ISO/TS 16951:2021
(Main)Road vehicles — Ergonomic aspects of transport information and control systems (TICS) — Procedures for determining priority of on-board messages presented to drivers
Road vehicles — Ergonomic aspects of transport information and control systems (TICS) — Procedures for determining priority of on-board messages presented to drivers
This document provides formal procedures and two, alternative, methods (users are advised to choose whichever of the two suits their individual requirements) for determining the priority of on-board messages presented to drivers of road vehicles by transport information and control systems (TICS) and other systems. It is applicable to the whole range of TICS in-vehicle messages, including traveller information, navigation, travel and traffic advisories, "yellow pages" information, warnings, systems status, emergency calling system information, and electronic toll/fee collection, as well as to messages from non-TICS sources such as telephone, warnings and telltales. Although applicable to systems that allow the free generation of messages, it neither provides guidance on how to use the messages deriving from its procedures nor is it applicable to mandatory or legally required messages.
Véhicules routiers — Aspects ergonomiques des systèmes de commande et d'information du transport (TICS) — Modes opératoires pour la détermination de la priorité des messages embarqués présentés aux conducteurs
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 16951
Second edition
2021-03
Road vehicles — Ergonomic aspects
of transport information and control
systems (TICS) — Procedures for
determining priority of on-board
messages presented to drivers
Véhicules routiers — Aspects ergonomiques des systèmes de
commande et d'information du transport (TICS) — Modes opératoires
pour la détermination de la priorité des messages embarqués
présentés aux conducteurs
Reference number
ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Data collection for the priority index procedure ............................................................................................................... 3
4.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
4.2 Appoint an examiner ......................................................................................................................................................................... 3
4.3 Identify and assemble messages ............................................................................................................................................. 3
4.4 Define driving context and situation .................................................................................................................................... 3
4.4.1 Consider the sensing capability of the vehicle ....................................................................................... 3
4.4.2 Factors to consider in developing the driving scenarios ............................................................... 4
4.4.3 Document the driving context and situation ........................................................................................... 4
4.5 Select the evaluators .......................................................................................................................................................................... 5
4.6 Evaluate criticality and urgency of a message ............................................................................................................. 6
4.7 Instructions for the examiner .................................................................................................................................................... 6
4.8 Alternative method for determining message priority ........................................................................................ 7
5 Data analysis for priority index ............................................................................................................................................................ 8
5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
5.2 Select weights .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
5.3 Calculate priority, p .......................................................................................................................................................................... 8
5.4 Calculate arithmetic mean and standard deviation of priority index acrossevaluators for each message ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
5.5 Calculate P and σ ................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
j j5.6 Determine priority order ............................................................................................................................................................... 9
5.7 Evaluate data quality ......................................................................................................................................................................10
6 Application of results ....................................................................................................................................................................................10
6.1 Prioritization of priority ranking .........................................................................................................................................10
6.2 How to deal with additional messages ............................................................................................................................10
6.3 Documentation ....................................................................................................................................................................................10
6.4 Other .............................................................................................................................................................................................................11
Annex A (normative) Priority matrix method .........................................................................................................................................12
Annex B (informative) System reaction matrix for priority matrix method ............................................................16
Annex C (informative) Rationale for recommended number of evaluators for priority index
method .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................18
Annex D (informative) Example evaluator profile ..............................................................................................................................21
Annex E (informative) Driving scenarios ......................................................................................................................................................22
Annex F (informative) Criticality and urgency as the evaluation criteria ..................................................................25
Annex G (informative) Deriving weight k and k ..................................................................................................................................26
c uAnnex H (informative) Sample report format ..........................................................................................................................................28
Annex I (informative) “Acceptable” standard deviations σ for priority indexes .................................................29
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................31
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 39,
Ergonomics.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TS 16951:2004), which has been
technically revised.The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— formulae and other errors corrected;
— editorial updates.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
Introduction
When multiple in-vehicle information systems are present, including both transport information and
control systems (TICS) and non-TICS, various kinds of messages will be presented to drivers from these
systems and displayed at various times. If these messages are not managed properly, drivers could fail
to obtain critical information, which may degrade safety. This document establishes two prioritization
methods for TICS and other system-initiated messages or driver-requested messages presented to
drivers while driving. Other prioritization methods are possible. The primary method given in this
document takes criticality and urgency ratings of such messages into consideration when calculating
a priority index. If the mathematical calculations are avoided for some reason, an alternative method
presented in Annex A is applied. The alternative method involves paired comparisons of all possible
messages to form a priority matrix. Its relative advantages and disadvantages are discussed in Annex A.
Annex B presents one way of managing messages using the priority obtained by Annex A.
Priority is one of the parameters to consider in determining when, where and how system messages are
displayed. As TICS applications are deployed, the number and frequency of TICS messages presented to
drivers can be expected to increase. This document will provide road vehicle manufacturers and TICS
suppliers with a consistent basis for the management of messages competing for the driver’s limited
information processing capability. This, in turn, will reduce the driver’s workload and help ensure that
[3]the most important messages reach the driver. This document complements ISO 15005 , a dialogue
management standard.This document is intended for those involved in the design of message management systems that
integrate in-vehicle messages. It describes how to establish message priorities. It also specifies criteria
for message prioritization and, therefore, serves as an evaluation tool for TICS installed in vehicles as
standard equipment and for after-market TICS devices.© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
Road vehicles — Ergonomic aspects of transport
information and control systems (TICS) — Procedures
for determining priority of on-board messages presented
to drivers
1 Scope
This document provides formal procedures and two, alternative, methods (users are advised to choose
whichever of the two suits their individual requirements) for determining the priority of on-board
messages presented to drivers of road vehicles by transport information and control systems (TICS)
and other systems. It is applicable to the whole range of TICS in-vehicle messages, including traveller
information, navigation, travel and traffic advisories, “yellow pages” information, warnings, systems
status, emergency calling system information, and electronic toll/fee collection, as well as to messages
from non-TICS sources such as telephone, warnings and telltales. Although applicable to systems that
allow the free generation of messages, it neither provides guidance on how to use the messages deriving
from its procedures nor is it applicable to mandatory or legally required messages.
2 Normative referencesThere are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
contents of message
information presented to a user by the TICS (3.14) or other on-board system
EXAMPLE A message containing system status information, warnings or alarms presented using characters,
symbols, figures, audible tones, voices or other means.3.2
criticality
severity of the impact of the most likely accident or malfunction that can occur when the message is not
received or is ignored by the driver3.3
display
device that allows the presentation of visual, auditory, or haptic dynamic information to a driver
3.4driving
activities undertaken by the driver to navigate, manœuvre and handle the vehicle to achieve lateral and
longitudinal control© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
3.5
evaluator
person who judges the contents of a message from the point of view of criticality (3.2) and urgency
(3.15) to the driver3.6
examiner
person who manages and conducts the use of this document for determining priority (3.10)
3.7weighting factor of criticality
factor used to calculate the priority index (3.11)
3.8
weighting factor of urgency
factor used to calculate the priority index (3.11)
3.9
message management system
system that controls and evaluates a wide range of information and presents it ergonomically to drivers,
allowing them to cope with the information while driving (3.4) and assisting them in driving safely and
comfortably3.10
priority
relative importance of two or more messages which determines their ranking in a time sequence or
emphasis of presentationNote 1 to entry: The message with the highest priority is assigned first place (larger priority ratings correspond
to higher priority items).3.11
priority index
index used to determine which messages should be given precedence when two or more messages are
available for presentation3.12
scenario
explanation of the driving (3.4) context and situation for the message presented to evaluators (3.5)
3.13system-initiated message
message provided by a TICS (3.14) or conventional system (both inside and outside of the vehicle)
without a specific request from the driver3.14
transport information and control system
TICS
system comprised of an advanced information and telecommunications network for users, roads and
vehicles that contributes to solving problems such as traffic accidents and congestion
[1]Note 1 to entry: See ISO 14813-1 for a list of TICS services .
3.15
urgency
time within which driver action or decision is expected to be taken if the benefit intended by the system
is derived from the message2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
4 Data collection for the priority index procedure
4.1 General
This clause presents the steps for collecting the data used to calculate a priority index for each message.
See the example outputs given in Annex E and Annex H.4.2 Appoint an examiner
The priority index procedure requires an examiner to coordinate the data preparation, analysis, and
reporting. The role of the examiner is detailed in 4.7.The examiner shall be familiar with the prioritization process, knowledgeable on message management,
and have automotive experience.If the examiner has similar qualifications to that of the evaluators, the examiner may participate as
both an examiner and evaluator.4.3 Identify and assemble messages
It is necessary for the examiner to identify in advance messages that are to be presented to drivers.
The messages represent the aggregate output given by the TICS and non-TICS connected to a message
management system. The examiner shall collect these messages and prepare them for presentation to
the evaluators.4.4 Define driving context and situation
For each message, the examiner shall define, or assist in defining, a driving context and situation in
terms of the road environment and the traffic condition in which the message is likely to be presented.
The contextual and situational factors should be defined at the moment when the message is presented
because the priority (assignment of criticality and urgency ratings) depends heavily on the driving
context. Particular attention should be given to the presentation of messages in potentially hazardous
situations. All hazardous situations should be considered, except for highly unlikely possibilities. Based
on these situations the examiner may define one or more (normally not more than four) scenarios for a
particular message.The same message in two different scenarios shall be regarded as two different information items to be
evaluated. This is because messages may occur in several different driving contexts, and each context
could yield a different message priority. For example, the priority given to a message pertaining to a
system malfunction will be different depending on whether the driver is starting the car or is relying
on the system whilst driving.If only one scenario is used for a given message, that scenario should represent a reasonable “worst-
case” situation. At minimum, a TICS or non-TICS expert and the examiner should agree on the worst-
case driving scenario. A traffic safety expert may also be consulted.4.4.1 Consider the sensing capability of the vehicle
In practice the messages that are provided to the driver will depend on the capability of the vehicle to
sense or detect various relevant situations. For example, if the vehicle can detect the driver’s state of
arousal, then the driver’s state can be considered in describing the driving scenario.
For situations in which the vehicle is incapable of sensing, the message priority should be determined
for a scenario representing a “reasonable” worst-case situation for the factors listed in 4.4.2.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 3---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
4.4.2 Factors to consider in developing the driving scenarios
Table 1 is provided to assist the examiner in developing driving context and relevant situations. A
sample of situation and context factors is given in the rightmost column. The examiner may use these or
other factors to define driving scenarios. If the context cannot be categorized into one of the candidate
factors listed in Table 1, it should be clearly described within the “Other” parentheses. If neither the
context nor situation is defined for one of the factors, select “not defined (N-D)” from the list of the
candidates.The following factors should be considered in developing the driving contexts and situations for
evaluators to consider when making their ratings.4.4.2.1 Trip context
The trip context is a factor that considers the aim of the trip (e.g. commuting, leisure), the timing or
position along the route (e.g. relative position between start and destination), and the preparatory
distance to the next manœuvre.EXAMPLE “Close (e.g. 20 m) to turn (or merge)”.
4.4.2.2 Road environment
The road environment is a static factor related to road structure that affects driving. Considerations
shall include the road type (e.g. highway, urban road, country road), the speed limit, the number of
lanes, and the road width. Consideration shall also be given to the effect on driving of the surrounding
environment, including weather conditions and time of day (e.g. morning, daytime, night-time, raining).
4.4.2.3 Traffic situationThe traffic situation is a dynamically changing factor related to traffic or obstacles on the road that
affect driving. Considerations here include the relationship to other vehicles, such as headway distance
and speed difference to the lead vehicle.EXAMPLE 1 Headway distance.
EXAMPLE 2 Lateral vehicle exists.
EXAMPLE 3 Speed difference to the lead vehicle.
4.4.2.4 Vehicle condition
This factor originates from the vehicle itself and derives from the relationship between the vehicle and
the road. Vehicle condition can be separated into “vehicle type” and “vehicle state”.
EXAMPLE 1 Vehicle type: “passenger vehicle”, “heavy vehicle”.EXAMPLE 2 Vehicle state: “driving speed”, “driving in left [right] lane”, “negotiating curve [intersection]”,
position of the vehicle within a lane.4.4.3 Document the driving context and situation
The defined driving context, situation, appropriate driver behaviours and/or cognitive demands
associated with each message shall be documented. An example for a specific configuration is given in
Annex E.4 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
Table 1 — Factors to consider in developing driving scenarios
Driving context/situation Candidate situational or contextual factors
Close to turn (or merge, or diverge)
Trip context Other (……)
N-D
Highway / urban / country / curve / icy / wet
Speed limit (…)
Road Number of lanes (…)
Other (……)
Road environment:
N-D
Rain / fog
Time of day (morning / daytime / night-time)
Weather
Other (……)
N-D
Headway distance is approx. (…) m or (…) s
Lateral vehicle(s) exists (yes or no, approximately
(…) m or (…) s)
Traffic situation
Speed difference to the lead vehicle is approximately
(…) km/h
N-D
Passenger vehicle / heavy vehicle
Type Other (……)
N-D
Driving speed (…) km/h (mph)
Driving in left (or right) lane
Status on roadway /
Curve (intersection) negotiation
manœuvre
Vehicle condition
Other (……)
N-D
Systems check after start-up shows all systems are
normal
Status of vehicle
Malfunction of system (……) — provide relevant details
subsystem(s)
Other (……)
N-D
Driver’s state of arousal
Miscellaneous
N-D
N-D Not defined.
4.5 Select the evaluators
The examiner shall select a minimum of 5 evaluators (see 5.1 and Annex C).
Evaluators should include experienced human factors and road safety practitioners and others who
possess a good understanding of the functions of the subject TICS system. They shall be well-informed
of the traffic environment and road environment of the subject country/region and have the ability
to evaluate and take into account the safe presentation of messages. Actual use of the system is
recommended for all evaluators.© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
The profile of each evaluator should be recorded. Profiles should include field of expertise, knowledge
of road safety, human factors, and knowledge of the systems producing messages that are prioritized
(see Annex D).4.6 Evaluate criticality and urgency of a message
The contents of messages and the driving scenarios shall be explained by the examiner so that the
evaluators have a common understanding of the scenario, the functions of the system, and the contents
of messages being examined.Examiners shall ensure that evaluators understand the definitions of criticality and urgency, the two
evaluation criteria composing the priority index. For this, evaluators shall understand the four-category
ordinal evaluation scales used to assign criticality and urgency values (see Table 2 and Table 3).
Each evaluator shall assign a criticality and urgency rating for each message assuming he/she is the driver.
In general, urgency will be time dependent. Controllability is one of the important factors that shall be
considered in determining urgency. If the situation is uncontrollable, no action shall be expected from
drivers. However, if there is a possibility of controlling the situation, then urgency shall be determined
[4]depending on when the system expects drivers to take an action to handle it .
If the examiner has not fully defined the driving context and situation, evaluators shall be instructed
to consider all hazardous situations, except for highly unlikely possibilities. They should assume a
reasonable worst-case scenario when determining their criticality and urgency ratings.
4.7 Instructions for the examinerThe role of the examiner is to
a) record information about each evaluator in the evaluator profile (see Annex D),
b) create the questionnaire according to Annex E for the vehicle and system to be evaluated, and
distribute the questionnaire and Table 2 and Table 3 to each evaluator (definitions of criticality and
urgency should be provided with the questionnaire),c) explain the evaluation items and the contents of the message(s) in the questionnaire, while
providing a means for evaluators to record the driving context and situation they used in making
their evaluations, whenever the examiner’s description was not clear or enough,d) explain the classification of criticality and urgency according to Table 2 and Table 3,
e) explain how to record the rating for criticality and urgency in the appropriate column of the
questionnaire,f) collect the questionnaire, and
g) analyse the data and report the results.
6 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
Table 2 — Criticality rating scale
Risk to vehicle,
Rating occupants and/or Examples
pedestrians
Ignoring speed warning when driving significantly above the speed limit.
Collision as a result of loss of braking due to ignoring the brake failure
warning.
Departing roadway due to ignoring lane departure warning.
3 Severe or fatal injury
Collision at high speed.
Leaving the roadway, head-on collision and collision with structures at
intermediate speed.
Following vehicle ahead too closely at high speed.
Risk of collision due to following a vehicle ahead too closely at intermedi-
ate speed.
Injury or possible
Vehicle(side)-to-vehicle(side) collision due to ignoring collision warning at
injury
intermediate or low speed, vehicle leaving the road, head-on collision and
collision with structures at intermediate or low speed.
Vehicle-to-vehicle collision except head-on collision at low speed.
No injury (vehicle
1 Following vehicle ahead too closely at low speed.
damaged)
Collision with structures at low speed.
Vehicle-to-vehicle contact at very low speed.
No injury (no vehicle
damage)
Collision with structures at very low speed.
NOTE 1 Initially, three ratings scales were used in calculating a priority index. See Annex F for the reason for reducing the
number of rating scales to two.NOTE 2 Only a few examples are shown above. These can be expected to vary in criticality from region to region depending
on the road environment and other situational and contextual factors. Therefore, examiners are able to
...TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 16951
Second edition
Road vehicles — Ergonomic aspects
of transport information and control
systems (TICS) — Procedures for
determining priority of on-board
messages presented to drivers
Véhicules routiers — Aspects ergonomiques des systèmes de
commande et d'information du transport (TICS) — Modes opératoires
pour la détermination de la priorité des messages embarqués
présentés aux conducteurs
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Data collection for the priority index procedure ............................................................................................................... 3
4.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
4.2 Appoint an examiner ......................................................................................................................................................................... 3
4.3 Identify and assemble messages ............................................................................................................................................. 3
4.4 Define driving context and situation .................................................................................................................................... 3
4.4.1 Consider the sensing capability of the vehicle ....................................................................................... 3
4.4.2 Factors to consider in developing the driving scenarios ............................................................... 4
4.4.3 Document the driving context and situation ........................................................................................... 4
4.5 Select the evaluators .......................................................................................................................................................................... 5
4.6 Evaluate criticality and urgency of a message ............................................................................................................. 6
4.7 Instructions for the examiner .................................................................................................................................................... 6
4.8 Alternative method for determining message priority ........................................................................................ 7
5 Data analysis for priority index ............................................................................................................................................................ 8
5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
5.2 Select weights .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
5.3 Calculate priority, p ............................................................................................................................................................................
ij 85.4 Calculate arithmetic mean and standard deviation of priority index across
evaluators for each message ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
5.5 Calculate P and σ ..................................................................................................................................................................................
j j 95.6 Determine priority order ............................................................................................................................................................... 9
5.7 Evaluate data quality ......................................................................................................................................................................10
6 Application of results ....................................................................................................................................................................................10
6.1 Prioritization of priority ranking .........................................................................................................................................10
6.2 How to deal with additional messages ............................................................................................................................10
6.3 Documentation ....................................................................................................................................................................................10
6.4 Other .............................................................................................................................................................................................................11
Annex A (normative) Priority matrix method .........................................................................................................................................12
Annex B (informative) System reaction matrix for priority matrix method ............................................................16
Annex C (informative) Rationale for recommended number of evaluatorsfor priority index
method .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................18
Annex D (informative) Example evaluator profile ..............................................................................................................................21
Annex E (informative) Driving scenarios ......................................................................................................................................................22
Annex F (informative) Criticality and urgency as the evaluation criteria ..................................................................25
Annex G (informative) Deriving weight k and k ..................................................................................................................................26
c uAnnex H (informative) Sample report format ..........................................................................................................................................28
Annex I (informative) “Acceptable” standard deviations σ for priority indexes .................................................29
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................31
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE iii---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 39,
Ergonomics.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TS 16951:2004), which has been
technically revised.The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— formulae and other errors corrected;
— editorial updates;
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.iv PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
Introduction
When multiple in-vehicle information systems are present, including both transport information and
control systems (TICS) and non-TICS, various kinds of messages will be presented to drivers from these
systems and displayed at various times. If these messages are not managed properly, drivers could fail
to obtain critical information, which may degrade safety. This document establishes two prioritization
methods for TICS and other system-initiated messages or driver-requested messages presented to
drivers while driving. Other prioritization methods are possible. The primary method given in this
document takes criticality and urgency ratings of such messages into consideration when calculating
a priority index. If the mathematical calculations are avoided for some reason, an alternative method
presented in Annex A is applied. The alternative method involves paired comparisons of all possible
messages to form a priority matrix. Its relative advantages and disadvantages are discussed in Annex A.
Annex B presents one way of managing messages using the priority obtained by Annex A.
Priority is one of the parameters to consider in determining when, where and how system messages are
displayed. As TICS applications are deployed, the number and frequency of TICS messages presented to
drivers can be expected to increase. This document will provide road vehicle manufacturers and TICS
suppliers with a consistent basis for the management of messages competing for the driver’s limited
information processing capability. This, in turn, will reduce the driver’s workload and help ensure that
[3]the most important messages reach the driver. This document complements ISO 15005 , a dialogue
management standard.This document is intended for those involved in the design of message management systems that
integrate in-vehicle messages. It describes how to establish message priorities. It also specifies criteria
for message prioritization and, therefore, serves as an evaluation tool for TICS installed in vehicles as
standard equipment and for after-market TICS devices.© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
Road vehicles — Ergonomic aspects of transport
information and control systems (TICS) — Procedures
for determining priority of on-board messages presented
to drivers
1 Scope
This document provides formal procedures and two, alternative, methods (users are advised to choose
whichever of the two suits their individual requirements) for determining the priority of on-board
messages presented to drivers of road vehicles by transport information and control systems (TICS)
and other systems. It is applicable to the whole range of TICS in-vehicle messages, including traveller
information, navigation, travel and traffic advisories, “yellow pages” information, warnings, systems
status, emergency calling system information, and electronic toll/fee collection, as well as to messages
from non-TICS sources such as telephone, warnings and telltales. Although applicable to systems that
allow the free generation of messages, it neither provides guidance on how to use the messages deriving
from its procedures nor is it applicable to mandatory or legally required messages.
2 Normative referencesThere are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
contents of message
information presented to a user by the TICS (3.14) or other on-board system
EXAMPLE A message containing system status information, warnings or alarms presented using characters,
symbols, figures, audible tones, voices or other means.3.2
criticality
severity of the impact of the most likely accident or malfunction that can occur when the message is not
received or is ignored by the driver3.3
display
device that allows the presentation of visual, auditory, or haptic dynamic information to a driver
3.4driving
activities undertaken by the driver to navigate, manœuvre and handle the vehicle to achieve lateral and
longitudinal control© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
3.5
evaluator
person who judges the contents of a message from the point of view of criticality (3.2) and urgency
(3.15) to the driver3.6
examiner
person who manages and conducts the use of this document for determining priority (3.10)
3.7weighting factor of criticality
factor used to calculate the priority index (3.11)
3.8
weighting factor of urgency
factor used to calculate the priority index (3.11)
3.9
message management system
system that controls and evaluates a wide range of information and presents it ergonomically to drivers,
allowing them to cope with the information while driving (3.4) and assisting them in driving safely and
comfortably3.10
priority
relative importance of two or more messages which determines their ranking in a time sequence or
emphasis of presentationNote 1 to entry: The message with the highest priority is assigned first place (larger priority ratings correspond
to higher priority items).3.11
priority index
index used to determine which messages should be given precedence when two or more messages are
available for presentation3.12
scenario
explanation of the driving (3.4) context and situation for the message presented to evaluators (3.5)
3.13system-initiated message
message provided by a TICS (3.14) or conventional system (both inside and outside of the vehicle)
without a specific request from the driver3.14
transport information and control system
TICS
system comprised of an advanced information and telecommunications network for users, roads and
vehicles that contributes to solving problems such as traffic accidents and congestion
[1]Note 1 to entry: See ISO 14813-1 for a list of TICS services .
3.15
urgency
time within which driver action or decision is expected to be taken if the benefit intended by the system
is derived from the message2 PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
4 Data collection for the priority index procedure
4.1 General
This clause presents the steps for collecting the data used to calculate a priority index for each message.
See the example outputs given in Annex E and Annex H.4.2 Appoint an examiner
The priority index procedure requires an examiner to coordinate the data preparation, analysis, and
reporting. The role of the examiner is detailed in 4.7.The examiner shall be familiar with the prioritization process, knowledgeable on message management,
and have automotive experience.If the examiner has similar qualifications to that of the evaluators, the examiner may participate as
both an examiner and evaluator.4.3 Identify and assemble messages
It is necessary for the examiner to identify in advance messages that are to be presented to drivers.
The messages represent the aggregate output given by the TICS and non-TICS connected to a message
management system. The examiner shall collect these messages and prepare them for presentation to
the evaluators.4.4 Define driving context and situation
For each message, the examiner shall define, or assist in defining, a driving context and situation in
terms of the road environment and the traffic condition in which the message is likely to be presented.
The contextual and situational factors should be defined at the moment when the message is presented
because the priority (assignment of criticality and urgency ratings) depends heavily on the driving
context. Particular attention should be given to the presentation of messages in potentially hazardous
situations. All hazardous situations should be considered, except for highly unlikely possibilities. Based
on these situations the examiner may define one or more (normally not more than four) scenarios for a
particular message.The same message in two different scenarios shall be regarded as two different information items to be
evaluated. This is because messages may occur in several different driving contexts, and each context
could yield a different message priority. For example, the priority given to a message pertaining to a
system malfunction will be different depending on whether the driver is starting the car or is relying
on the system whilst driving.If only one scenario is used for a given message, that scenario should represent a reasonable “worst-
case” situation. At minimum, a TICS or non-TICS expert and the examiner should agree on the worst-
case driving scenario. A traffic safety expert may also be consulted.4.4.1 Consider the sensing capability of the vehicle
In practice the messages that are provided to the driver will depend on the capability of the vehicle to
sense or detect various relevant situations. For example, if the vehicle can detect the driver’s state of
arousal, then the driver’s state can be considered in describing the driving scenario.
For situations in which the vehicle is incapable of sensing, the message priority should be determined
for a scenario representing a “reasonable” worst-case situation for the factors listed in 4.4.2.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE 3---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
4.4.2 Factors to consider in developing the driving scenarios
Table 1 is provided to assist the examiner in developing driving context and relevant situations. A
sample of situation and context factors is given in the rightmost column. The examiner may use these or
other factors to define driving scenarios. If the context cannot be categorized into one of the candidate
factors listed in Table 1, it should be clearly described within the “Other” parentheses. If neither the
context nor situation is defined for one of the factors, select “not defined (N-D)” from the list of the
candidates.The following factors should be considered in developing the driving contexts and situations for
evaluators to consider when making their ratings.4.4.2.1 Trip context
The trip context is a factor that considers the aim of the trip (e.g. commuting, leisure), the timing or
position along the route (e.g. relative position between start and destination), and the preparatory
distance to the next manœuvre.EXAMPLE “Close (e.g. 20 m) to turn (or merge)”.
4.4.2.2 Road environment
The road environment is a static factor related to road structure that affects driving. Considerations
shall include the road type (e.g. highway, urban road, country road), the speed limit, the number of
lanes, and the road width. Consideration shall also be given to the effect on driving of the surrounding
environment, including weather conditions and time of day (e.g. morning, daytime, night-time, raining).
4.4.2.3 Traffic situationThe traffic situation is a dynamically changing factor related to traffic or obstacles on the road that
affect driving. Considerations here include the relationship to other vehicles, such as headway distance
and speed difference to the lead vehicle.EXAMPLE 1 Headway distance.
EXAMPLE 2 Lateral vehicle exists.
EXAMPLE 3 Speed difference to the lead vehicle.
4.4.2.4 Vehicle condition
This factor originates from the vehicle itself and derives from the relationship between the vehicle and
the road. Vehicle condition can be separated into “vehicle type” and “vehicle state”.
EXAMPLE 1 Vehicle type: “passenger vehicle”, “heavy vehicle”.EXAMPLE 2 Vehicle state: “driving speed”; “driving in left [right] lane”; “negotiating curve [intersection]”;
position of the vehicle within a lane.4.4.3 Document the driving context and situation
The defined driving context, situation, appropriate driver behaviours and/or cognitive demands
associated with each message shall be documented. An example for a specific configuration is given in
Annex E.4 PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
Table 1 — Factors to consider in developing driving scenarios
Driving context/situation Candidate situational or contextual factors
Close to turn (or merge, or diverge)
Trip context Other (……)
N-D
Highway / urban / country / curve / icy / wet
Speed limit (…)
Road Number of lanes (…)
Other (……)
Road environment:
N-D
Rain / fog
Time of day (morning / daytime / night-time)
Weather
Other (……)
N-D
Headway distance is approx. (…) m or (…) s
Lateral vehicle(s) exists (yes or no, approximately
(…) m or (…) s)
Traffic situation
Speed difference to the lead vehicle is approximately
(…) km / h
N-D
Passenger vehicle / heavy vehicle
Type Other (……)
N-D
Driving speed (…) km/h (mph)
Driving in left (or right) lane
Status on roadway /
Curve (intersection) negotiation
manœuvre
Vehicle condition
Other (……)
N-D
Systems check after start-up shows all systems are
normal
Status of vehicle subsys-
Malfunction of system (……) — provide relevant details
tem(s)
Other (……)
N-D
Driver’s state of arousal
Miscellaneous
N-D
N-D Not defined.
4.5 Select the evaluators
The examiner shall select a minimum of 5 evaluators (see 5.1 and Annex C).
Evaluators should include experienced human factors and road safety practitioners and others who
possess a good understanding of the functions of the subject TICS system. They shall be well-informed
of the traffic environment and road environment of the subject country/region and have the ability
to evaluate and take into account the safe presentation of messages. Actual use of the system is
recommended for all evaluators.© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE 5
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
The profile of each evaluator should be recorded. Profiles should include field of expertise, knowledge
of road safety, human factors, and knowledge of the systems producing messages that are prioritized
(see Annex D).4.6 Evaluate criticality and urgency of a message
The contents of messages and the driving scenarios shall be explained by the examiner so that the
evaluators have a common understanding of the scenario, the functions of the system, and the contents
of messages being examined.Examiners shall ensure that evaluators understand the definitions of criticality and urgency, the two
evaluation criteria composing the priority index. For this, evaluators shall understand the four-category
ordinal evaluation scales used to assign criticality and urgency values (see Table 2 and Table 3).
Each evaluator shall assign a criticality and urgency rating for each message assuming he/she is the driver.
In general, urgency will be time dependent. Controllability is one of the important factors that shall be
considered in determining urgency. If the situation is uncontrollable, no action shall be expected from
drivers. However, if there is a possibility of controlling the situation, then urgency shall be determined
[4]depending on when the system expects drivers to take an action to handle it .
If the examiner has not fully defined the driving context and situation, evaluators shall be instructed
to consider all hazardous situations, except for highly unlikely possibilities. They should assume a
reasonable worst-case scenario when determining their criticality and urgency ratings.
4.7 Instructions for the examinerThe role of the examiner is to
a) record information about each evaluator in the evaluator profile (see Annex D),
b) create the questionnaire according to Annex E for the vehicle and system to be evaluated, and
distribute the questionnaire and Table 2 and Table 3 to each evaluator (definitions of criticality and
urgency should be provided with the questionnaire),c) explain the evaluation items and the contents of the message(s) in the questionnaire, while
providing a means for evaluators to record the driving context and situation they used in making
their evaluations, whenever the examiner’s description was not clear or enough,d) explain the classification of criticality and urgency according to Table 2 and Table 3,
e) explain how to record the rating for criticality and urgency in the appropriate column of the
questionnaire,f) collect the questionnaire, and
g) analyse the data and report the results.
6 PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO/TS 16951:2021(E)
Table 2 — Criticality rating scale
Risk to vehicle,
Rating occupants and/or Examples
pedestrians
Ignoring speed warning when driving significantly above the speed limit.
Collision as a result of loss of braking due to ignoring the brake failure
warning.
Departing roadway due to ignoring lane departure warning.
3 Severe or fatal injury
Collision at high speed.
Leaving the roadway, head-on collision and collision with structures at
intermediate speed.
Following vehicle ahead too closely at high speed.
Risk of collision due to following a vehicle ahead too closely at intermedi-
ate speed.
Injury or possible
Vehicle(side)-to-vehicle(side) collision due to ignoring collision warning at
injury
intermediate or low speed, vehicle leaving the road, head-on collision and
collision with structures at intermediate or low speed.
Vehicle-to-vehicle collision except head-on collision at low speed.
No injury (vehicle
1 Following vehicle ahead too closely at low speed.
damaged)
Collision with structures at low speed.
Vehicle-to-vehicle contact at very low speed.
No injury (no vehicle
damage)
Collision with structures at very low speed.
NOTE 1 Initially, three ratings scales were used in calculating a priority index. See Annex F for the reason for reducing the
number of rating scales to two.NOTE 2 Only a few examples are shown above. These can be expected to vary in critica
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.