ISO 13043:2011
(Main)Road vehicles — Refrigerant systems used in mobile air conditioning systems (MAC) — Safety requirements
Road vehicles — Refrigerant systems used in mobile air conditioning systems (MAC) — Safety requirements
ISO 13043:2011 is restricted to refrigerant systems providing cooling or heating of passenger compartment, battery, etc., in passenger motor vehicles. It provides minimum design requirements for refrigerant containment and safety requirements of these systems. ISO 13043:2011 addresses the use of only R‑134a, R‑1234yf and R‑744 refrigerants in vehicle original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and aftermarket (non-OEM) supplied components and systems. The relevant risks associated with these refrigerant systems are: projection of fragments or fluid due to high pressure systems; inhalation of toxic substances, including potential decomposition products; flame propagation. Consequently, ISO 13043:2011 will address the component and system design requirements related to any of these hazards where the refrigerant system is involved. Any scenario involving other components from the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system (heater, blower, air mixing and distribution) or any other component of the vehicle not related to the refrigerant system will not be covered in ISO 13043:2011. The purpose of ISO 13043:2011 is to ensure that end-users or service technicians are not exposed to hazards during normal usage, maintenance and repair, and end-of-life disposal of the car. Therefore, manufacturing, storage and transportation of the refrigerant, as well as refrigerant distribution and filling machines in the assembly plant will not be covered in ISO 13043:2011. For these situations, the safety of qualified personnel will be addressed by existing standards commonly used among the industry and relevant regulations. Entire vehicle lifetime has been considered to address durability issues. For the R‑134a system, ISO 13043:2011 applies to any new model type launched one year after the document is published. For the R‑1234yf and R‑744 systems, ISO 13043:2011 applies from first application of these refrigerants to any vehicle.
Véhicules routiers — Systèmes réfrigérants utilisés dans les systèmes d'air conditionné embarqués (MAC) — Exigences de sécurité
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13043
First edition
2011-04-15
Road vehicles — Refrigerant systems
used in mobile air conditioning systems
(MAC) — Safety requirements
Véhicules routiers — Systèmes réfrigérants utilisés dans les systèmes
d’air conditionné embarqués (MAC) — Exigences de sécurité
Reference number
ISO 13043:2011(E)
©
ISO 2011
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 13043:2011(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2011
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 13043:2011(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Safety targets . 7
4.1 General . 7
4.2 Risk assessment . 8
4.3 Relevant inputs and scenarios for the risk assessment . 9
5 System level requirements . 11
5.1 Refrigerant system . 11
5.2 Pressure and temperature ranges .12
5.3 System layout .12
5.4 Pressure and temperature limitation strategies .12
6 Component level requirements .12
6.1 General requirements .12
6.2 Piping and connecting technology .13
6.3 Compressor .14
6.4 Evaporator .15
6.5 Condenser/gas cooler .15
6.6 Receiver and accumulator .15
6.7 Service ports .15
6.8 Control devices .15
7 Design requirements for service and manufacturing .15
Annex A (normative) Relevant input values for the risk assessment of refrigerants R‑134a, R‑1234yf and
R‑744 .16
Annex B (normative) Pressure and temperature reference data .19
Bibliography .21
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 13043:2011(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 13043 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles.
iv © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 13043:2011(E)
Introduction
For many years, R-134a has been the refrigerant of choice for refrigerant systems for mobile air conditioning
(MAC) due to its thermodynamic properties, worldwide availability and relative low cost. However, its contribution
to global warming is now considered to be unacceptable. Additionally, it has been documented that the rate of
growth in atmospheric loading of R-134a is of growing concern.
In 2006, the EU formulated legislation 2006/40/EC to ban the use of greenhouse gases having a global warming
potential (GWP) of more than 150. Since R-134a has a GWP >1300, the European Directive has banned the
use of R-134a for new model types since 1 January 2011 and for all new vehicles starting on 1 January 2017.
The automotive industry has responded by identifying two materials that would comply with the European
Union GWP requirement and offer acceptable refrigeration performance. These products are R-744 (carbon
dioxide, GWP of 1) and R-1234yf (2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoroprop-1-ene, GWP of 4).
In certain concentrations, both products could lead to a safety hazard to the vehicle occupants and to technicians
who service the vehicle. This International Standard aims to identify refrigerant system safety requirements, to
be met through robust engineering solutions and applied to the vehicle design, to maintain a comparable level
of safety as that of MAC systems using R-134a.
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13043:2011(E)
Road vehicles — Refrigerant systems used in mobile air
conditioning systems (MAC) — Safety requirements
1 Scope
This International Standard is restricted to refrigerant systems providing cooling or heating of passenger
compartment, battery, etc., in passenger motor vehicles. It provides minimum design requirements for
refrigerant containment and safety requirements of these systems.
This International Standard addresses the use of only R-134a, R-1234yf and R-744 refrigerants in vehicle
original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and aftermarket (non-OEM) supplied components and systems.
The relevant risks associated with these refrigerant systems are:
— projection of fragments or fluid due to high pressure systems;
— inhalation of toxic substances, including potential decomposition products;
— flame propagation.
Consequently, this International Standard will address the component and system design requirements related
to any of these hazards where the refrigerant system is involved.
Any scenario involving other components from the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system
(heater, blower, air mixing and distribution) or any other component of the vehicle not related to the refrigerant
system will not be covered in this International Standard.
The purpose of this International Standard is to ensure that end-users or service technicians are not exposed
to hazards during normal usage, maintenance and repair, and end-of-life disposal of the car. Therefore,
manufacturing, storage and transportation of the refrigerant, as well as refrigerant distribution and filling
machines in the assembly plant will not be covered in this International Standard. For these situations, the
safety of qualified personnel will be addressed by existing standards commonly used among the industry and
relevant regulations.
Entire vehicle lifetime has been considered to address durability issues.
For the R-134a system, this International Standard applies to any new model type launched one year after the
document is published.
For the R-1234yf and R-744 systems, this International Standard applies from first application of these
refrigerants to any vehicle.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ANSI/ASHRAE 34-2007, Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants
SAE J639, Safety Standards for Motor Vehicle Refrigerant Vapor Compressions Systems
SAE J2064 - R-134a and R-1234yf, Refrigerant Automotive Air-Conditioning Hose and Assemblies
SAE J2670, Stability and Compatibility Criteria for Additives and Flushing Materials Intended for Use in R-134a
and R-1234yf Vehicle Air-Conditioning Systems
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 13043:2011(E)
SAE J2771 - CO2 (R-744), Refrigerant Removal and Charging Equipment for Mobile Refrigerant Systems
SAE J2772, Measurement of Passenger Compartment Refrigerant Concentrations Uunder Ssystem Rrefrigerant
Lleakage Cconditions
SAE J2788 - HFC-134a (R-134a), Recovery/Recycling Equipment and Recovery/Recycling/Recharging for
Mobile Air-Conditioning Systems
SAE J2842 - R-1234yf and R-744, Design Criteria and Certification for OEM Mobile Air Conditioning Evaporator
and Service Replacements
SAE J2843 - R-1234yf, Recovery/Recycling/Recharging Equipment for Flammable Refrigerants for Mobile Air-
Conditioning Systems
SAE J2845, Technician Training for Safe Service and Containment of Refrigerants Used in Mobile A/C Systems
(R-744, and R-1234yf)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
vehicle
vehicle with a combustion engine and/or electric driving motor, intended for use on the road, with or without
external body components added, having a permissible maximum mass of at least 400 kg and a maximum
design speed equal to or exceeding 50 km/h
NOTE Passenger cars and light commercial vehicles (including light-duty trucks) are covered, with the exception of
heavy trucks and road tractors, minibuses, buses and coaches, agriculture tractors and public work vehicles.
3.1.1
air exchange rate
AER
number of times that the air in the passenger compartment is replaced per hour
3.1.2
air inlet plenum
chamber located in front of the passenger compartment where the air is collected before entering into the
vehicle, usually separating water, snow, and debris from the air prior to its entry into the HVAC module
3.1.3
engine bay
space for a combustion engine and/or an electric driving motor
NOTE 1 In a front-engined vehicle, it is the space between the front grille, the front side fenders, the front of dash (or
firewall) in front of the passenger compartment, closed by the engine bonnet.
NOTE 2 In a rear-engined vehicle, it is the space between rear end and vehicle compartment rear bulkhead, embedded
between engine compartment side panels (fender apron), closed by the hatchback and underneath closed out to various
degrees by an underbonnet shield.
NOTE 3 In a mid-engined vehicle, it is the space between rear end and passenger compartment rear bulkhead,
embedded between engine compartment side panels (fender apron), closed by an engine compartment cover and
underneath closed out to various degrees by an underbonnet shield.
3.1.4
underhood
space in the engine bay where the components of the refrigerant system are located
NOTE 1 In a front-engined vehicle, it contains mechanical or electric compressor, condenser/gas cooler, refrigerant
sensor, accumulator or receiver/drier, at least one expansion device, piping, assemblies, charge and/or service ports, and
an optional internal heat-exchanger.
2 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 13043:2011(E)
NOTE 2 In a rear-engined and mid-engined vehicle, it contains mechanical or electric compressor and piping.
3.1.5
vehicle lifetime
design life of the vehicle as specified by the vehicle manufacturer in terms of mileage and years of life
3.1.6
vehicle interior
passenger compartment
vehicle space occupied by the driver and passengers while driving
NOTE This space is normally sealed from the exterior environment, but has a certain air exchange rate.
3.1.7
original equipment manufacturer
OEM
vehicle manufacturer
3.2
mobile air conditioning
MAC
system used to provide occupant comfort by heating or cooling and dehumidifying the air that is delivered into
the passenger compartment, by an electric blower and/or ram air from various air distribution ducts and outlets
in the interior of the vehicle
NOTE The heating phase may include the use of waste engine heat and/or electric heating elements. The cooling
phase is provided by a refrigerant system. The MAC also provides the ability to deliver conditioned airflow to clear vision
(glazing/window) areas during inclement weather conditions. Air filtering devices with a sufficient degree of separation
protect the HVAC units and occupants of the vehicle from the entry of water, snow, and other airborne debris.
3.2.1
battery chiller cooling system
refrigerant system with circuit extension consisting of an evaporator in a brine (water/anti-freeze mixture) loop
with the intention to chill the circulating brine
3.2.2
battery direct cooling system
refrigerant system with circuit extension consisting of integrated evaporator in the battery assembly
3.2.3
double (dual) evaporator system
air conditioning system with a refrigerant loop with one compressor, one condenser and two evaporators and
expansion devices, usually in parallel and usually both placed in or adjacent to the passenger compartment
3.2.4
high pressure side
refrigerant system from the compressor discharge chamber to the expansion device inlet chamber
3.2.5
low pressure side
refrigerant system from the expansion device discharge chamber to the compressor inlet chamber, including
the compressor crankcase
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 13043:2011(E)
3.2.6
refrigerant system
system consisting of refrigerant components, e.g. compressor, condenser/gas cooler, accumulator or receiver/
drier, refrigerant sensor, at least one expansion device and one evaporator, piping assemblies, charge and/or
service ports and an optional internal heat exchanger
NOTE The various parts of a refrigerant system fulfil design intent leak tightness and form a closed refrigerant
cycle, in which the refrigerant can circulate at different pressures. The refrigerant lines make a connection between the
components. Pressure and temperature sensors sense the refrigerant condition. For performance enhancements, an
internal heat exchanger can be integrated between a high and low pressure side. The refrigerant cycle is built up during
the assembly of the refrigerant system components in the vehicle, connecting the components to the vehicle body, and
filling the designated refrigerant charge.
3.3
refrigerant system components
parts and subassemblies constituting the refrigerant system
3.3.1
accumulator
vessel capable of holding liquid refrigerant which is connected between the evaporator exit and inlet of
compressor or internal heat exchanger
NOTE 1 The accumulator may contain the desiccant for removing moisture from the refrigerant. The accumulator may
contain an integrated internal heat exchanger.
NOTE 2 An accumulator is used where the expansion device is an orifice or where the system is a transcritical R-744 system.
3.3.2
compressor
component that mechanically increases the pressure of the refrigerant vapour by sucking it in as low temperature
and low pressure refrigerant from the evaporator or internal heat exchanger outlet and compressing it to high
temperature and high pressure refrigerant for supply to the condenser or gas cooler inlet
3.3.3
condenser
device (heat exchanger) in which vaporized refrigerant is liquefied by removal of heat and the heat is released
to the ambient air flowing through it
3.3.4
connecting technology
serviceable fitting technology used between components and piping assemblies in the refrigerant cycle
3.3.5
crimping
area of the refrigerant piping in which the pipe is permanently connected with the hose
3.3.6
desiccant
hygroscopic substance that absorbs or bonds free water from the enclosed refrigerant system until it
becomes saturated
NOTE Commonly encountered desiccants are solids, and work through absorption or adsorption of water, or a
combination of the two. Desiccants may work through physical or chemical bonding of water molecules.
3.3.7
evaporator
device (heat exchanger) absorbing heat from vehicle compartment air flow prior to entering the vehicle
compartment or from other sources (battery, secondary loop fluid, etc.)
NOTE The refrigerant is converted from a predominately liquid state to a predominately vapour or superheated
vapour state in the evaporator.
4 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 13043:2011(E)
3.3.8
expansion device
orifice or regulating valve through which the refrigerant expands to a saturated low pressure vapour prior to
entering the evaporator
NOTE The refrigerant is throttled from the high pressure side to the low pressure side.
3.3.9
flexible hose
flexible part of the refrigerant piping assembly, which allows relative movement between components in the vehicle
3.3.10
gascooler
device (heat exchanger) which is used for heat removal from the refrigerant in the supercritical refrigerant in a
transcritical system
3.3.11
heating, ventilation and air conditioning unit
HVAC
part of the vehicle interior, which essentially consists of housings, blower, air filter, evaporator, heater core and/
or electrical heater, air damper, motors, cable controls, air ducts, etc.
NOTE The system boundaries for interior components are the air inlet openings for outside air or recirculation air and
the outlet openings to the passenger compartment.
3.3.12
internal heat exchanger
device which is used for defined heat transport from high pressure liquid side to low pressure suction side of
the refrigerant system
3.3.13
liquid receiver/dryer
vessel which is permanently connected to the high pressure side of the system by inlet and outlet connections
for accumulation of liquid refrigerant before the expansion device
NOTE The receiver contains the desiccant for moisture removal. The receiver is often an integrated element of
the condenser.
3.3.14
lubricant
fluid partly circulating in the refrigerant system together with the refrigerant for reducing friction between
surfaces in relative motion essentially by use of a fluid film
3.3.15
tubing
rigid refrigerant line including reinforcing and connecting pieces and connection seals
3.3.16
piping assembly
tubing or hoses (including bellows, connection technology) that interconnect the various parts of a
refrigerating system
NOTE The piping assembly is fitted on both ends with connection technology to the component.
3.3.17
pressure relief device
mechanical device designed to automatically relieve pressure from the refrigerant system in order not to exceed
the maximum pressure
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO 13043:2011(E)
3.3.18
pressure/temperature sensor
device used to measure pressure and/or temperature in a refrigerant system
NOTE An electrical or digital signal is generated from this device and sent to the vehicle electrical system for control
of the refrigerant system. It is attached to a component or line/hose of the refrigerant system, sealed to the circuit, and in
direct contact with or in the flow of the refrigerant.
3.3.19
service port
connection used to service the mobile air conditioning system (MAC), that enables the refrigerant circuit to be
charged, discharged, evacuated, and pressure checked
3.4
refrigerant system boundary conditions
physical conditions at the boundaries of the refrigerant system
NOTE All physical dimensions and units are expressed in SI units and all indicated pressures are assumed to be
absolute pressure, unless otherwise noted.
3.4.1
ambient temperature
temperature of air surrounding the vehicle
3.4.2
component inside temperature
internal temperature in a component, which the component will achieve in a vehicle, mainly impacted by ambient
temperature, air temperatures surrounding the components, heat conductivity from/to other components, heat
convection from/to a fluid, heat radiation from/to other components, engine speed, status of the system and
considered refrigerant
NOTE This temperature can be determined on the inner surface of the component used in the application and
reaches its minimum when there is no heat flux to the refrigerant system. In most cases, a technically relevant temperature
difference between refrigerant flow and component inner surface does not occur.
3.4.3
component outside temperature
external temperature, which the component will achieve due to an outside heat flux in a vehicle mainly impacted
by air temperature surrounding the component, heat conductivity from/to other components, heat convection
from/to a fluid, and heat radiation from/to other components
NOTE This temperature can be determined on the outer surface of the component used in the application and may
reach its maximum when the refrigeration system is not operating or discharged. The component outside temperature is
mainly dependent on the location of the component in the vehicle and the ambient and operating conditions. The operating
conditions change often during vehicle operation.
3.4.4
maximum pressure
highest pressure for which the refrigerant system is designed
3.4.5
maximum temperature
highest temperature for which the refrigerant system is designed
3.4.6
operating pressure
pressure in the component of the refrigerant system when in operation
6 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO 13043:2011(E)
3.4.7
outer surface temperature of engine components
external temperature, which an engine component achieves when the vehicle’s engine is operating, mainly
impacted by engine load, vehicle speed, ambient temperature, air temperatures surrounding the components,
heat conductivity from/to other components, heat convection from the exhaust gas to the air, and heat radiation
from/to other components under dynamic conditions
NOTE This temperature can be determined on the outer surface of the engine component used in the application and
reaches its maximum when the engine is operating a high load and the vehicle speed is low or zero. The component outside
temperature is also dependent on its location relative to the exhaust, the location of the component inside the engine
compartment and the ambient/operating conditions. The operating conditions change often during vehicle operation.
3.5
refrigerant
fluid used for heat transfer in a refrigerating system, which absorbs heat at a low temperature and a low pressure
and rejects heat at a higher temperature and a higher pressure usually involving changes of the state of the fluid
3.5.1
R‑1234yf
HFO-1234yf, 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (CF3CFCH2) used as a refrigerant
NOTE As with an R-134a refrigerant cycle, in an R-1234yf refrigerant cycle, both the heat absorption and heat
rejection take place below the critical point (R-1234yf condenses like R-134a in the high-pressure side).
3.5.2
R‑134a
HFC-134a, 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (CH2FCF3) used as a refrigerant
3.5.3
R‑744
carbon dioxide used as a refrigerant
NOTE In an R-744 refrigerant cycle, heat absorption takes place below the critical point. At moderate ambient
temperatures, heat rejection occurs at subcritical temperatures and R-744 condenses. At high ambient temperatures,
heat rejection in the refrigerant cycle occurs in the supercritical region. This leads to a transcritical cycle, in which the
compressor discharges refrigerant at a condition (pressure) above the critical point.
3.6
safety
set of means, conditions or requirements intended to minimize risk
3.6.1
hazard
event which has the potential to cause harm to either an individual or the environment
3.6.2
risk
numerical estimate of the probability or likelihood that a given hazard will occur
NOTE Risks are estimated via the process of risk assessment.
4 Safety targets
4.1 General
The purpose of this International Standard is to minimize possible risk to persons, occupants, vehicles, traffic
participants, property and the environment caused by failures of the MAC system and the refrigerant that is
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 7
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
ISO 13043:2011(E)
used. The safety target is to maintain a comparable level of safety as that of MAC systems using R-134a.
Potential hazards may be associated with the following.
a) The physical and chemical characteristics of refrigerants (i.e. pressure, toxicity, flammability) as well as
refrigerant charge amount, pressures and temperatures occurring in refrigeration cycles.
b) The volume of the passenger compartment, air exchange rate in the interior of the vehicle, and parts of the
refrigerant system located in the interior space of the vehicle.
c) An elevated concentration of the refrigerant in the interior or underhood, which may constitute a health
hazard by direct inhalation or by inhalation of refrigerant decomposition products.
d) An unexpected exposure to an open flame due to ignition of a sufficient refrigerant concentration in the air.
e) An unexpected exposure to refrigerant decomposition products infiltrating the cabin from ignition or thermal
decomposition of leaked refrigerant underhood.
f) Stress factors related to refrigerant release such as noise-related startling, irritation, or other distractions
of the driver, which may represent a hazard for the occupants or other road users.
g) The quality and durability of air conditioning system components over vehicle lifetime shall be considered,
as this may affect the level of risk.
h) An inappropriate repair or serious failure in service leading to refrigerant system leakage errors with
refrigerant quality and quantity.
i) The occurrence of car accidents and vehicle malfunctions which may impact the level of risk associated
with the refrigerant system.
j) Increased refrigerant concentration in the passenger compartment due to higher charge amount and
additional lines connectors (e.g. by implementation of battery cooling system, dual evaporator systems, etc.).
k) Elevated outer surface temperature of engine components associated with the use of R-1234yf in the context
of a robust development of MAC systems and their application in vehicles. The risks shall be identified
through a systematic risk analysis process encompassing detailed analysis of the system and components,
the system environment, and the intended use. Historical failure data shall be considered when available.
The severity and probability of each risk associated with all identified hazards shall be conside
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.