydrique doit être inférieure à 0,1µg/ml.
AVERTISSEMENT — L'acide fluorhydrique concentré et la vapeur de fluorure d'hydrogène sont très toxiques
et fortement corrosifs; l'acide fluorhydrique dilué peut également entraîner de graves et douloureuses
brûlures qui peuvent n'être ressenties que 24 h après le contact. Éviter toute exposition par contact avec la
peau ou les yeux, ou par inhalation de vapeur. Il est essentiel d'utiliser un équipement de protection
individuelle (par exemple gants imperméables, masque de protection ou lunettes de sécurité, etc.) lors de
tout travail avec de l'acide fluorhydrique concentré ou dilué. Il convient d'utiliser l'acide fluorhydrique
concentré sous une hotte. Il est essentiel que les travailleurs aient à leur disposition le gel d'antidote à
l'acide fluorhydrique contenant du gluconate de calcium au cours de l'utilisation d'acide fluorhydrique et
pendant les 24 h suivantes.
7.6 Modifieur de matrice, NH H PO , Mg(NO ) ou Pd(NO ) , ou une combinaison de ces éléments, si
4 2 4 3 2 3 2
nécessaire, pour analyse par spectrométrie d'absorption avec atomisation électrothermique.
7.7 Solution mère de plomb, 1 000 mg/l de plomb.
Utiliser une solution étalon courante avec une teneur en plomb certifiée raccordable aux étalons nationaux.
Respecter la date d'expiration ou la durée de conservation recommandée par le fabricant.
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ISO 2001 – Tous droits réservés 7
Alternativement, préparer une solution étalon de plomb à l'aide de l'un des modes opératoires suivants:
a) Dissoudre 1,598 g ± 0,001 g de nitrate de plomb(II) [Pb(NO ) ], préalablement séché à masse constante à
3 2
◦
110 C et refroidi dans un dessiccateur, dans 200 ml d'acide nitrique 1+ 1 (7.3). Verser la solution dans une fiole
jaugée à un trait de 1 000 ml (8.6.1.4). Diluer avec de l'eau (7.1) jusqu'au trait, boucher et mélanger parfaitement.
Conserver dans un récipient approprié, par exemple une bouteille en polypropylène (8.6.2.2), pendant une durée
maximale d'un an.
b) Dissoudre 1,000 g+ 0,001 g de fil de plomb [99,9 % (fraction massique) Pb] dans 200 ml d'acide nitrique 1+ 1
1 000 ml
(7.3). Verser la solution dans une fiole jaugée à un trait de (8.6.1.4), diluer avec de l'eau (7.1) jusqu'au
trait, boucher et mélanger parfaitement. Conserver dans un récipient approprié, par exemple une bouteille en
polypropylène (8.6.2.2), pendant une durée maximale d'un an.
7.8 Solution étalon de plomb de travail, 1 mg/l de plomb, si nécessaire, pour analyse par spectrométrie
d'absorption avec atomisation électrothermique.
Verser à la pipette 100µl de solution mère de plomb (7.7) dans une fiole jaugée à un trait de 100 ml (8.6.1.4). Ajouter
1ml d'acide nitrique concentré (7.2), diluer avec de l'eau jusqu'au trait (7.1), boucher et mélanger parfaitement.
Conserver dans un récipient approprié, par exemple une bouteille en polypropylène (8.6.2.2), pendant une durée
maximale d'un mois.
7.9 Peroxyde d'hydrogène (H O ), environ 30 % (fraction massique) de solution, si nécessaire, à utiliser dans la
2 2
méthode de digestion des échantillons sur plaque chauffante.
La teneur en plomb de la solution de peroxyde d’hydrogène doit être inférieure à µg/ml.
0,01
7.10 Acétylène, si nécessaire, à utiliser dans l'analyse par spectrométrie d'absorption avec atomisation dans la
flamme.
7.11 Air, comprimé et filtré, si nécessaire, pour l'analyse par spectrométrie d'absorption avec atomisation dans la
flamme.
8 Appareillage
8.1 Échantillonneurs de la fraction inhalable, conçus pour recueillir la fraction inhalable des particules en
suspension dans l'air, conformément aux dispositions de l'EN 13205, et utilisés lorsque les limites d'exposition
étudiées s'appliquent à la fraction inhalable des particules dans l'air.
NOTE 1 En général, les échantillonneurs individuels utilisés pour recueillir la fraction inhalable des particules dans l'air n'ont pas
les mêmes caractéristiques de sélection de taille s'ils sont utilisés pour l'échantillonnage (d'ambiance) à point fixe.
NOTE 2 Certains échantillonneurs de la fraction inhalable sont conçus pour recueillir la fraction inhalable des particules en
suspension dans l'air sur le filtre, toute matière particulaire déposée sur les surfaces internes de l'échantillonneur n'étant pas prise
en compte. D'autres échantillonneurs de la fraction inhalable sont étudiés de sorte que les particules dans l'air qui passent dans
le(s) orifice(s) d'entrée correspondent à la convention inhalable, auquel cas la matière particulaire déposée sur les surfaces
internes de l'échantillonneur fait partie de l'échantillon. (Les échantillonneurs de ce second type comportent en général une
cassette munie d'un filtre ou d'une cartouche interne amovible permettant de récupérer facilement ces particules.) Les
instructions de fonctionnement fournies par le fabricant doivent être consultées pour déterminer si la matière particulaire déposée
sur les surfaces internes de l'échantillonneur fait partie de l'échantillon.
8.2 Filtres, d'un diamètre approprié pour être utilisé avec les échantillonneurs (voir 8.1), ayant une efficacité de
collecte supérieure à 99,5 % pour des particules d'un diamètre de diffusion de 0,3µm selon 2.2 de l’ISO 7708:1995,
avec une teneur en plomb très faible (valeur type inférieure à 0,1µg de Pb), et compatible avec la méthode de
préparation d'échantillons sélectionnée.
NOTE Voir l'annexe A pour le choix des filtres.
8.3 Pompes d'échantillonnage, à débit réglable, pouvant maintenir le débit choisi (entre 1 l/min et 5 l/min pour les
pompes d'échantillonnage individuelles, et entre 5 l/min et 400 l/min pour les pompes d'échantillonnage à volume
élevé) à ±5% de la valeur nominale tout au long de la période d'échantillonnage (voir 10.1.2).
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8 ISO 2001 – Tous droits réservés
NOTE Une pompe à débit stabilisé peut être requise pour maintenir le débit dans les limites spécifiées.
Pour l'échantillonnage individuel, les pompes doivent pouvoir être portées par le travailleur sans gêner le cours
normal de son travail. Les débitmètres des pompes d'échantillonnage doivent être étalonnés à l'aide d'un étalon
primaire ou secondaire; si un étalon secondaire est utilisé, il doit être étalonné à l'aide d'un étalon primaire.
Il convient que la pompe présente, au minimum, les caractéristiques suivantes:
— un contrôle automatique qui maintient le débit volumétrique constant en cas de variation de la perte de charge;
— soit un indicateur de dysfonctionnement qui, une fois l'échantillonnage fini, indique que le débit de l'air a été
réduit ou interrompu lors du prélèvement; soit un dispositif de coupure automatique, qui arrête la pompe si le
débit est réduit ou interrompu;
— un dispositif de réglage du débit, pouvant uniquement être manœuvré à l’aide d’un outil (par exemple tournevis)
ou exigeant des connaissances spéciales pour la manœuvre (par exemple par un logiciel), afin d'empêcher tout
réajustage du débit par inadvertance en cours d'utilisation.
Une minuterie incorporée constitue un dispositif supplémentaire extrêmement souhaitable.
L'EN 1232 et l'EN 12919 exigent que les performances des pompes soient telles que:
— la pulsation du débit ne dépasse pas 10 %;
— un débit fixé dans la gamme nominale ne dévie pas de plus de ±5% par rapport à la valeur initiale lorsque la
perte de charge augmente;
◦ ◦
— dans la gamme des températures ambiantes de 5C4 à 0 C, le débit mesuré dans les conditions de
◦
fonctionnement ne dévie pas de plus de ±5% par rapport au débit à 20 C;
— la durée de fonctionnement est au moins de 2h, et de préférence 8h;
— le débit ne dévie pas de plus de ±5% par rapport à la valeur initiale pendant la durée de fonctionnement.
Si la pompe d'échantillonnage est utilisée en dehors de la gamme des conditions définies dans l'EN 1232 et/ou
l'EN 12919, il convient de prendre des actions appropriées pour s'assurer que les exigences de performance sont
respectées. Par exemple, à des températures au-dessous de zéro, il pourrait être nécessaire de maintenir la pompe
au chaud en la plaçant sous les vêtements du travailleur.
8.4 Débitmètre portable, d'une précision suffisante pour permettre le mesurage du débit volumétrique (voir
10.1.1.2) à ±5%.
L'étalonnage du débitmètre doit être vérifié par rapport à un étalon primaire, c'est-à-dire un débitmètre dont la
précision est liée aux étalons nationaux. S'il y a lieu (voir 10.1.3.1), noter la température et la pression
atmosphériques auxquelles l'étalonnage du débitmètre a été vérifié.
Il est recommandé que le débitmètre utilisé puisse mesurer le débit volumétrique à ±2% au minimum.
8.5 Équipement auxiliaire.
8.5.1 Tuyau souple, d'un diamètre approprié, pour effectuer un raccordement étanche des échantillonneurs aux
pompes d'échantillonnage.
8.5.2 Ceintures ou harnais, auxquels les pompes d'échantillonnage peuvent être facilement fixées pour
l'échantillonnage individuel (sauf si ces pompes sont assez petites pour être placées dans la poche des travailleurs).
8.5.3 Pinces à bout plat, pour placer les filtres dans les échantillonneurs et pour les en retirer.
8.5.4 Cassettes (ou équipement similaire) de transport de filtre, s'il y a lieu, dans lesquelles les échantillons
sont transportés au laboratoire pour analyse.
8.5.5 Baromètre, convenant au mesurage de la pression atmosphérique, s'il y a lieu (voir 10.1.3).
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ISO 2001 – Tous droits réservés 9
◦ ◦
8.5.6 Thermomètre, couvrant une plage de températures de 0 C5 à 0 C au minimum, gradué en échelons de
◦
1 C ou moins, pour mesurer la température atmosphérique.
Pour des applications à des températures inférieures à la température de congélation, la plage du thermomètre doit
s'étendre à la plage correspondante souhaitée.
8.6 Appareillage d'analyse ou de laboratoire.
Instruments de laboratoire courants et, en particulier, ce qui suit.
8.6.1 Verrerie, en verre borosilicaté 3.3 et conforme aux exigences de l'ISO 3585.
Il est préférable de réserver un jeu de verrerie pour analyser le plomb par cette méthode, afin d'éviter l'apparition de
problèmes dus à l'élimination incomplète de résidus de plomb lors du nettoyage.
8.6.1.1 Béchers, de capacité comprise entre 50 ml et 150 ml, avec verres de montre appropriés; pour les modes
opératoires sur plaque chauffante.
8.6.1.2 Pipettes à un trait, conformes aux exigences de l'ISO 648.
8.6.1.3 Éprouvette de mesurage, de capacité comprise entre 10 ml et 1 000 ml (souvent appelée aussi éprouvette
graduée).
8.6.1.4 Fioles jaugées à un trait, de capacité comprise entre 10 ml et 1 000 ml, conformes aux exigences de
l'ISO 1042.
8.6.2 Récipients de laboratoire en plastique.
8.6.2.1 Béchers pouvant être chauffés, couvercles de béchers, etc., si nécessaire, fabriqués dans un matériau
résistant à la corrosion par de l'acide fluorhydrique, par exemple un polymère fluorocarboné tel que le
polytétrafluoroéthylène (PTFE), et adaptés à la mise en solution avec de l'acide fluorhydrique.
8.6.2.2 Bouteilles en polypropylène, de capacité comprise entre 100 ml et 1 000 ml.
8.6.3 Instruments volumétriques à piston, conformes aux exigences de l'ISO8655-1 et soumis à essai
conformément à l'ISO 8655-6; pipettes automatiques, conformes aux exigences de l'ISO 8655-2, pouvant être
utilisées à la place des pipettes à un trait, pour la préparation des solutions étalons, des solutions d'étalonnage et la
dilution des échantillons; et distributeurs, conformes aux exigences de l'ISO 8655-5, pour distribuer les acides.
8.6.4 Plaque chauffante, commandée par thermostat, pouvant maintenir une température de surface d'environ
◦
150 C, pour les modes opératoires sur plaque chauffante.
L'efficacité de la commande des plaques chauffantes par thermostat est quelquefois insuffisante et la température
de surface peut aussi varier considérablement suivant la position sur les plaques chauffantes de grande taille. Il est
par conséquent conseillé de vérifier les performances des plaques chauffantes avant de les utiliser.
8.6.5 Appareil de digestion par micro-ondes.
8.6.5.1 Généralités
S'assurer que les recommandations du fabricant concernant la sécurité sont respectées.
NOTE 1 La méthode spécifiée concerne les systèmes de digestion par micro-ondes en récipient fermé dotés d'un système de
contrôle de la température. Il est possible d'utiliser des systèmes de digestion par micro-ondes équipés uniquement d'un système
de contrôle de la pression et/ou avec des récipients résistants à une pression inférieure, sous réserve de mettre au point une
méthode adaptée de mise en solution de l'échantillon et d'effectuer en premier lieu une évaluation de l'efficacité de la mise en
solution.
NOTE 2 Les systèmes de digestion par micro-ondes conçus pour la digestion en récipient ouvert donnent des résultats
équivalents à ceux des systèmes de digestion par micro-ondes en récipient fermé. Il est donc possible de les utiliser sous réserve
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10 ISO 2001 – Tous droits réservés
de mettre au point une méthode adaptée de mise en solution de l'échantillon et d'effectuer en premier lieu une évaluation de
l'efficacité de la mise en solution.
8.6.5.2 Système de digestion par micro-ondes, conçu pour la digestion en récipient fermé en laboratoire, avec
régulation de sortie d'alimentation, monté avec un système de contrôle de température capable de déterminer la
◦
température à ± 2C2 et d'ajuster automatiquement la puissance de sortie du micro-onde en s.
La cavité du four à micro-ondes doit être résistante à la corrosion et ventilée correctement. Tous ses composants
électroniques doivent être protégés contre la corrosion pour assurer un fonctionnement en toute sécurité.
ATTENTION — Ne pas utiliser les fours à micro-ondes domestiques (de cuisine), dans la mesure où il existe
des risques très importants liés à leur utilisation pour le mode opératoire décrit dans la présente Norme
internationale. Les vapeurs d'acide émises dans la cavité peuvent corroder les dispositifs de sécurité qui
empêchent le magnétron de s'éteindre lorsque la porte est ouverte, exposant potentiellement l'opérateur à
l'énergie produite par les micro-ondes. De plus, les fumées résultantes peuvent être très dangereuses.
NOTE Un système de contrôle de la pression est également très utile, dans la mesure où il fournit un dispositif de protection
contre la possibilité de perte d'échantillon entraînée par une pression excessive et la ventilation partielle des récipients
d'échantillons.
8.6.5.3 Récipients, conçus pour effectuer des digestions par micro-ondes, capables de supporter une température
◦
180C50ml
de et d'un volume intérieur d'au moins .
Les récipients doivent laisser passer l'énergie micro-onde et doivent pouvoir supporter des pressions internes
◦
3 000 kPa 435 psi 180 C
supérieures ou égales à ( ) et des températures supérieures ou égales à . Les récipients
fermés doivent également être équipés d'une soupape de sûreté ou d'un disque qui empêchera la rupture du
récipient ou l'expulsion du bouchon du récipient. Ces récipients se composent d'une poche plastique intérieure (liner)
et d'un couvercle composés d'un matériau transparent et chimiquement résistant aux micro-ondes [généralement un
polymère fluorocarboné tel que le polymère tétra-fluoro-méthoxyle (TFM)], qui contient et isole la solution
d'échantillons d'une structure de récipient sous pression extérieure de résistance élevée. D'autres types de
récipients d'échantillons conçus pour fonctionner à des températures ou des pressions équivalentes ou supérieures
peuvent être utilisés.
ATTENTION — Concernant les modèles de récipients fermés, le matériau qui compose le récipient extérieur
n'est généralement pas aussi résistant chimiquement que le matériau du récipient intérieur. Étant donné que
les récipients extérieurs fournissent la résistance nécessaire pour supporter les pressions élevées au sein
des récipients intérieurs, ils doivent être inspectés régulièrement pour vérifier toute dégradation chimique
ou physique.
8.6.6 Bains à ultrasons (agitateur à ultrasons), pour effectuer des extractions par ultrasons, pouvant distribuer
suffisamment de puissance pour réaliser la mise en solution quantitative du plomb particulaire dans les conditions
décrites en 11.2.5 (généralement puissance volumique supérieure ou égale à 1 W/cm ).
8.6.7 Tubes à centrifuger en plastique, de 50 ml, avec couvercles à vis (pour le mode opératoire par ultrasons).
8.6.8 Spectromètre d'absorption atomique, équipé d'un brûleur air-acétylène alimenté en air comprimé et en
acétylène et équipé d'une lampe à cathode creuse au plomb ou d'une lampe à décharge sans électrode [4, 5]. Si la
mise en solution des échantillons est réalisée à l'aide d'acide fluorhydrique (voir 11.2.3.3 et 11.2.4.2), le
spectromètre d'absorption atomique doit être compatible avec l'acide fluorhydrique. Si l'absorption avec atomisation
électrothermique doit être réalisée, le spectromètre d'absorption atomique doit pouvoir réaliser une correction de
fond simultanée à 283,3 nm, soit en utilisant une source continue telle qu'une lampe au deutérium pour mesurer une
atténuation non spécifique (voir, à titre d’exemple, 5.1.5 de l’ISO 6955:1982), soit en utilisant les systèmes de
correction de fond Zeeman ou Smith-Hieftje [6]
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