ISO 16311-1:2024
(Main)Maintenance and repair of concrete structures — Part 1: General principles
Maintenance and repair of concrete structures — Part 1: General principles
This document presents the framework and general principles for maintenance and repair of all kinds of existing concrete structures — un-reinforced and reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete and steel-concrete composite structures, or their structural members. In this document, deterioration is clearly distinguished from damage occurring in a short period and not developing over subsequent time, such as cracking and scaling due to earthquakes or impact loading, etc. Deterioration is mainly dealt with as a target for the maintenance activities. This document also provides the basic concept of repair carried out to restore structural performance of existing structures. This document does not cover those aspects of maintenance and repair that are related to serviceability and aesthetics without direct impact on durability and service life, e.g. cleaning of drains, removal of vegetation, refreshment of paint, etc. This document also does not cover repair of defects during execution of new structures.
Entretien et réparation des structures en béton — Partie 1: Principes généraux
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
International
Standard
ISO 16311-1
Second edition
Maintenance and repair of concrete
2024-05
structures —
Part 1:
General principles
Entretien et réparation des structures en béton —
Partie 1: Principes généraux
Reference number
© ISO 2024
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ii
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Basis of maintenance and repair . 4
4.1 General .4
4.2 Procedure of maintenance and repair .5
4.3 Competence of personnel .5
5 Maintenance plan . 5
5.1 General .5
5.2 Timing of maintenance planning for structure .6
5.3 Maintenance category .6
5.4 Formulation of maintenance plans .6
6 Assessment . . 6
6.1 General .6
6.2 Assessment plan .7
6.2.1 Preparation of assessment plan .7
6.2.2 Category of assessment .7
6.2.3 Level of assessment . .7
6.3 Investigation .8
6.4 Registration of condition .8
6.5 Evaluation and decision making .8
7 Repair . 9
7.1 General .9
7.2 Planning and design . .9
7.2.1 General .9
7.2.2 Option of remedial actions .9
7.2.3 Factors to consider .10
7.2.4 Choice of appropriate strategies .10
7.2.5 Choice of appropriate methods .11
7.2.6 Properties of materials, products and systems .11
7.2.7 Other remedial actions .11
7.3 Execution . 12
7.3.1 General . 12
7.3.2 General requirements . 12
7.3.3 Structural stability before, under and after execution . 12
7.3.4 Preparation of concrete substrate and reinforcement . 12
7.3.5 Application of materials, products and systems . 13
7.3.6 Quality control . 13
7.3.7 Maintenance following completion of repair . 13
8 Recording .13
8.1 General . 13
8.2 Period of preservation . 13
8.3 Method of recording . 13
8.3.1 Format of records and its accessibility . 13
8.3.2 Items included in records . 13
8.3.3 Records concerning repair .14
Annex A (informative) Extended hierarchy of “standards for maintenance and repair of
concrete structures” with national legislation and other related International Standards .15
Annex B (informative) Hierarchy of terms .16
iii
Annex C (informative) Maintenance category . 17
Bibliography . 19
iv
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
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with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
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For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 71, Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-
stressed concrete, Subcommittee SC 7, Maintenance and repair of concrete structures.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 16311-1:2014), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— the definition of “repair” has been updated.
A list of all parts in the ISO 16311 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
Introduction
In the context of this document, maintenance and repair are two closely related activities aimed at securing
that a concrete structure (hereinafter referred to as “structure”) is retained in a state in which it can perform
its required functions, while in an acceptable and safe condition. Maintenance can sometimes be used as a
general term that also covers repair as a distinct activity to restore worn, damaged, or deteriorated parts.
For a well-designed and well-executed concrete structure with proper maintenance, repair should not be
necessary within the design service life of the structure.
This document covers the activities necessary to retain the performance of the structure above the required
levels during its service life, such as:
— maintenance planning for existing structures;
— assessment of structure including investigation and evaluation of the performance of structure;
— planning and designing repair in case it is required due to wear, damage, or deterioration;
— execution of repair including preparation, execution, and documentation.
The main scope of this document is the maintenance and repair of existing structures. The goal of
maintenance and repair strategies is to plan and execute systematic routines that minimize degradation of
performance of a structure during its service life in the most cost-effective manner.
This document does not address newly built structures for which it is recommended that a maintenance plan
should be established at the design stage. However, a so called “birth certificate” for newly built structures
will be useful in later planning of maintenance and repair. Reference is given to ISO 16204, where this is
covered.
This document provides the framework of maintenance activities for all kinds of structures or their
components and gives general principles of each activity. As shown in Figure 1, this document is the first of
four parts dealing with maintenance and repair of concrete structures. The subsequent three parts, namely
“Assessment of existing structures”, “Design of repairs”, and “Execution of repairs” are the operational parts
of this set of documents giving detailed requirements and guidelines (an extended hierarchy of the parts
and other related International Standards are shown in Annex A).
Figure 1 — Relationship between each part of the ISO 16311 series
vi
International Standard ISO 16311-1:2024(en)
Maintenance and repair of concrete structures —
Part 1:
General principles
1 Scope
This document presents the framework and general principles for maintenance and repair of all kinds of
existing concrete structures — un-reinforced and reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete and steel-
concrete composite structures, or their structural members.
In this document, deterioration is clearly distinguished from damage occurring in a short period and not
developing over subsequent time, such as cracking and scaling due to earthquakes or impact loading, etc.
Deterioration is mainly dealt with as a target for the maintenance activities.
This document also provides the basic concept of repair carried out to restore structural performance of
existing structures.
This document does not cover those aspects of maintenance and repair that are related to serviceability and
aesthetics without direct impact on durability and service life, e.g. cleaning of drains, removal of vegetation,
refreshment of paint, etc.
This document also does not cover repair of defects during execution of new structures.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 16311-2, Maintenance and repair of concrete structures — Part 2: Assessment of existing concrete structures
ISO 16311-3, Maintenance and repair of concrete structures — Part 3: Design of repairs
ISO 16311-4, Maintenance and repair of concrete structures — Part 4: Execution of repairs
ISO 22040, Life cycle management of concrete structures
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
amended service life
revised service life period of a structure-in-service during which it meets prescribed performance
requirements for duration specified by the owner, possibly representing an amendment of the original
design service life
Note 1 to entry: A change from the original design service life can arise from changing owner requirements, accelerated
deterioration of a structure or its components such that they do not meet prescribed performance requirements, a
usage change affecting performance requirements, or the owner’s selection of maintenance and repair scenarios that
will possibly shorten or extend the original design service life period.
Note 2 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.2
assessment
set of activities performed in order to verify the reliability of an existing structure for future use
[SOURCE: ISO 13822:2010, 3.1]
3.3
design service life
period of time specified in design of structure for which a structure or its members is to be used for its
intended purpose without major repair being necessary
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2, in which two scenarios A and B are indicated for example.
Figure 2 — Definitions of service life
3.4
deterioration
process that adversely affects the performance of a structure, including reliability over time due to defects
and damages caused by
— naturally occurring chemical, physical, biological, or other environmental actions,
— repeated mechanical actions such as those causing fatigue,
— wear due to use, abuse, and others, and
— improper operation and maintenance of the structure
[SOURCE: ISO 13822:2010, 3.3, modified]
3.5
durability
capability of a structure or any of its members to satisfy, with planned maintenance, the required
performance over a specified period of time under the influence of the environmental action
Note 1 to entry: “durability” is often used as qualitative term to express condition in which structure maintains its
required performance, such as structural safety, serviceability, and appearance, during the service life.
[SOURCE: ISO 13823:2008, 3.10, modified]
3.6
inspection
conformity evaluation by observation and judgment accompanied as appropriate by measurement, testing
or gauging
Note 1 to entry: For structures, this evaluation consists of actions collecting information on the current state of a
structure through observation and simplified non-destructive or destructive testing supplemented with materials
and structural testing, as required.
3.7
investigation
collection of information through inspection, document search, load testing and other testing
3.8
maintenance
set of activities taken to check, evaluate the performance of a structure, and preserve/restore it so as to
satisfy performance requirements in service
3.9
maintenance category
class of maintenance depending on importance, service life, environmental conditions, maintainability of
the structures, etc.
Note 1 to entry: See Annex C for maintenance category.
3.10
maintenance plan
plan realizing maintenance strategy in order to ensure that the structure retains the performance within
the specified tolerances throughout its service life
Note 1 to entry: This includes planning not only for assessment but also for repair or other remedial actions.
3.11
monitoring
frequent or continuous, normally long-term, observation or measurement with recording of appropriate
data for deterioration and/or performance of structure using appropriate equipment
3.12
predicted service life
period of time estimated based on activities of assessment, such as recorded performance, previous
experience, tests or modelling
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.13
prevention
remedial action to prevent or slow down the further deterioration of a structure or structural member and
to reduce the possibility of damage to the user or any third party, inhibiting the progress of deterioration,
and proactively preventing deterioration
3.14
remaining design service life
period from the time of a given investigation of a structure till the end of its design service life
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.15
remaining service life
period from the time of a given assessment of a structure until the end of its predicted service life
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.16
remedial action
action carried out with the objective of arresting or slowing down the deterioration process, restoring or
improving the performance of structure, or reducing the danger of damage or injury to the user or any
third party
3.17
repair
restoration of a structure or its components to an acceptable condition by the renewal or replacement of
worn, damaged, or deteriorated components including prevention and protection
Note 1 to entry: Repair is adopted to restore structural performance and to mitigate safety risks up to the initially
required design level and to achieve the intended service life.
3.18
repair plan
plan for establishing the method and level of repair, determining the materials, sectional dimensions, and
execution methods, specifying the control items during execution in consideration of the policy and level
of repair
3.19
safety from risks due to falling debris
hazards of damage and/or injury caused by concrete fragments and surface coating (finishing) materials,
etc. falling from a deteriorated structure
3.20
service life
actual period during which a structure meets the prescribed performance requirement
3.21
strengthening
measures taken to improve structural performance relating to load bearing capacity and deformation of an
existing structure and/or its members
4 Basis of maintenance and repair
4.1 General
A concrete structure shall retain the required performance for its service life by providing necessary
maintenance and repair activities, such that its performance is always above the required performance level
with adequate reliability under an appropriate maintenance plan. A qualified person (design professional,
engineer, etc.) shall develop a proper maintenance plan that could permit a structure to retain its required
performance.
NOTE Performance requirements are given in details in ISO 19338.
4.2 Procedure of maintenance and repair
A general flow of maintenance procedure is shown in Figure 3. The overall maintenance activities shall
encompass the maintenance plan and assessment (including investigation, prediction of progress of
deterioration, evaluation of structural integrity, and decision-making), and shall be followed by repair or other
remedial actions (if required). Results of these activities shall be recorded with an easily accessible format.
NOTE Hierarchy of terms related to maintenance and repair is summarized in Annex B.
Figure 3 — General maintenance flow
4.3 Competence of personnel
All activities of maintenance and repair shall be carried out by a team of qualified persons having the
adequate knowledge of design, execution, maintenance, and repair of concrete structures.
NOTE In some countries, there are special requirements regarding the level of knowledge, training and experience
of persons involved in the different tasks.
5 Maintenance plan
5.1 General
For accomplishing overall maintenance activities, an adequate maintenance plan shall be formulated taking
into account the maintenance category selected provisionally in accordance with 5.3, design service life,
life-cycle cost, and other considerations particular to the structure. The maintenance plan shall follow the
basic life cycle management scenario specified in ISO 22040. Sustainability shall be well considered to draw
up the maintenance plan.
The following shall be specified in the maintenance plan:
— performance requirements which a structure should retain for the design service life;
— methods and timing of assessment composed of investigation and prediction of deterioration of the
structure or its structural members, performance evaluation for structure, and decision of the need of
remedial actions;
— basic consideration concerning repair and/or other remedial actions for the expected deterioration/
performance degradation of structure.
5.2 Timing of maintenance planning for structure
An appropriate maintenance plan shall be formulated before starting maintenance actions.
During the life of a structure, there are the following three stages where a maintenance plan should be
formulated:
— at the design stage by choosing structural type and materials that satisfies maintainability;
— under service conditions when some maintenance activity is considered to be required;
— after a large repair project
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