ISO 13784-1:2002
(Main)Reaction-to-fire tests for sandwich panel building systems — Part 1: Test method for small rooms
Reaction-to-fire tests for sandwich panel building systems — Part 1: Test method for small rooms
ISO 13874-1:2002 specifies a test method for determining the reaction to fire of sandwich panel building systems for small rooms and the resulting flame spread on or within the sandwich panel building construction when it is exposed to heat from a simulated internal fire with flames impinging directly on its internal corner. The test method is not intended for evaluating a product's fire resistance. ISO 13874-1:2002 is applicable to both freestanding and self-supporting, and frame-supported, sandwich panel systems. It is not applicable to sandwich panel products that are glued, nailed, bonded or similarly supported by an underlying wall or ceiling construction.
Essais de réaction au feu des systèmes de fabrication de panneaux de type sandwich — Partie 1: Méthode d'essai pour des chambres de petite taille
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13784-1
First edition
2002-12-01
Reaction-to-fire tests for sandwich panel
building systems —
Part 1:
Test method for small rooms
Essais de réaction au feu des systèmes de fabrication de panneaux de type
sandwich —
Partie 1: Méthode d'essai pour des chambres de petite taille
Reference number
ISO 13784-1:2002(E)
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ISO 13784-1:2002(E)
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ISO 13784-1:2002(E)
Contents Page
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Principle . 2
5 Types of structure . 3
6 Test specimen . 3
7 Test room design and construction . 3
8 Ignition source . 8
9 Apparatus . 8
10 Heat and smoke release measurement . 11
11 Procedure . 12
12 Precision . 15
13 Test report . 16
Annexes
A Heat and smoke release measurement procedure in accordance with ISO 9705 — Method 1 . 17
B Heat and smoke release measurement procedure — Method 2 . 20
C Calculations . 21
D Laser smoke photometer . 24
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ISO 13784-1:2002(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO 13784 may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO 13784-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee
SC 1, Fire initiation and growth.
ISO 13784 consists of the following parts, under the general title Reaction-to-fire tests for sandwich panel building
systems:
— Part 1: Test method for small rooms
— Part 2: Test method for large rooms
Annexes A, B and C form a normative part of this part of ISO 13784. Annex D of this part of ISO 13784 is for
information only.
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ISO 13784-1:2002(E)
Introduction
Fire is a complex phenomenon, its behaviour and effects dependent upon a number of interrelated factors. The
behaviour of materials and products depends upon the characteristics of the fire, the method of use of the materials
and the environment in which they are exposed (for the philosophy of reaction-to-fire tests, see ISO/TR 3814).
The need for improved insulation of buildings has led to the increased use of insulating sandwich panel systems in
different parts of the building industry. Sandwich panel systems are applied as external cladding on factory buildings,
in internal envelopes with controlled atmospheres and in cold stores — varying from small rooms to large, cool
houses. Other applications are in modular building rooms and, sometimes, retail premises. These systems can also
be used for roof applications in traditional constructions. Multi-layered panels with other facings (e.g. plasterboard) or
sandwich panel systems can also be applied to walls as internal linings or insulation; however, this is not within the
scope of ISO 13784.
There exist three primary fire-related threats to the walls and ceilings or roofs of a building insulated with freestanding
or frame-supported types of sandwich panel systems:
a) an interior compartment fire impinging directly onto the joints of the wall, typical ignition sources being welding
torches, burning items near the wall and fire in an adjacent room;
b) an external fire or combustibles (rubbish, vegetation, vehicles, etc.) accumulated near the wall;
c) fire spread to outside spaces.
Moreover, such a fire can spread in several ways:
— over a combustible exterior surface;
— by travelling vertically and horizontally through the combustible cores of cavities within the external wall or
ceiling/roof;
— through combustible gases which have developed due to the pyrolysis of the combustible components and which
will ignite on the surface;
— as burning debris or flaming droplets.
This part of ISO 13784 deals with a simple representation of a fire scenario involving a sandwich panel system —
such as that typified by a local fire impinging directly on the internal face of a sandwich panel building construction.
The test method specified can be used to provide a small-room scale, end-use evaluation of all aspects of sandwich
panel systems, including constructional techniques (supporting frameworks, jointing detail, etc.)
The test method is intended for evaluating products which, by their nature, are not normally used as internal linings
and are unsuitable for assessment using ISO9705, which evaluates fire growth from a surface product.
Nevertheless, this part of ISO 13784 provides a means by which a freestanding or frame-supported sandwich panel
building construction can be built and evaluated.
Testing of this type can be used for comparative purposes or to ensure the existence of a certain quality of
performance considered to have a bearing on fire performance generally; it does not rely on the use of asbestos-
based materials.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13784-1:2002(E)
Reaction-to-fire tests for sandwich panel building systems —
Part 1:
Test method for small rooms
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS — In order that suitable precautions can be taken to safeguard health, the attention
of all concerned in fire tests is drawn to the possibility that toxic or harmful gases can be evolved during
combustion of test specimens.
The test procedures concerned involve high temperatures and combustion processes — from ignition to a
fully developed room fire. Therefore, hazards can exist for burns, ignition of extraneous objects or clothing.
Operators should use protective clothing, helmet, face-shield and equipment for avoiding exposure to toxic
gases.
Laboratory safety procedures shall be set up which ensure the safe termination of tests on sandwich panel
products. Specimens with combustible content burning inside metallic facings may be difficult to extinguish
with standard laboratory fire fighting equipment. Adequate means of extinguishing such a fire shall be
provided.
When tests are conducted using the freestanding room construction, specimens could emit combustion
products from their back face, especially if joints open up. Specimen collapse into the laboratory space can
also occur. Laboratory safety procedures shall be set up to ensure safety of personnel with due
consideration to such situations.
1 Scope
This part of ISO 13784 specifies a test method for evaluating the reaction-to-fire performance of sandwich panel
building systems for small rooms and the resulting flame spread on or within the sandwich panel building
construction when it is exposed to heat from a simulated internal fire with flames impinging directly on its internal
corner. The test method is not intended for evaluating a product's fire resistance.
This part of ISO 13784 is applicable to both freestanding and self-supporting, and frame-supported, sandwich panel
systems. It is not applicable to sandwich panel products that are glued, nailed, bonded or similarly supported by an
underlying wall or ceiling construction.
NOTE Because of their design, some systems might be unsuitable for testing using this part of ISO 13784. Nevertheless, such
systems could be suitable for testing using ISO 13784-2, in which case the field of application of the test report might be restricted.
For testing of products used as internal linings, see ISO 9705.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this part of ISO 13784. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications
do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 13784 are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references,
the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of
currently valid International Standards.
ISO 9705, Fire tests — Full-scale room test for surface products
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ISO 13784-1:2002(E)
ISO 13784-2, Reaction-to-fire tests for sandwich panel building systems — Part 2: Test method for large rooms
ISO 13943, Fire safety — Vocabulary
IEC 60584-2, Thermocouples — Part 2: Tolerances
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this part of ISO 13784, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13943 and the following apply.
3.1
composite
combination of materials generally recognized in building construction as discrete entities
EXAMPLE Coated or laminated materials.
3.2
exposed surface
surface of the product subjected to the heating conditions of the test
3.3
product
material, composite or assembly
3.4
constant mass
state of a test specimen when two successive weighing apparatus operations carried out at an interval of 24 h do not
differ by more than 0,1 % of the mass of the specimen or by 0,1 g, whichever is greater
3.5
surface product
any part of a building constituting an exposed surface on the walls or ceiling/roof, or on both
EXAMPLE Panel or board.
3.6
insulating sandwich panel
multilayered product consisting of three or more layers bonded together
NOTE One layer is an insulating material, such as mineral or glass wool, cellular plastics or a natural material (e.g. corkboard),
protected by facings on both sides. Facings can be selected from a variety of materials and can be either flat or profiled. The most
widely used facing is coated steel. The composite can vary from a simple construction to a complex composite system with
specific fixing joints and supports, depending on the application and on the performance requirements.
3.7
specimen
assembly representing the end-use construction
4Principle
The reaction to fire performance of a sandwich panel assembly is assessed when it is exposed to flames impinging
directly on the internal corner of a small sandwich panel assembly. The different kinds of flame spread, for example,
within the internal core, on the surface or through joints, by ignited combustible gases and falling debris or melting
droplets of the sandwich panel assembly. The assessment allows determination of the following possible fire
hazards:
— the contribution of the system to fire development up to flashover;
— the potential for transmitting an interior fire to outside spaces or other compartments or adjacent buildings;
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ISO 13784-1:2002(E)
— the possibility of the structure's collapse;
— the development of smoke and fire gases inside the test room.
5 Types of structure
The test method is applicable to the following two types of structure, representative of those used in practice both in
respect of construction and materials.
a) Frame-supported structures
Sandwich panel systems are mechanically fixed to the outside or the inside of a structural framework — normally
steel — through the thickness of the panel. The ceiling/roof could be built traditionally or using sandwich panel
systems. A widespread example is the external cladding of industrial buildings. In most cases, this kind of
sandwich panel system is used on a building's exterior wall, roof or both.
Deformation of the frame can influence the fire behaviour of the sandwich panels. Where the frame is protected
in practice because of fire resistance requirements, this should also be the case for the frame under test.
Protection can be obtained by means of insulating boards or coatings.
b) Freestanding structures
Sandwich panel systems are assembled together to provide a room or enclosure that does not depend for its
stability on any other structural framework (e.g. cold stores, food or clean rooms, generally constructed within a
weatherproof shell). Normally situated inside a building, the ceilings of these constructions may be supported
from above.
6 Test specimen
The test specimen shall consist of the requisite number of panels required for the test to be performed. In all cases,
the test specimen shall be representative of that used in practice, both in construction and materials. All
constructional details of joints, fixings, etc., shall be reproduced and positioned in the test specimen as in practice. If
the type of sandwich panel under test is used in practice with an inside or outside structural framework, this shall be
included in the test.
The test specimen should be built by those suitably qualified in the construction of this type of structure.
If, in practice, ceiling panels are different from wall panels, a test may be performed with the correct combination of
wall and ceiling panels.
If the sandwich panel building system is intended for use with decorative paint or film facings, these shall be present
on the test specimen.
7 Test room design and construction
7.1 The test method consists of a procedure by which sandwich panel assemblies are assessed in their end-use
scale and with the constructional details incorporated in their end use. Products are evaluated with end-use joints
and fixings; where a supporting steel framework is part of the construction, testing is done with this framework also
in place. Where the panels are self-supporting, for safety reasons an unconnected external framework should be
used.
7.2 Construct a room using the components of the sandwich panel systems in accordance with clause 6. The room
shall have four walls at right angles and a ceiling, and shall be located on a rigid, non-combustible floor surface. The
means of securing wall panels together, and the means of attaching walls to floor and ceiling to walls, shall be
representative of end use. The room shall have the following inner dimensions. See Figure 1.
Length: (3,6± 0,05) m
Width: (2,4± 0,05) m
Height: (2,4± 0,05) m
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Dimensions in millimetres
a) Isometric elevation
Figure 1 — Example of test specimen
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b) Plan showing alternative burner position
Key
C Ceiling panel
d Thickness of panel
P1 Burner position 1, at corner
P2 Burner position 2, at joint
LW Left wall panel
BW Back wall panel
RW Right wall panel
FW Front wall panel
Figure 1 — Example of test specimen
7.3 Provide a doorway in the centre of one of the 2,4 m× 2,4 m walls; no other wall, floor or ceiling shall have any
openings allowing ventilation. The doorway shall have the following dimensions.
Width: (0,8± 0,01) m
Height: (2,0± 0,01) m
7.4 The room shall be located indoors. Tests shall not be conducted unless the temperature within the room is
◦ ◦
between 10C3and .0 C
7.5 The connections between the panels, and between the walls and the ceiling, shall represent those in the end-
use application of the product being tested.
7.6 If the system includes any additional bracing, support members, etc., these shall also be installed in the test
specimen construction. If the type of sandwich panel system under test is used in practice with an inside or outside
structural framework, this shall be used in the test. See Figures 2 and 3.
NOTE The number of panels and their thickness can of course be different from those shown in the examples, depending on the
type of panels tested. In addition, the type of supporting frame will depend on the practical end-use mounting. Only the inner
dimensions of the room and the door opening are mandatory.
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Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 2 — Example of internal structural framework
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Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 3 — Example of internal structural framework — Isometric elevation
7.7 The test room shall be positioned below the exhaust hood in accordance with clause 9. However, if, for reasons
of product development or quality control, or at the special request of the sponsor or regulatory body, heat release or
smoke production or both are excluded from the test procedure, the test room need not be positioned under the
hood.
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8 Ignition source
WARNING — The ignition source is a propane gas burner that consumes relatively large amounts of gas. All
equipment (tubes, couplings, flow meters, etc.) should be approved for propane. The installations shall be
performed in accordance with existing regulations. For reasons of safety, the burner should be equipped
with a remote-controlled ignition device, for example, a pilot flame or glow wire. There should be a warning
system for leaking gas and a valve for immediate and automatic cut-off of the gas supply in case of
extinction of the ignition flame.
8.1 The ignition source shall be a propane gas burner having a square top surface layer of sand. The burner shall
have face dimensions of 170 mm× 170 mm and a height of 200 mm above the floor (see Figure 4). The construction
shall be such that an even gas flow is achieved over the entire opening area.
8.2 The burner shall be placed on the floor in a corner opposite the wall with the doorway, and shall be in contact
with the specimen. If there is a structural framework member such as a column directly in the corner, the burner shall
be placed at the joint nearest the corner on the back wall. This joint shall be not less than 300 mm from the corner
column. See Figure 1.
If the structural member prevents contact, the burner shall be raised and adjusted such that it is in contact with the
specimen.
8.3 The burner shall be supplied with natural-grade propane (95 % purity). The gas flow to the burner shall be
measured with an accuracy of at least ±3%. The heat output to the burner shall be controlled within ±5% of the
prescribed value.
8.4 The burner heat output, based on the net (lower) calorific value of propane, shall be 100 kW during the first
10 min of the test and shall then be increased to 300 kW for a further 10 min. After 20 min, another 10 min of
observations shall be made with no power output to the burner.
9 Apparatus
9.1 Thermocouples, positioned on the external surface of each of the panels and within their core, installed from
the rear of the panel in such a way that flame spread within the core can be monitored.
One thermocouple should be installed on the external surface of each panel, sited on the centreline, and another
within the core, one third of the distance from top to bottom of the panel for wall panels and in the centre for ceiling
panels. Thermocouples shall also be positioned in the upper third of the door opening. See Figure5. Only
thermocouples 02, 06 and 010 in the door opening are mandatory; all others are optional.
The thermocouples shall be either of the sheathed or welded types. The former shall be type K chromel/alumel
stainless-steel sheathed thermocouples with a wire diameter of 0,3 mm and an outer diameter of (1,5± 0,1) mm.
The hot junction shall be insulated and not earthed. Welded thermocouples shall have a maximum diameter of
0,3 mm. Thermocouples on the external surface of the panels shall have their hot junctions in contact with the
surface of the panel. Surface thermocouples with copper disk for surface temperature measurements, sheathed
thermocouples for core measurements and welded non-sheathed thermocouples for gas temperature
measurements should be used. The thermocouples shall be of tolerance class 1 in accordance with IEC 60584-2.
9.2 Heat flux meter, placed in the centre of the floor of the room and calibrated over its entire range.
2
The heat flux meter shall be of the foil (Gardon) or thermopile (Schmidt-Boelter) type with a range of 0 kW/m to
2
50 kW/m . The target receiving heat flux shall be flat, circular, not more than 10 mm in diameter and coated with a
durable matt-black finish. The target shall be contained within a water-cooled body, the front face of which shall be of
slightly polished metal, flat and circular, shall coincide with the plane of the target and have a diameter of about
25 mm.
Heat flux shall not pass through any window before reaching the target. The instrument shall be robust, simple to set
up and use, insensitive to draughts and stable in calibration. The instrument shall have an accuracy of within ±3%
and a repeatability of within 0,5 %.
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ISO 13784-1:2002(E)
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1Gas inlet
2 Sand (2mm to 3mm)
1,8 mm
3 Brass wire gauze ( )
4Gravel (4mm to 8mm)
2,8 mm
5 Brass wire gauze ( )
Figure 4 — Burner
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Dimensions in millimetres
a) Door opening
b) Ceiling
Figure 5 — Thermocouple distribution
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ISO 13784-1:2002(E)
c) Walls
Key
1 wall with door
2 left wall
3back wall
4 right wall
5 wall with door
O Opening (1 to 11)
C Ceiling panel (core outside)
w Width of panel
W Wall panel (core outside)
CO Core
OS Surface of panel outside room
d Thickness of panel
Figure 5 — Thermocouple distribution
9.3 Additional equipment
9.3.1 Data recorder — either a chart recorder or data logger capable of recording and storing input data from the
thermocouples at intervals not exceeding 10 s, and able to provide a hard copy of the data.
9.3.2 Timing device — a clock with 1s divisions or equivalent device.
9.4 Heat and smoke release measurement system (see clause 10 and annexes A, B and C).
10 Heat and smoke release measurement
IMPORTANT — In the case of either of the following methods, the laboratory may end the test if conditions
occur that could endanger the safety of personnel or laboratory or both.
10.1 General
Depending on the final application of the test results, one of two alternative methods may be used for performing heat
and smoke release measurements. The method chosen shall be clearly stated in the test report. If, for reasons of
product development or quality control, or at the special request of a sponsor or regulatory body, heat release or
smoke measurements or both are excluded from the test procedure, this shall be clearly stated in the test report.
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10.2 Method 1 (see annex A)
Connect the sandwich panel building construction to the hood system in accordance with ISO 9705. Using this
method, only smoke and heat release coming out of the door opening will contribute to the measurements, and
flaming and smoke coming out of the external joints of the structure are excluded. The measurements give
information about the hazards of the contribution of the system to fire development up to flashover and the potential
for transmitting an interior fire to outside spaces or other compartments or adjacent buildings (see clause 4). Record
any flaming observed for more than 10 s through the joints. See annex A.
NOTE When smoke and flames escape through the joints, the heat and smoke release measurements are no longer accurate for
the whole system, as the smoke gases are not captured by the hood.
10.3 Method 2 (see annex B)
Place the sandwich panel building construction either
a) under an enlarged hood and duct system (see Figure 6), or
b) in a ventilated enclosure (see Figure 7) with an opening towards an enlarged hood and duct system.
The walls and ceiling of the enclosure shall be at least 0,5 m from the outer surface of the sandwich panel building
construction and shall be built such that feedback from these surfaces is insignificant.
The hood/enclosures of both a) and b) should collect all smoke and hot gases coming from the joints of the sandwich
panel systems and the door opening of the construction, and be built such that there is no feedback influence on the
fire behaviour of the sandwich panel building construction and observation of the fire process; flaming through joints
should be possible.
Perform a calibration run in accordance with A.3.1. HRR calibration inside the enclosure shall be performed so that
at least of combustion products are captured by the enclosure and led into the hood, as shown in Figures 6
95 %
and 7. Record any flaming observed for more than 10 s through the joints.
11 Procedure
11.1 Initial conditions
◦ ◦
11.1.1 The temperature in the test facility at the start of the test shall be between 10C3 and 0 C.
11.1.2 The horizontal wind speed measured at a horizontal distance of 1m from the centre of the doorway shall not
−1
exceed .1,75 m· s
11.1.3 The burner shall be in contact with the corner wall. The surface area of the burner opening shall be clean. If
there is a structural framework such as a column directly in the corner, the burner shall be placed at the nearest joint
from the corner on the back wall but not less than 300 mm away (see Figure 1).
11.1.4 The test se
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