ISO 5636-5:2013

Paper and board - Determination of air permeance (medium range) - Part 5: Gurley method

ISO 5636-5:2013 specifies the Gurley method for determining the air permeance of paper and board using an air resistance tester, the Gurley apparatus. It is applicable to papers and boards which have air permeances between 0,1 µm/(Pa⋅s) and 100 µm/(Pa⋅s) when tested with the Gurley apparatus. It is unsuitable for rough-surfaced materials, which cannot be securely clamped to avoid leakage. ISO 5636-5:2013 may also be used to determine the air resistance of paper and board.

Papier et carton — Détermination de la perméabilité à l'air (plage de valeurs moyennes) — Partie 5: Méthode Gurley

L'ISO 5636-5:2013 spécifie la méthode Gurley pour la détermination de la perméabilité à l'air des papiers et cartons au moyen d'un appareil d'essai de résistance à l'air, l'appareil Gurley. La méthode est applicable aux papiers et cartons dont la perméabilité à l'air est comprise entre 0,1 µm/(Pa·s) et 100 µm/(Pa·s) lors d'un essai au moyen d'un appareil Gurley. Elle ne convient pas pour les papiers et cartons à surface rugueuse, qu'il est impossible de fixer correctement pour éviter les fuites. L'ISO 5636-5:2013 peut également être utilisée pour déterminer la résistance à l'air des papiers et cartons.

Papir, karton in lepenka - Določanje prepustnosti zraka (srednje območje) - 5. del: Gurleyjeva metoda

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 16-Oct-2013
• ICS: 85.060 - Paper and board
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 6/SC 2 - Test methods and quality specifications for paper and board
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 6/SC 2 - Test methods and quality specifications for paper and board
• Current Stage: 9093 - International Standard confirmed
• Start Date: 04-Jul-2024
• Completion Date: 13-Dec-2025
• Ref Project: SIST ISO 5636-5:2014 - Paper and board -- Determination of air permeance (medium range) -- Part 5: Gurley method

Relations

• Revises: ISO 5636-5:2003 - Paper and board - Determination of air permeance and air resistance (medium range) - Part 5: Gurley method
• Effective Date: 18-Dec-2008

Overview

ISO 5636-5:2013 specifies the Gurley method for determining the air permeance of paper and board using a Gurley air-resistance tester (Gurley apparatus). The standard applies to papers and boards with air permeances in the medium range (0.1 µm/(Pa·s) to 100 µm/(Pa·s)) and is unsuitable for rough-surfaced materials that cannot be securely clamped. ISO 5636-5:2013 also defines how to report air resistance (Gurley) and includes calibration and precision guidance.

Key topics and requirements

• Scope and applicability: Designed for medium-range air permeance testing of paper and board; not suitable for highly rough surfaces.
• Test principle: Air pressure produced by a weighted inner cylinder forces air through a test piece; the time for a set volume of air to pass is measured.
• Apparatus: Gurley apparatus with inner/outer cylinders, clamping plates and a rubber gasket defining the measurement area. Sealing fluid and timer/stopwatch are required.
• Measurement area and volume: The method uses a nominal 100 ml air volume per measurement (timed) and a standardized measurement area (gasket-defined).
• Test pieces and conditioning: Samples prepared and conditioned per ISO 186 (sampling) and ISO 187 (conditioning). Minimum of 10 test pieces (both sides) is required for typical reporting.
• Clamping and leakage control: Controlled clamping force is recommended (nominally 180 ± 30 N) to avoid surface leakage and improve repeatability.
• Procedure and timing: Time the passage of 100 ml (typically by timing two consecutive 50 ml graduations) to 0.1 s accuracy; avoid vibration during testing.
• Calculation and reporting: Air permeance P is calculated from the measured time (standard formula in the standard) and reported to three significant figures; air resistance reported in seconds (Gurley) to two significant figures.
• Calibration and precision: Calibrate per manufacturer instructions or Annex A of the standard; Annex C provides informative precision data.

Applications and who uses it

• Quality control and specification testing in paper mills and converting operations.
• R&D and product development for printing papers, packaging papers, and functional papers where breathability or barrier properties matter.
• Suppliers and purchasers requiring a standardized test for air permeance/air resistance comparisons.
• Laboratories performing routine compliance testing or comparative performance evaluation for ink absorption, coating, and filtration candidate materials.

Related standards

• ISO 5636 (other parts): Part 3 (Bendtsen method), Part 4 (Sheffield method), Part 6 (Oken method - in preparation).
• Normative references cited: ISO 186 (sampling), ISO 187 (conditioning), ISO 48 (rubber hardness) and others.

Keywords: ISO 5636-5, Gurley method, air permeance, Gurley apparatus, air resistance, paper and board testing, ISO 187, ISO 186.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST ISO 5636-5:2014
01-januar-2014
3DSLUNDUWRQLQOHSHQND'RORþDQMHSUHSXVWQRVWL]UDNDVUHGQMHREPRþMHGHO
*XUOH\MHYDPHWRGD
Paper and board -- Determination of air permeance (medium range) -- Part 5: Gurley
method
Papier et carton -- Détermination de la perméabilité à l'air (plage de valeurs moyennes) -
- Partie 5: Méthode Gurley
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 5636-5:2013
ICS:
85.060 Papir, karton in lepenka Paper and board
oSIST ISO 5636-5:2014 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

oSIST ISO 5636-5:2014
oSIST ISO 5636-5:2014
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 5636-5
Third edition
2013-11-01
Paper and board — Determination of
air permeance (medium range) —
Part 5:
Gurley method
Papier et carton — Détermination de la perméabilité à l’air (plage de
valeurs moyennes) —
Partie 5: Méthode Gurley
Reference number
©
ISO 2013
oSIST ISO 5636-5:2014
© ISO 2013
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

oSIST ISO 5636-5:2014
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 2
5 Apparatus and materials. 2
6 Sampling . 4
7 Conditioning . 4
8 Preparation of test pieces . 4
9 Calibration . 4
10 Procedure. 4
11 Calculation and expression of results . 5
11.1 Calculation of air permeance . 5
11.2 Reporting the results . 5
11.3 Standard deviation and coefficient of variation . 5
12 Test report . 5
Annex A (normative) Volume check — Gurley apparatus
............................................................................................................ 7
Annex B (informative) Variations in apparatus . 9
Annex C (informative) Precision data .10
Bibliography .12
oSIST ISO 5636-5:2014
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps, Subcommittee SC 2,
Test methods and quality specifications for paper and board.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 5636-5:2003), which has been technically
revised. In this third edition mainly editorial changes have been made and also precision data has been
added as informative Annex C.
ISO 5636 consists of the following parts, under the general title Paper and board — Determination of air
permeance (medium range):
— Part 3: Bendtsen method
— Part 4: Sheffield method
— Part 5: Gurley method
— Part 6: Oken method
NOTE 1 Part 1: General method will be withdrawn after the third editions of Parts 3, 4 and 5 have been
published, as it was considered redundant.
NOTE 2 Part 2: Schopper method was withdrawn in 2006 as it was considered obsolete.
NOTE 3 Part 6: Oken method is being prepared.
iv © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

oSIST ISO 5636-5:2014
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 5636-5:2013(E)
Paper and board — Determination of air permeance
(medium range) —
Part 5:
Gurley method
1 Scope
This part of ISO 5636 specifies the Gurley method for determining the air permeance of paper and board
using an air resistance tester, the Gurley apparatus.
It is applicable to papers and boards which have air permeances between 0,1 µm/(Pa⋅s) and 100 µm/
(Pa⋅s) when tested with the Gurley apparatus.
It is unsuitable for rough-surfaced materials, which cannot be securely clamped to avoid leakage.
This part of ISO 5636 may also be used to determine the air resistance of paper and board.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 48, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of hardness (hardness between 10 IRHD
and 100 IRHD)
ISO 186, Paper and board — Sampling to determine average quality
ISO 187, Paper, board and pulps — Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for
monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samples
ISO 385, Laboratory glassware — Burettes
ISO 3104, Petroleum products — Transparent and opaque liquids — Determination of kinematic viscosity
and calculation of dynamic viscosity
3 Terms a nd definiti ons
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
air permeance
mean air flow rate through unit area under unit pressure difference in unit time, under specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: Air permeance is expressed in micrometres per pascal second [1 ml/(m ⋅Pa⋅s) = 1 μm/(Pa⋅s)].
Note 2 to entry: This property is called air permeance, and not air permeability, because it is reported as a sheet
property and is not standardized with respect to thickness to give a material property per unit thickness.
oSIST ISO 5636-5:2014
3.2
air resistance
time required for a specific volume of air under unit pressure to pass through unit area
Note 1 to entry: Air resistance is expressed in seconds per 100 millilitres [s/(100 ml)].
4 Principle
The air is compressed by the weight of a vertical cylinder floating in a liquid. A test piece is in contact
with the compressed air and the cylinder falls steadily as air passes through the test piece. The time for
a given volume of air to pass through the test piece, i.e. the air resistance is measured and from this the
air permeance is calculated.
5 Apparatus and materials
5.1 Gurley apparatus, see Figure 1, that consists of an outer cylinder (see 5.1.3) partly filled with
sealing fluid (see 5.2) and an inner cylinder (see 5.1.4) having an open top, sliding freely in the outer
cylinder. Air pressure, provided by the weight of the inner cylinder, is applied to the test piece held
between clamping plates (see 5.1.1) in a circular orifice.
5.1.1 Clamping plates are at the base of the apparatus, and a central feed tube directs the pressurized
air to the clamping plates. Some versions of this apparatus use a hand-tightened capstan (jackscrew)
arrangement to tighten the clamping plates together, others are equipped with a dead weight of 901 g
loading a lever arm and others use a pneumatic system. The recommended clamping force is (180 ± 30) N.
This mechanism provides a technique to give uniform loading, and thus minimize the operator influence
on the test. Controlled clamping force is the preferred method of clamping the test piece.
5.1.2 Rubber gasket attached to the clamping plate on the side exposed to the air pressure prevents
leakage of air between the surface of the paper and the clamping plate. The gasket consists of a thin, elastic,
oil-resistant, non-oxidizing material, having a smooth surface, a thickness of 0,7 mm to 1,0 mm and a hardness
of 50 IRHD (International Rubber Hardness Degrees) in accordance with ISO 48. The inside diameter of
the gasket is about 28,6 mm and the outside diameter is about 34,9 mm. The aperture of the gasket is
concentrically aligned with the aperture in the clamping plates. To align and protect the gasket in use, it is
cemented to a groove machined in the upper clamping plate. The groove is concentric with the aperture
in the opposing plate, has an internal diameter of (28,50 ± 0,15) mm and a depth of (0,45 ± 0,05) mm. Its
outside diameter is (35,2 ± 0,1) mm for convenience in inserting and attaching the gasket. The gasket, when
mounted inside the concentric groove, defines the measurement area and shall have an inside diameter of
(28,6 ± 0,1) mm (642 mm area). The gasket should be changed at regular intervals.
5.1.3 Outer cylinder with a height of 254 mm and an internal diameter of 82,6 mm. The inner surface
has three or four bars, not less than 190 mm and not greater than 245,5 mm in length and 2,4 mm square
or 2,4 mm diameter, spaced equidistantly to serve as guides for the inner cylinder.
5.1.4 Inner cylinder, graduated in units of 50 ml and with a full-scale reading of at least 300 ml. It
may have 25 ml graduations between the 0 ml and 100 ml markings. The scale markings represent true
volumes enclosed within the inner cylinder and shall be accurate to within 3%. The exact volume of the
inner cylinder may be checked by means of the procedure given in Annex A. The cylinder has a height of
(254,0 ± 0,5) mm, an external diameter of (76,2 ±
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2014
1DGRPHãþD
SIST ISO 5636-5:2011
3DSLUNDUWRQLQOHSHQND'RORþDQMHSUHSXVWQRVWL]UDNDVUHGQMHREPRþMHGHO
*XUOH\MHYDPHWRGD
Paper and board -- Determination of air permeance (medium range) -- Part 5: Gurley
method
Papier et carton -- Détermination de la perméabilité à l'air (plage de valeurs moyennes) -
- Partie 5: Méthode Gurley
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 5636-5:2013
ICS:
85.060 Papir, karton in lepenka Paper and board
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 5636-5
Third edition
2013-11-01
Paper and board — Determination of
air permeance (medium range) —
Part 5:
Gurley method
Papier et carton — Détermination de la perméabilité à l’air (plage de
valeurs moyennes) —
Partie 5: Méthode Gurley
Reference number
©
ISO 2013
© ISO 2013
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 2
5 Apparatus and materials. 2
6 Sampling . 4
7 Conditioning . 4
8 Preparation of test pieces . 4
9 Calibration . 4
10 Procedure. 4
11 Calculation and expression of results . 5
11.1 Calculation of air permeance . 5
11.2 Reporting the results . 5
11.3 Standard deviation and coefficient of variation . 5
12 Test report . 5
Annex A (normative) Volume check — Gurley apparatus
............................................................................................................ 7
Annex B (informative) Variations in apparatus . 9
Annex C (informative) Precision data .10
Bibliography .12
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps, Subcommittee SC 2,
Test methods and quality specifications for paper and board.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 5636-5:2003), which has been technically
revised. In this third edition mainly editorial changes have been made and also precision data has been
added as informative Annex C.
ISO 5636 consists of the following parts, under the general title Paper and board — Determination of air
permeance (medium range):
— Part 3: Bendtsen method
— Part 4: Sheffield method
— Part 5: Gurley method
— Part 6: Oken method
NOTE 1 Part 1: General method will be withdrawn after the third editions of Parts 3, 4 and 5 have been
published, as it was considered redundant.
NOTE 2 Part 2: Schopper method was withdrawn in 2006 as it was considered obsolete.
NOTE 3 Part 6: Oken method is being prepared.
iv © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 5636-5:2013(E)
Paper and board — Determination of air permeance
(medium range) —
Part 5:
Gurley method
1 Scope
This part of ISO 5636 specifies the Gurley method for determining the air permeance of paper and board
using an air resistance tester, the Gurley apparatus.
It is applicable to papers and boards which have air permeances between 0,1 µm/(Pa⋅s) and 100 µm/
(Pa⋅s) when tested with the Gurley apparatus.
It is unsuitable for rough-surfaced materials, which cannot be securely clamped to avoid leakage.
This part of ISO 5636 may also be used to determine the air resistance of paper and board.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 48, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of hardness (hardness between 10 IRHD
and 100 IRHD)
ISO 186, Paper and board — Sampling to determine average quality
ISO 187, Paper, board and pulps — Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for
monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samples
ISO 385, Laboratory glassware — Burettes
ISO 3104, Petroleum products — Transparent and opaque liquids — Determination of kinematic viscosity
and calculation of dynamic viscosity
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
air permeance
mean air flow rate through unit area under unit pressure difference in unit time, under specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: Air permeance is expressed in micrometres per pascal second [1 ml/(m ⋅Pa⋅s) = 1 μm/(Pa⋅s)].
Note 2 to entry: This property is called air permeance, and not air permeability, because it is reported as a sheet
property and is not standardized with respect to thickness to give a material property per unit thickness.
3.2
air resistance
time required for a specific volume of air under unit pressure to pass through unit area
Note 1 to entry: Air resistance is expressed in seconds per 100 millilitres [s/(100 ml)].
4 Principle
The air is compressed by the weight of a vertical cylinder floating in a liquid. A test piece is in contact
with the compressed air and the cylinder falls steadily as air passes through the test piece. The time for
a given volume of air to pass through the test piece, i.e. the air resistance is measured and from this the
air permeance is calculated.
5 Apparatus and materials
5.1 Gurley apparatus, see Figure 1, that consists of an outer cylinder (see 5.1.3) partly filled with
sealing fluid (see 5.2) and an inner cylinder (see 5.1.4) having an open top, sliding freely in the outer
cylinder. Air pressure, provided by the weight of the inner cylinder, is applied to the test piece held
between clamping plates (see 5.1.1) in a circular orifice.
5.1.1 Clamping plates are at the base of the apparatus, and a central feed tube directs the pressurized
air to the clamping plates. Some versions of this apparatus use a hand-tightened capstan (jackscrew)
arrangement to tighten the clamping plates together, others are equipped with a dead weight of 901 g
loading a lever arm and others use a pneumatic system. The recommended clamping force is (180 ± 30) N.
This mechanism provides a technique to give uniform loading, and thus minimize the operator influence
on the test. Controlled clamping force is the preferred method of clamping the test piece.
5.1.2 Rubber gasket attached to the clamping plate on the side exposed to the air pressure prevents
leakage of air between the surface of the paper and the clamping plate. The gasket consists of a thin, elastic,
oil-resistant, non-oxidizing material, having a smooth surface, a thickness of 0,7 mm to 1,0 mm and a hardness
of 50 IRHD (International Rubber Hardness Degrees) in accordance with ISO 48. The inside diameter of
the gasket is about 28,6 mm and the outside diameter is about 34,9 mm. The aperture of the gasket is
concentrically aligned with the aperture in the clamping plates. To align and protect the gasket in use, it is
cemented to a groove machined in the upper clamping plate. The groove is concentric with the aperture
in the opposing plate, has an internal diameter of (28,50 ± 0,15) mm and a depth of (0,45 ± 0,05) mm. Its
outside diameter is (35,2 ± 0,1) mm for convenience in inserting and attaching the gasket. The gasket, when
mounted inside the concentric groove, defines the measurement area and shall have an inside diameter of
(28,6 ± 0,1) mm (642 mm area). The gasket should be changed at regular intervals.
5.1.3 Outer cylinder with a height of 254 mm and an internal diameter of 82,6 mm. The inner surface
has three or four bars, not less than 190 mm and not greater than 245,5 mm in length and 2,4 mm square
or 2,4 mm diameter, spaced equidistantly to serve as guides for the inner cylinder.
5.1.4 Inner cylinder, graduated in units of 50 ml and with a full-scale reading of at least 300 ml. It
may have 25 ml graduations between the 0 ml and 100 ml markings. The scale markings represent true
volumes enclosed within the inner cylinder and shall be accurate to within 3%. The exact volume of the
inner cylinder may be checked by means of the procedure given in Annex A. The cylinder has a height of
(254,0 ± 0,5)
...

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 5636-5
Third edition
2013-11-01
Paper and board — Determination of
air permeance (medium range) —
Part 5:
Gurley method
Papier et carton — Détermination de la perméabilité à l’air (plage de
valeurs moyennes) —
Partie 5: Méthode Gurley
Reference number
©
ISO 2013
© ISO 2013
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 2
5 Apparatus and materials. 2
6 Sampling . 4
7 Conditioning . 4
8 Preparation of test pieces . 4
9 Calibration . 4
10 Procedure. 4
11 Calculation and expression of results . 5
11.1 Calculation of air permeance . 5
11.2 Reporting the results . 5
11.3 Standard deviation and coefficient of variation . 5
12 Test report . 5
Annex A (normative) Volume check — Gurley apparatus
............................................................................................................ 7
Annex B (informative) Variations in apparatus . 9
Annex C (informative) Precision data .10
Bibliography .12
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps, Subcommittee SC 2,
Test methods and quality specifications for paper and board.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 5636-5:2003), which has been technically
revised. In this third edition mainly editorial changes have been made and also precision data has been
added as informative Annex C.
ISO 5636 consists of the following parts, under the general title Paper and board — Determination of air
permeance (medium range):
— Part 3: Bendtsen method
— Part 4: Sheffield method
— Part 5: Gurley method
— Part 6: Oken method
NOTE 1 Part 1: General method will be withdrawn after the third editions of Parts 3, 4 and 5 have been
published, as it was considered redundant.
NOTE 2 Part 2: Schopper method was withdrawn in 2006 as it was considered obsolete.
NOTE 3 Part 6: Oken method is being prepared.
iv © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 5636-5:2013(E)
Paper and board — Determination of air permeance
(medium range) —
Part 5:
Gurley method
1 Scope
This part of ISO 5636 specifies the Gurley method for determining the air permeance of paper and board
using an air resistance tester, the Gurley apparatus.
It is applicable to papers and boards which have air permeances between 0,1 µm/(Pa⋅s) and 100 µm/
(Pa⋅s) when tested with the Gurley apparatus.
It is unsuitable for rough-surfaced materials, which cannot be securely clamped to avoid leakage.
This part of ISO 5636 may also be used to determine the air resistance of paper and board.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 48, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of hardness (hardness between 10 IRHD
and 100 IRHD)
ISO 186, Paper and board — Sampling to determine average quality
ISO 187, Paper, board and pulps — Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for
monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samples
ISO 385, Laboratory glassware — Burettes
ISO 3104, Petroleum products — Transparent and opaque liquids — Determination of kinematic viscosity
and calculation of dynamic viscosity
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
air permeance
mean air flow rate through unit area under unit pressure difference in unit time, under specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: Air permeance is expressed in micrometres per pascal second [1 ml/(m ⋅Pa⋅s) = 1 μm/(Pa⋅s)].
Note 2 to entry: This property is called air permeance, and not air permeability, because it is reported as a sheet
property and is not standardized with respect to thickness to give a material property per unit thickness.
3.2
air resistance
time required for a specific volume of air under unit pressure to pass through unit area
Note 1 to entry: Air resistance is expressed in seconds per 100 millilitres [s/(100 ml)].
4 Principle
The air is compressed by the weight of a vertical cylinder floating in a liquid. A test piece is in contact
with the compressed air and the cylinder falls steadily as air passes through the test piece. The time for
a given volume of air to pass through the test piece, i.e. the air resistance is measured and from this the
air permeance is calculated.
5 Apparatus and materials
5.1 Gurley apparatus, see Figure 1, that consists of an outer cylinder (see 5.1.3) partly filled with
sealing fluid (see 5.2) and an inner cylinder (see 5.1.4) having an open top, sliding freely in the outer
cylinder. Air pressure, provided by the weight of the inner cylinder, is applied to the test piece held
between clamping plates (see 5.1.1) in a circular orifice.
5.1.1 Clamping plates are at the base of the apparatus, and a central feed tube directs the pressurized
air to the clamping plates. Some versions of this apparatus use a hand-tightened capstan (jackscrew)
arrangement to tighten the clamping plates together, others are equipped with a dead weight of 901 g
loading a lever arm and others use a pneumatic system. The recommended clamping force is (180 ± 30) N.
This mechanism provides a technique to give uniform loading, and thus minimize the operator influence
on the test. Controlled clamping force is the preferred method of clamping the test piece.
5.1.2 Rubber gasket attached to the clamping plate on the side exposed to the air pressure prevents
leakage of air between the surface of the paper and the clamping plate. The gasket consists of a thin, elastic,
oil-resistant, non-oxidizing material, having a smooth surface, a thickness of 0,7 mm to 1,0 mm and a hardness
of 50 IRHD (International Rubber Hardness Degrees) in accordance with ISO 48. The inside diameter of
the gasket is about 28,6 mm and the outside diameter is about 34,9 mm. The aperture of the gasket is
concentrically aligned with the aperture in the clamping plates. To align and protect the gasket in use, it is
cemented to a groove machined in the upper clamping plate. The groove is concentric with the aperture
in the opposing plate, has an internal diameter of (28,50 ± 0,15) mm and a depth of (0,45 ± 0,05) mm. Its
outside diameter is (35,2 ± 0,1) mm for convenience in inserting and attaching the gasket. The gasket, when
mounted inside the concentric groove, defines the measurement area and shall have an inside diameter of
(28,6 ± 0,1) mm (642 mm area). The gasket should be changed at regular intervals.
5.1.3 Outer cylinder with a height of 254 mm and an internal diameter of 82,6 mm. The inner surface
has three or four bars, not less than 190 mm and not greater than 245,5 mm in length and 2,4 mm square
or 2,4 mm diameter, spaced equidistantly to serve as guides for the inner cylinder.
5.1.4 Inner cylinder, graduated in units of 50 ml and with a full-scale reading of at least 300 ml. It
may have 25 ml graduations between the 0 ml and 100 ml markings. The scale markings represent true
volumes enclosed within the inner cylinder and shall be accurate to within 3%. The exact volume of the
inner cylinder may be checked by means of the procedure given in Annex A. The cylinder has a height of
(254,0 ± 0,5) mm, an external diameter of (76,2 ± 0,5) mm and an internal diameter about 74 mm such
that the mass of the cylinder assembly is (567,0 ± 0,5) g.
5.1.5 Volumes referred to are nominal volumes and should, in principle be increased by the volume of
fluid displaced by the walls of the inner cylinder during the test. In practice, since this error is common to
all instruments of this type, it is ignored.
2 © ISO
...

NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 5636-5
Troisième édition
2013-11-01
Papier et carton — Détermination
de la perméabilité à l’air (plage de
valeurs moyennes) —
Partie 5:
Méthode Gurley
Paper and board — Determination of air permeance (medium
range) —
Part 5: Gurley method
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2013
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2013
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf indication contraire, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée
sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie, l’affichage sur
l’internet ou sur un Intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Les demandes d’autorisation peuvent être adressées à l’ISO à
l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
Web www.iso.org
Version française parue en 2014
Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2013 – Tous droits réservés

Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Principe . 2
5 Appareillage et matériel d’essai . 2
6 Échantillonnage . 4
7 Conditionnement . 4
8 Préparation des éprouvettes . 4
9 Étalonnage . 4
10 Mode opératoire. 4
11 Calculs et expression des résultats . 5
11.1 Calcul de la perméabilité à l’air . 5
11.2 Présentation des résultats . 5
11.3 Écart-type et coefficient de variation . 5
12 Rapport d’essai . 6
Annexe A (normative) Vérification du volume — Appareil Gurley
....................................................................................... 7
Annexe B (informative) Types d’appareils . 9
Annexe C (informative) Données de fidélité .10
Bibliographie .12
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux.
L’ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne
la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/CEI, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier de prendre note des différents
critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/CEI, Partie 2 (voir www.
iso.org/directives).
L’attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l’objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant les
références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de l’élaboration
du document sont indiqués dans l’Introduction et/ou sur la liste ISO des déclarations de brevets reçues
(voir www.iso.org/brevets).
Les éventuelles appellations commerciales utilisées dans le présent document sont données pour
information à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne constituent pas une approbation ou une recommandation.
Pour une explication de la signification des termes et expressions spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation
de la conformité, aussi bien que pour des informations au sujet de l’adhésion de l’ISO aux principes de
l’OMC concernant les obstacles techniques au commerce (OTC) voir le lien suivant: Avant-propos —
Informations supplémentaires.
Le comité chargé de l’élaboration du présent document est l’ISO/TC 6, Papiers, cartons et pâtes, sous-
comité SC 2, Méthodes d’essais et spécifications de qualité des papiers et cartons.
Cette troisième édition annule et remplace la deuxième édition (ISO 5636-5:2003), qui a fait l’objet d’une
révision technique. Dans cette troisième édition, les modifications effectuées sont essentiellement
rédactionnelles; des données relatives à la fidélité ont également été ajoutées pour information dans
l’Annexe C.
L’ISO 5636 comprend les parties suivantes, présentées sous le titre général Papier et carton —
Détermination de la perméabilité à l’air (plage de valeurs moyennes):
— Partie 3: Méthode Bendtsen
— Partie 4: Méthode Sheffield
— Partie 5: Méthode Gurley
— Partie 6: Méthode Oken
NOTE 1 La Partie 1: Méthode générale, considérée comme redondante, sera annulée après publication des
troisièmes éditions des Parties 3, 4 et 5.
NOTE 2 La Partie 2: Méthode Schopper, considérée comme obsolète, a été annulée en 2006.
NOTE 3 La Partie 6: Méthode Oken est en cours de préparation.
iv © ISO 2013 – Tous droits réservés

NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 5636-5:2013(F)
Papier et carton — Détermination de la perméabilité à l’air
(plage de valeurs moyennes) —
Partie 5:
Méthode Gurley
1 Domaine d’application
La présente partie de l’ISO 5636 spécifie la méthode Gurley pour la détermination de la perméabilité à
l’air des papiers et cartons au moyen d’un appareil d’essai de résistance à l’air, l’appareil Gurley.
La méthode est applicable aux papiers et cartons dont la perméabilité à l’air est comprise entre 0,1 µm/
(Pa·s) et 100 µm/(Pa·s) lors d’un essai au moyen d’un appareil Gurley.
Elle ne convient pas pour les papiers et cartons à surface rugueuse, qu’il est impossible de fixer
correctement pour éviter les fuites.
La présente partie de l’ISO 5636 peut également être utilisée pour déterminer la résistance à l’air des
papiers et cartons.
2 Références normatives
Les documents suivants, en tout ou partie, sont référencés de manière normative dans le présent
document et sont indispensables pour son application. Pour les références datées, seule l’édition citée
s’applique. Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s’applique (y
compris les éventuels amendements).
ISO 48, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique — Détermination de la dureté (dureté comprise entre 10
DIDC et 100 DIDC)
ISO 186, Papier et carton — Échantillonnage pour déterminer la qualité moyenne
ISO 187, Papier, carton et pâtes — Atmosphère normale de conditionnement et d’essai et méthode de
surveillance de l’atmosphère et de conditionnement des échantillons
ISO 385, Verrerie de laboratoire — Burettes
ISO 3104, Produits pétroliers — Liquides opaques et transparents — Détermination de la viscosité
cinématique et calcul de la viscosité dynamique
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s’appliquent.
3.1
perméabilité à l’air
débit d’air moyen qui traverse une unité de surface sous une unité de différence de pression en une unité
de temps, dans des conditions spécifiées
Note 1 à l’article: La perméabilité à l’air est exprimée en micromètres par pascal seconde [1 ml/(m ⋅Pa·s) = 1 μm/
(Pa·s)].
Note 2 à l’article: Cette propriété est appelée «perméabilité à l’air» et non «perméance à l’air» car elle est
caractéristique de la feuille considérée et n’est pas normalisée en fonction de l’épaisseur, ce qui donnerait une
propriété du matériau par épaisseur unitaire.
3.2
résistance à l’air
temps nécessaire à un volume d’air spécifique sous une unité de pression pour traverser une unité de
surface
Note 1 à l’article: La résistance à l’air est exprimée en secondes par 100 millilitres [s/(100 ml)].
4 Principe
De l’air est comprimé par la masse d’un cylindre vertical flottant sur un liquide. Une éprouvette est
en contact avec l’air ainsi comprimé et le cylindre descend régulièrement à mesure que l’air traverse
l’éprouvette. Le temps pour qu’un volume donné d’air traverse l’éprouvette est mesuré, c’est-à-dire que
la résistance à l’air est mesurée, et la perméabilité à l’air est calculée.
5 Appareillage et matériel d’essai
5.1 Appareil Gurley, voir Figure 1, comprenant un cylindre extérieur (voir 5.1.3), rempli en partie
d’un fluide assurant l’étanchéité (voir 5.2), et un cylindre intérieur (voir 5.1.4), dont le haut est ouvert, et
qui coulisse librement dans le cylindre extérieur. La pression de l’air produite par la masse du cylindre
intérieur est appliquée contre l’éprouvette, maintenue entre deux plaques de serrage (voir 5.1.1) dans un
orifice circulaire.
5.1.1 Plaques de serrage, constituant la base de l’appareil, et tube central d’alimentation dirigeant
l’air sous pression vers les plaques de serrage. Certains modèles de cet appareil sont munis d’un système
de treuil manuel (vérin à vis) pour resserrer les plaques l’une contre l’autre, d’autres modèles sont
équipés d’un contrepoids de 901 g agissant sur un levier, et d’autres modèles encore sont munis d’un
système pneumatique. La force de serrage recommandée est de (180 ± 30) N. Ce mécanisme permet une
répartition uniforme de la charge, réduisant ainsi l’influence de l’opérateur sur l’essai. Il est préférable
d’appliquer une force de serrage contrôlée pour maintenir l’éprouvette.
5.1.2 Joint en caoutchouc, fixé sur la plaque de serrage, du côté soumis à la pression de l’air, pour
empêcher les fuites d’air entre la surface du papier et la plaque de serrage. Le joint est constitué d’un
matériau inoxydable, mince, élastique, résistant à l’huile, à surface lisse, d’épaisseur comprise entre
0,7 mm et 1,0 mm et de dureté 50 DIDC (Degré International de Dureté du Caoutchouc) conformément à
l’ISO 48. Le diamètre intérieur du joint est de 28,6 mm environ, son diamètre extérieur de 34,9 mm environ.
L’ouverture du joint est centrée avec précision sur l’ouverture des plaques de serrage. Afin d’assurer
l’alignement et la protection du joint en utilisation, il est scellé dans un logement usiné à la surface de
la plaque de serrage supérieure. Ce logement et l’ouverture de la plaque opposée sont concentriques.
Le diamètre intérieur du logement est de (28,50 ± 0,15) mm, et sa profondeur de (0,45 ± 0,05) mm. Son
diamètre extérieur est de (35,2 ± 0,1) mm, pour permettre l’insertion et la fixation du joint. Le joint, lorsqu’il
est fixé à l’intérieur du logement concentrique, délimite la surface de mesure et son diamètre intérieur
doit être de (28,6 ± 0,1) mm (642 mm de superficie). Il convient de changer le joint régulièrement.
5.1.3 Cylindre extérieur, ayant une hauteur de 254 mm et un diamètre intérieur de 82,6 mm. La
surface intérieure présente trois ou quatre rainures, de longueur comprise entre 190 mm et 245,5 mm,
de section carrée de 2,4 mm d’arête ou cylindrique de 2,4 mm de diamètre, les rainures étant également
réparties pour servir de guides au cylindre intérieur.
5.1.4 Cylindre intérieur, gradué de 50 ml en 50 ml, comportant une lecture à pleine échelle jusqu’à
au moins 300 ml. Il peut être gradué de 25 ml en 25 ml entre les repères de 0 ml à 100 ml. Les repères
représentent les volumes véritables du cylindre intérieur et doivent être exacts à 3 % près. Le volume exact
du cylindre intérieur peut être vérifié au moyen du mode opératoire indiqué à l’Annexe A. Sa hauteur est
2 © ISO 2013 – Tous droits réservés

de (254,0 ± 0,5) mm, son diamètre extérieur est de (76,2 ± 0,5) mm et son diamètre intérieur de 74 mm
environ, pour que la masse de l’assemblage de cylindres soit de (567,0 ± 0,5) g.
5.1.5 Les volumes dont il est fait mention sont des volumes nominaux et il convient, en principe, de
les augmenter du volume du fluide déplacé par les parois du cylindre intérieur pendant l’essai. Dans la
pratique, étant donné que cette erreur est commune à tous les appareils de ce type, ce phénomène n’est
pas pris en compte.
Dimension en millimètres
ø
...