ISO 23523:2021

Test methods for discrete polymer fibre for fibre-reinforced cementitious composites

This document specifies the test methods for discrete polymer fibre for fibre-reinforced cementitious composites (FRCC). This document defines the test methods for discrete polymer fibre, such as diameter, length, tensile strength, initial modulus of elasticity, density, melting point, moisture content and alkaline durability as basic items. These are test methods intended for certification of a fibre and not for quality control or field acceptance.

Méthodes d'essai des fibres polymères distinctes pour les composites à base de ciment renforcés par des fibres

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 04-Mar-2021
• ICS: 83.120 - Reinforced plastics
• ICS: 91.100.30 - Concrete and concrete products
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 71/SC 6 - Non-traditional reinforcing materials for concrete structures
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 71/SC 6/WG 5 - Discrete polymer fibre for fibre-reinforced cementitious composites
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Start Date: 05-Mar-2021
• Due Date: 27-Aug-2021
• Completion Date: 05-Mar-2021

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23523
First edition
2021-03
Test methods for discrete polymer
fibre for fibre-reinforced cementitious
composites
Méthodes d'essai des fibres polymères distinctes pour les composites à
base de ciment renforcés par des fibres
Reference number
ISO 23523:2021(E)
©
ISO 2021

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 23523:2021(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 23523:2021(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2
5 Test methods for determining fibre diameter . 3
5.1 Consecutive fibre method . 3
5.2 Chopped fibre method . 3
5.3 Test report . 4
6 Test method for determining fibre length . 4
6.1 Procedure . 4
6.2 Test report . 4
7 Test method for determining tensile strength and initial modulus of elasticity .5
7.1 Testing machine . 5
7.2 Sampling of specimens . 5
7.3 Procedure . 5
7.4 Tensile strength . 6
7.5 Initial modulus of elasticity. 6
7.6 Test report . 7
8 Test method for determining fibre density . 7
8.1 Procedure . 7
8.2 Test report . 7
9 Test method for determining thermal properties of fibre . 8
9.1 Melting point . 8
9.2 Test report . 8
10 Test method for determining moisture content of fibre . 8
10.1 Procedure . 8
10.2 Test report . 9
11 Test method for determining alkaline durability . 9
11.1 General . 9
11.2 Apparatus and reagents . 9
11.3 Sampling and conditioning of test specimens.10
11.4 Preparation of alkaline solution .10
11.5 Exposure of alkaline condition .10
11.6 Tensile test procedure .11
11.7 Calculations .11
11.8 Test report .11
Bibliography .13
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 23523:2021(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 71, Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-
stressed concrete, Subcommittee SC 6, Non-traditional reinforcing materials for concrete structures.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 23523:2021(E)

Introduction
Polymer fibre in this document means a fibre made with macromolecule substances as raw material
such as aramid fibre, polyamide fibre, polyester fibre, polyethylene fibre, polypropylene fibre,
polyvinylalcohol fibre. For fibre-reinforced cementitious composites (FRCC), many kinds of and types
of polymer fibres are designed and produced on various demands. However, standards of discrete
polymer fibres for FRCC in the civil engineering field are not specified yet despite the need for it.
If the fibre suppliers can show the principal fibre properties such as geometry and standardized basic
mechanical properties, the engineer can design, manufacture and practice more effectively. Therefore,
although the standard of the fibre itself is useful for users, construction engineers and others, it is
expected to be used primarily by more fibre suppliers than those.
The status of the existing standards is as follows;
1) Test methods for composites exist, i.e. ISO 19044, ISO 21022 and ISO 21914. However, they are not
for polymer fibre itself. Breaking force and elongation at break for the fibre itself are specified in
ISO 2062, but other material properties of fibres, such as initial modulus of elasticity and thermal
properties, are not specified.
2) Existing standards for fibres are intended for clothing textiles, ropes or strips. Test methods and
unit system are different from those in the civil engineering field. The traditional unit system for
textile is the Tex system, in which sectional size of fibre is expressed by weight per length. The
unit system is different from that used in the civil engineering field. It would be very convenient to
express them in SI units such as Newtons – millimetres.
The purpose of each testing item is described below.
For a fibre design, the fibre shape and mechanical properties are important for selection. The fibre
length is selected upon the matrix composition. For example, a 4 mm to 12 mm length fibre is suitable
for a uniform matrix such as cement mortar, and 20 mm or longer is required for concrete that includes
coarse aggregates. The fibre diameter is also important because it influences the fibre dispersion
through the fibre aspect ratio (length/diameter). The tensile strength and initial modulus of elasticity
are key parameters that influence the reinforcing performance of the fibre through the fibre-to-matrix
bond. On the other hand, the bonding strength, friction and surface treatment of fibre, in spite of their
importance, are not included in this document as they are strongly related to the matrix properties
and are generally difficult to estimate. In addition, creep and fatigue properties are not included in this
document either because the needs of these properties depend on the application situations of the FRCC.
In terms of fibre usage, the fibre reinforcement performance in the FRCC is related to the fibre
volume fraction, which is calculated from the fibre weight according to the fibre density. In the use of
moisturized fibre products for a uniform fibre dispersion, the existence of water can have a significant
effect on the hydration of the cementitious matrix. Thus, the fibre moisture content needs to be
accurately estimated.
For the operation stage of the FRCC, their thermal properties and durability against chemicals are
of particular concern. For instance, in case of high strength cementitious composites, the polymer
fibre can melt during a fire to introduce small cavity so as to release the high internal pressure and
consequently reduce the risk of an explosive failure of the cement matrix. Therefore, for fire protection
applications, a relatively low melting point of the fibre is considered as apriority. In addition, fibres for
the FRCC need to have high durability against alkaline conditions. Thus, the melting point and alkaline
durability are two important parameters of the fibres.
The fibre properties are defined in this document as the properties of the smallest fibre unit that disperses
in the FRCC. In actual application, fibres can also exist in the form of bundle even within the FRCC.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23523:2021(E)
Test methods for discrete polymer fibre for fibre-
reinforced cementitious composites
1 Scope
This document specifies the test methods for discrete polymer fibre for fibre-reinforced cementitious
composites (FRCC).
This document defines the test methods for discrete polymer fibre, such as diameter, length, tensile
strength, initial modulus of elasticity, density, melting point, moisture content and alkaline durability
as basic items. These are test methods intended for certification of a fibre and not for quality control or
field acceptance.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1183-1, Plastics — Methods for determining the density of non-cellular plastics — Part 1: Immersion
method, liquid pycnometer method and titration method
ISO 1183-2, Plastics — Methods for determining the density of non-cellular plastics — Part 2: Density
gradient column method
ISO 1183-3, Plastics — Methods for determining the density of non-cellular plastics — Part 3: Gas
pyknometer method
ISO 11357-3, Plastics — Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) — Part 3: Determination of temperature
and enthalpy of melting and crystallization
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
fibre-reinforced cementitious composite
FRCC
concrete or mortar containing short discrete fibres that are distributed in the matrix
3.2
standard atmosphere
condition of an atmosphere with temperature of (20 ± 2) °C and relative humidity of (65 ± 4) %
3.3
standard condition
condition in standard atmosphere (3.2) for a period of at least 24 h
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 1

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 23523:2021(E)

3.4
tenacity
tensile strength of fibre in cN/dtex
3.5
filament yarn
long and continuous fibre which has not been cut for fibre diameter determination or cut to the
product length
3.6
consecutive fibre
long and continuous fibre for fibre diameter determination which is longer than the chopped fibre (3.7)
products
3.7
chopped fibre
short fibre which is cut to the product length
3.8
individual fibre
smallest unit of fibre structure in fibre-reinforced cementitious composite
Note 1 to entry: "tex" expresses the unit that shows the sectional size of the individual fibre in weight (grams)
per 1 000 m of fibre.
4 Symbols and abbre
...

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 23523
ISO/TC 71/SC 6
Test methods for discrete polymer
Secretariat: JISC
fibre for fibre-reinforced cementitious
Voting begins on:
2021­01­22 composites
Voting terminates on:
2021­02­16
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
ISO/FDIS 23523:2021(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN­
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
©
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2021

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23523:2021(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH­1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23523:2021(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2
5 Test methods for determining fibre diameter . 3
5.1 Consecutive fibre method . 3
5.2 Chopped fibre method . 3
5.3 Test report . 4
6 Test method for determining fibre length . 4
6.1 Procedure . 4
6.2 Test report . 4
7 Test method for determining tensile strength and initial modulus of elasticity .5
7.1 Testing machine . 5
7.2 Sampling of specimens . 5
7.3 Procedure . 5
7.4 Tensile strength . 6
7.5 Initial modulus of elasticity. 6
7.6 Test report . 7
8 Test method for determining fibre density . 7
8.1 Procedure . 7
8.2 Test report . 7
9 Test method for determining thermal properties of fibre . 8
9.1 Melting point . 8
9.2 Test report . 8
10 Test method for determining moisture content of fibre . 8
10.1 Procedure . 8
10.2 Test report . 9
11 Test method for determining alkaline durability . 9
11.1 General . 9
11.2 Apparatus and reagents . 9
11.3 Sampling and conditioning of test specimens.10
11.4 Preparation of alkaline solution .10
11.5 Exposure of alkaline condition .10
11.6 Tensile test procedure .11
11.7 Calculations .11
11.8 Test report .11
Bibliography .13
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23523:2021(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non­governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 71, Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-
stressed concrete, Subcommittee SC 6, Non-traditional reinforcing materials for concrete structures.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23523:2021(E)

Introduction
Polymer fibre in this document means a fibre made with macromolecule substances as raw material
such as aramid fibre, polyamide fibre, polyester fibre, polyethylene fibre, polypropylene fibre,
polyvinylalcohol fibre. For fibre-reinforced cementitious composites (FRCC), many kinds of and types
of polymer fibres are designed and produced on various demands. However, standards of discrete
polymer fibres for FRCC in the civil engineering field are not specified yet despite the need for it.
If the fibre suppliers can show the principal fibre properties such as geometry and standardized basic
mechanical properties, the engineer can design, manufacture and practice more effectively. Therefore,
although the standard of the fibre itself is useful for users, construction engineers and others, it is
expected to be used primarily by more fibre suppliers than those.
The status of the existing standards is as follows;
1) Test methods for composites exist, i.e. ISO 19044, ISO 21022 and ISO 21914. However, they are not
for polymer fibre itself. Breaking force and elongation at break for the fibre itself are specified in
ISO 2062, but other material properties of fibres, such as initial modulus of elasticity and thermal
properties, are not specified.
2) Existing standards for fibres are intended for clothing textiles, ropes or strips. Test methods and
unit system are different from those in the civil engineering field. The traditional unit system for
textile is the Tex system, in which sectional size of fibre is expressed by weight per length. The
unit system is different from that used in the civil engineering field. It would be very convenient to
express them in SI units such as Newtons – millimetres.
The purpose of each testing item is described below.
For a fibre design, the fibre shape and mechanical properties are important for selection. The fibre
length is selected upon the matrix composition. For example, a 4 mm to 12 mm length fibre is suitable
for a uniform matrix such as cement mortar, and 20 mm or longer is required for concrete that includes
coarse aggregates. The fibre diameter is also important because it influences the fibre dispersion
through the fibre aspect (length/diameter) ratio. The tensile strength and initial modulus of elasticity
are key parameters that influence the reinforcing performance of the fibre through the fibre-to-matrix
bond. On the other hand, the bonding strength, friction and surface treatment of fibre, in spite of their
importance, are not included in this document as they are strongly related to the matrix properties
and are generally difficult to estimate. In addition, creep and fatigue properties are not included in this
document either because the needs of these properties depend on the application situations of the FRCC.
In terms of fibre usage, the fibre reinforcement performance in the FRCC is related to the fibre
volume fraction, which is calculated from the fibre weight according to the fibre density. In the use of
moisturized fibre products for a uniform fibre dispersion, the existence of water can have a significant
effect on the hydration of the cementitious matrix. Thus, the fibre moisture content needs to be
accurately estimated.
For the operation stage of the FRCC, their thermal properties and durability against chemicals are
of particular concern. For instance, in case of high strength cementitious composites, the polymer
fibre can melt during a fire to introduce small cavity so as to release the high internal pressure and
consequently reduce the risk of an explosive failure of the cement matrix. Therefore, for fire protection
applications, a relatively low melting point of the fibre is considered as apriority. In addition, fibres for
the FRCC need to have high durability against alkaline conditions. Thus, the melting point and alkaline
durability are two important parameters of the fibres.
The fibre properties are defined in this document as the properties of the smallest fibre unit that disperses
in the FRCC. In actual application, fibres can also exist in the form of bundle even within the FRCC.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 23523:2021(E)
Test methods for discrete polymer fibre for fibre-
reinforced cementitious composites
1 Scope
This document specifies the test methods for discrete polymer fibre for fibre-reinforced cementitious
composites (FRCC).
This document defines the test methods for discrete polymer fibre, such as diameter, length, tensile
strength, initial modulus of elasticity, density, melting point, moisture content and alkaline durability
as basic items. These are test methods intended for certification of a fibre and not for quality control or
field acceptance.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1183­1, Plastics — Methods for determining the density of non-cellular plastics — Part 1: Immersion
method, liquid pycnometer method and titration method
ISO 1183­2, Plastics — Methods for determining the density of non-cellular plastics — Part 2: Density
gradient column method
ISO 1183­3, Plastics — Methods for determining the density of non-cellular plastics — Part 3: Gas
pyknometer method
ISO 11357­3, Plastics — Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) — Part 3: Determination of temperature
and enthalpy of melting and crystallization
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
fibre-reinforced cementitious composite
FRCC
concrete or mortar containing short discrete fibres that are distributed in the matrix
3.2
standard atmosphere
condition of an atmosphere with temperature of (20 ± 2) °C and relative humidity of (65 ± 4) %
3.3
standard condition
condition in standard atmosphere (3.2) for a period of at least 24 h
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 1

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 23523:2021(E)

3.4
tenacity
tensile strength of fibre in cN/dtex
3.5
filament yarn
long and continuous fibre which has not been cut for fibre diameter determination or cut to the
product length
3.6
consecutive fibre
long and continuous fibre for fibre diameter determination which is longer than the chopped fibre (3.7)
products
3.7
chopped fibre
short fibre which is cut to the product length
3.8
indiv
...